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PubMed1996

Nitrogen deposition in California forests: a review.

Atmospheric concentrations and deposition of the major nitrogenous (N) compounds and their biological effects in California forests are reviewed. Climatic characteristics of California are summarized in light of their effects on pollutant accumulation and transport. Over large areas of the state dry deposition is of greater magnitude than wet deposition due to the arid climate. However, fog deposition can also be significant in areas where seasonal fogs and N pollution sources coincide. The dominance of dry deposition is magnified in airsheds with frequent temperature inversions such as occur in the Los Angeles Air Basin. Most of the deposition in such areas occurs in summer as a result of surface deposition of nitric acid vapor (HNO3) as well as particulate nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+). Internal uptake of gaseous N pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric oxide (NO), HNO3, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), ammonia (NH3), and others provides additional N to forests. However, summer drought and subsequent lower stomatal conductance of plants tend to limit plant utilization of gaseous N. Nitrogen deposition is much greater than S deposition in California. In locations close to photochemical smog source areas, concentrations of oxidized forms of N (NO2, HNO3, PAN) dominate, while in areas near agricultural activities the importance of reduced N forms (NH3, NH4+) significantly increases. Little data from California forests are available for most of the gaseous N pollutants. Total inorganic N deposition in the most highly-exposed forests in the Los Angeles Air Basin may be as high as 25-45 kg ha(-1) year(-1). Nitrogen deposition in these highly-exposed areas has led to N saturation of chaparral and mixed conifer stands. In N saturated forests high concentrations of NO3- are found in streamwater, soil solution, and in foliage. Nitric oxide emissions from soil and foliar N:P ratios are also high in N saturated sites. Further research is needed to determine the ecological effects of chronic N deposition, and to develop appropriate management options for protecting water quality and managing plant nutrient resources in ecosystems which no longer retain excess N.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

Amino acid sequence of California quail lysozyme. Effect of evolutionary substitutions on the antigenic structure of lysozyme.

To examine the effect of amino acid substitutions in lysozyme on the binding of antibodies to lysozyme, we purified lysozyme from the egg whites of California quail and Gambel quail. Tryptic peptides were isolated from digests of the reduced and carboxymethylated lysozymes and subjected to quantitative analysis of their amino acid compositions. The two proteins were identical by this criterion. Each peptide from the California quail lysozyme was then sequenced by quantitative Edman degradation, and the peptides were ordered by homology with other bird lysozymes. California quail lysozyme is most similar in amino acid sequence to bobwhite quail lysozyme, from which it differs by two substitutions: arginine for lysine at position 68 and histidine for glutamine at position 121. California and bobwhite quail lysozymes were antigenically distinct from each other in quantitative microcomplement fixation tests, indicating that substitutions at one or both of these positions can alter the antigenic structure of lysozyme. Yet neither of these positions is among those claimed to account for the precise and entire antigenic structure of lysozyme [Atassi, M. Z., & Lee, C.-L. (1978) Biochem. J. 171, 429--434]. Two possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Self-medication practices in two California Mexican communities.

Although social scientists have taken up the study of medication use in both developing and developed nations, the medication practices of immigrants remain largely unstudied. In this study, qualitative research was employed in order to describe and compare self-medication practices in two California Mexican immigrant groups: families living along the border near Tijuana, Mexico, and migrant farm worker families residing in illegal encampments and substandard housing in San Diego's North County. Medication and health seeking practices were found to vary according to the specific political-economic, sociocultural, and geographic contexts in which different subpopulations of California Mexicans live. The California-Mexico border area was examined as an important context for considering self-medication behaviors, since it permits border-crossing into Tijuana for the purpose of buying Mexican pharmaceuticals at low cost without a prescription. The popularity of injections among California Mexicans and the cross-border purchasing of injectable antibiotics and vitamins are discussed as issues of particular relevance for immigrants living along the border.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of opium poppy, Papaver somniferum l., and California poppy, Eschscholzia californica cham., root cultures.

