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PubMed1981

Reinstatement of the concept of the unconscious in the Soviet Union.

The author reports on a symposium on the concept of the unconscious held in Tbilisi, U.S.S.R., in October 1979 to which Western scientists, including psychoanalysts, were invited. He provides a brief historical review of Soviet psychology, then describes the more recent emergence of two distinct groups--"psychologists" and "antipsychologists." The "psychologists" are aware of the need for improved understanding of unconscious motivations; the "antipsychologists" maintain the physiology-oriented tradition of Pavlov. The author contrasts current Soviet views of the unconscious with those of Freud and his followers and provides an up-to-date report on current Soviet attitudes through January 1981.

Communism↗
PubMed1991

Psychiatry in eastern Europe today: mental health status, policies, and practices.

The author describes the impact of the recent social and political changes in Eastern Europe on psychiatrists and psychiatry. The observations contained in this paper are drawn from his personal experiences as a practicing psychiatrist in East Germany who also served as a member of the Executive Committee of the World Psychiatric Association from 1984 to 1989. The practice of psychiatry in Eastern Europe before the recent social and political changes was highly variable depending on the country, the locale of practice, and the social and political positions of the involved psychiatrists. Adapting to the recent changes will be very difficult, and it will be a long time before the modernization of psychiatric practice in Eastern Europe takes place. Psychiatrists in the Western world can play an important part in the future development of psychiatry in Eastern Europe. Their understanding of the current situation and the historical forces that shaped it is extremely important to the psychiatrists of Eastern Europe.

Communism↗
PubMed1976

Foreign policy, ego-defense mechanisms, and balance-of-power vulnerability.

The concept of balance-of-power vulnerability is proposed as a heuristic tool to understand the varying states of anxiety which occur when America's national integrity or security is threatened. Corresponding to the different states of vulnerability are the groups of ego-defense mechanisms which are arranged in a hierarchical pattern. These defense mechanisms are defined as spontaneous or premediated strategies for problem solving, containing elements of intrapsychic and social processes. The Vulnerability-Ego Defense construct is then used to compare America's foreign policy with respect to different nations and with respect to one nation over a protracted period of time.

Anxiety↗
PubMed2005

An historical review of the mental health services in the People's Republic of China.

BACKGROUND: This paper is an attempt to describe the historical development of the mental health services in the PRC. RESEARCH METHODS: An archive of related literature. FINDINGS: The development of the mental health services in the PRC could be divided into several stages: the introduction of mental asylums by western missionaries before 1949; indigenization of the treatment model after the establishment of the PRC (1949-1963). Strong political control governed diagnosis and treatment as well as detention and discharge of mental patients during the Cultural Revolution (1964-1976). Later, because of modernization and reform advocated by Deng Xiao-ping, western models of treatment and rehabilitation were gradually introduced by psychiatrists in the PRC. Nevertheless, dilemmas such as human rights versus political control, community integration versus community control, diversity versus centrality, huge demand but inadequate services seemed to challenge the further development of the mental health service in the PRC.

China↗