An efficient protocol for the establishment of transgenic opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and California poppy (Eschscholzia californica Cham.) root cultures using A. grobacterium rhizogenes is reported. Five strains of A. rhizogenes were tested for their ability to produce hairy roots on wounded opium poppy seedlings and California poppy embryogenic calli. Three of the strains induced hairy root formation on both species, whereas two others either caused the growth of tumorigenic calli or produced no response. To characterize the putative transgenic roots further, explant tissues were co-cultivated with the most effective A: rhizogenes strain (R1000) carrying the pBI121 binary vector. Except for the co-cultivation medium, all formulations included 50 mg l(-1) paromomycin to select for transformants and 200 mg l(-1) timentin to eliminate the Agrobacterium. Four weeks after infection, paromomycin-resistant roots appeared on 92-98% of explants maintained on hormone-free medium. Isolated hairy roots were propagated in liquid medium containing 1.0 mg l(-1) indole-3-acetic acid to promote rapid growth. Detection of the neomycin phosphotransferase gene, high levels of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) transcripts and enzyme activity, and GUS histochemical localization confirmed the integrative transformation of root cultures. Transgenic roots grew faster than wild-type roots, and California poppy roots grew more rapidly than those of opium poppy. With the exception of a less compact arrangement of epidermal cells and more root hairs, transformed roots of both species displayed anatomical features and benzylisoquinoline alkaloid profiles that were virtually identical to those of wild-type roots. Transgenic root cultures of opium poppy and California poppy are a simple, reliable and well-defined model system to investigate the molecular and metabolic regulation of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, and to evaluate the genetic engineering potential of these important medicinal plants.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed2002

The University of California at San Francisco international orthopaedic elective.

International volunteerism helps remedy global inequities in orthopaedic care and provides relief for increasing professional disillusionment experienced by many orthopaedic surgeons in the United States. From 1992 to 1998, 41% of residents from the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at the University of California, San Francisco volunteered overseas. Approximately one half of those have continued volunteering internationally after residency, including many who led later trips with residents. Based on the success of these trips, the University of California, San Francisco Department of Orthopaedic Surgery established a 1-month elective rotation in Umtata, South Africa in conjunction with Orthopaedics Overseas. Seventy-six percent of residents have chosen this opportunity since the program's inception in 1998. The University of California, San Francisco experience suggests that early exposure to international volunteerism during residency promotes continued participation in volunteer activities after graduation. By providing residents with the opportunity to volunteer overseas, the University of California, San Francisco hopes to enhance resident education, foster a lifelong spirit of volunteerism, and serve as a model for other orthopaedic training programs.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Vicariance and dispersal across Baja California in disjunct marine fish populations.

Population disjunctions, as a first step toward complete allopatry, present an interesting situation to study incipient speciation. The geological formation of the Baja California Peninsula currently divides 19 species of fish into disjunct populations that are found on its Pacific Coast and in the northern part of the Gulf of California (also called the Sea of Cortez), but are absent from the Cape (Cabo San Lucas) region. We studied the genetic makeup of disjunct populations for 12 of these 19 fish species. Phylogeographic patterns for the 12 species can be separated into two major classes: a first group (eight species) showed reciprocal monophyly and high genetic divergence between disjunct populations. A second group (four species) displayed what appeared to be panmictic populations. Population structure between Pacific Coast populations, across the Punta Eugenia biogeographic boundary, was also evaluated. While dispersal potential (inferred by pelagic larval duration) was a poor predictor of population structure between Gulf of California and Pacific populations, we found that population genetic subdivision along the Pacific Coast at Punta Eugenia was always positively correlated with differentiation between Pacific and Gulf of California populations. Vicariant events, ongoing gene flow, and ecological characteristics played essential roles in shaping the population structures observed in this study.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Geographic genetic architecture of pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae) populations in Baja California, Mexico.

Phylogenetic analyses of complete mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences support the monophyly of pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae) populations from the 1000 km length of the Baja California peninsula of Mexico, relative to other geographical segments of the species range in western North America. The Baja California peninsula is an area that encompasses considerable ecomorphological and infraspecific diversity within this pocket gopher species. However, detailed population analyses encompassing 35 localities distributed over the southern half of the peninsula reveal only trivial phylogeographical structure. Rather, most of the 72 unique 500-base pair haplotypes examined from 142 individuals is restricted to single populations, although a few haplotypes are shared broadly across geography. Individual populations are typically comprised of haplotype sets from different branches in a network of relationships. Analysis of molecular variance (amova) indicates that approximately half of the total pool of variation is contained among individuals within local populations, and that only about 25% can be explained by the regional subdivisions of current subspecies distributions or physiographic realms. A hypothesized historical vicariant event that has been causally linked to the phylogeographical structure of other, codistributed species has had little influence on these pocket gopher populations, explaining only 13% of the total variation. The temporal depth, estimated by coalescence parameters, of the haplotype lineage in Baja California is relatively recent, approximately 300,000 generations; both the mismatch distribution of pairwise comparisons and a significantly positive exponential growth estimate support a recent history of expanding populations; but current, or recent past, migration estimates have remained small, are largely unidirectional from north to south, and weak isolation by distance is present. All data suggest that pocket gophers have relatively recently invaded the southern half of peninsular Baja California, with the genetic signature of expansion still evident but with sufficient time having lapsed to result in a weak isolation by distance pattern. The geographical assemblage of sampled populations thus appears as a meta-population, with limited gene flow contrasting with random haplotype loss due to drift in small, localized populations.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2026

The SARS-CoV-2 Integrated Genomic Epidemiology Database (IGED): Linking viral genomes with patient-level metadata to advance statewide genomic surveillance in California.

In July 2021, the California Code of Regulations Title 17 required all laboratories performing SARS‑CoV‑2 whole genome sequencing (WGS) to report their sequencing results to the California Department of Public Health (CDPH). These viral genomic data and patient metadata were compiled into the Integrated Genomic Epidemiology Database (IGED). Linking anonymized viral sequences with patient‑level information enabled monitoring of infectiousness, pathogenicity, transmission dynamics, evolution, and vaccine evasion among emerging SARS‑CoV‑2 lineages. Laboratories performing SARS-CoV-2 WGS transmitted sequencing results to CDPH through Electronic Laboratory Reporting (ELR) and non-ELR pathways. CDPH applied uniform reporting requirements but allowed flexibility in specific data formats to accommodate diverse data systems. To preserve data quality and interoperability across heterogeneous sources, CDPH implemented standardization, validation, and deduplication protocols. Snowflake, a cloud‑based data storage and analytics platform, and Posit Connect, a cloud deployment and automation platform, supported the management, processing, and integration of data within the IGED. The IGED established links between SARS‑CoV‑2 WGS data and epidemiologic metadata for 801,418 sequences, representing 81.7% of all sequences reported in California. Lineages reported to the IGED showed strong concordance with lineage proportions in GISAID. Sequences reported to the IGED had average turnaround times longer than one month, and the majority of sequencing was performed in Southern California and Los Angeles. The IGED enhanced genomic surveillance through predictive modeling and monitoring concerning evolutionary trends such as recombination and saltations in persistent infections. Development of the IGED highlighted the need for standardized data requirements, sustained funding for sequencing, incentives for data submission, and interdisciplinary collaboration to build an effective genomic surveillance system. This framework for linking genomic and epidemiologic data has not only generated critical insights for SARS‑CoV‑2 but also provided the foundation for CDPH and other public health organizations to develop similar IGED‑like systems for other priority pathogens as genomic surveillance expands.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

First record of a louse fly, Stilbometopa impressa (Bigot), and new host for Microlynchia pusilla (Speiser) (Hippoboscidae) from the Cape Region, Baja California Sur, México.

Nine of thirty California quail (Callipepla californica achrustera) captured in autumn of 1992, 17 km west of La Paz, Baja California Sur, México, were parasitized by louse flies. We identified eight Microlynchia pusilla and three Stilbometopa impressa from 30 quails in the ratio of 2.75:1. These are the first records of S. impressa for Cape Region and the first time either fly has been reported from the California quail in Baja California Sur.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

"Quo warranto": only in California--challenging early chiropractic law.

In California from 1907-1925 two writs of quo warranto were filed against the first two chiropractic boards. Thirteen of the fifty original medical practice acts and at least eleven original chiropractic acts contained an eligibility requirement for first appointed board members, a stipulated pre-practice period. Twenty-three of these combined boards suffered no legal challenges by practicing colleagues, the attorney general or the courts, for what appeared to be unlicensed practice. Only in California were the first two boards so challenged. In California, there were other unique forces at work that no chiropractor suspected would prematurely expunge the first appointed board. These legal quagmires delayed the systematic licensing for many months. Only in California did this unique history take place.

Chiropractic↗
PubMed1997

The early years of chiropractic in California: the people versus C.D. Greenall.

During the dawning years of the chiropractic profession, many of our brethren ventured forth to the fertile land of California to establish thriving practices and schools. These early pioneers practiced outside the laws of California, and many became subject to persecution by the authorities. With these persecutions came counter-attacks which shaped the future battles to be waged. Some of these counter-attacks were successful; most were not. These early laws and challenges influence our practice rights through the present and will continue to do so. C.D. Greenall, D.C., stood up to the medical authorities and won his case at the California Supreme Court fifteen years before the California electorate approved the Chiropractic Initiative Act in 1922.

Chiropractic↗
PubMed1995

Tropism of bunyaviruses: evidence for a G1 glycoprotein-mediated entry pathway common to the California serogroup.

The California serogroup is composed of antigenically and biologically related viruses within the Bunyavirus genus of the Bunyaviridae. We used a large panel of murine cells to study their tissue tropisms and found virtually identical patterns of viral replication among all of the members of this serogroup, in contrast to other members of the family (Bunyamwera, Cache Valley, and Punta Toro viruses). By analyzing the nonpermissive infections with both an RNA dot-blot and a virus binding assay, we determined that tropism for cultured cells was determined at the level of entry. A truncated soluble form of the La Crosse G1 glycoprotein (sG1) was expressed in a baculovirus system and, despite slight differences in glycosylation, was shown to resemble native G1 by immunoprecipitation with six monoclonal antibodies. sG1 bound to permissive but not to nonpermissive cell lines, as demonstrated by flow cytometry. The sG1 effectively blocked infection of permissive cell lines with all of the California serogroup viruses, but did not block infection of two other bunyaviruses. These results indicate that the California serogroup bunyaviruses share a common receptor on vertebrate cells which may differ from the receptor used by other Bunyaviridae and demonstrate that the G1 glycoprotein is the virus attachment protein. sG1 will be a useful reagent in the search for a putative receptor molecule.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed2004

Residential proximity to agricultural pesticide use and incidence of breast cancer in the California Teachers Study cohort.

We examined the association between residential proximity to agricultural pesticide use and breast cancer incidence among members of the California Teachers Study cohort, a large study of professional school employees with extensive information on breast cancer risk factors, followed for cancer incidence since 1995. We identified 1552 invasive breast cancer cases, diagnosed between 1996 and 1999, among 114,835 cohort members. We used California Pesticide Use Reporting data to select pesticides for analysis based on use volume, carcinogenic potential, and exposure potential; a Geographic Information System was used to estimate pesticide applications within a half-mile radius of subjects' residences. We applied Cox proportional hazard models to estimate hazard rate ratios (HR) for selected pesticides, adjusting for age, race, and socioeconomic status. We saw no association between residential proximity to recent agricultural pesticide use and invasive breast cancer incidence. HR estimates for the highest compared to the lowest exposure categories for groups of agents were as follows: probable or likely carcinogens (1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.86-1.32), possible or suggestive carcinogens (1.06, 95% CI: 0.87-1.29), mammary carcinogens (1.15, 95% CI: 0.90-1.48), and endocrine disruptors (1.03, 95% CI: 0.86-1.25). HR estimates for other groups and individual pesticides did not differ from unity, nor was there a trend for any groupings of or individual pesticides examined. Stratifying by menopausal status or family history of breast cancer did not substantially affect our results. Our analyses suggest that breast cancer incidence is not elevated in areas of recent, high agricultural pesticide use in California.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

In search of encephalitis etiologies: diagnostic challenges in the California Encephalitis Project, 1998-2000.

The California Encephalitis Project was initiated in June 1998 to identify the causes and characterize the clinical and epidemiologic features of encephalitis in California. Testing for >or=13 agents, including herpesviruses, enteroviruses, arboviruses, Bartonella species, Chlamydia species, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, was performed at the Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory (Richmond, California). Epidemiologic and clinical information collected for each case guided further testing. From June 1998 through December 2000, 334 patients who met our case definition of encephalitis were enrolled. A confirmed or probable viral agent of encephalitis was found in 31 cases (9%), a bacterial agent was found in 9 cases (3%), and a parasitic agent was found in 2 cases (1%). A possible etiology was identified in 41 cases (12%). A noninfectious etiology was identified in 32 cases (10%), and a nonencephalitis infection was identified in 11 (3%). Despite extensive testing and evaluation, the etiology of 208 cases (62%) remained unexplained.

California↗
PubMed2025

Patterns of Genetic Diversity Within Three California Quail Species Are Best Explained by Climate and Landscape Changes.

Many North American game animals experienced severe population declines during the 19th century due to market hunting. However, estimates of the timing and magnitude of these declines often rely on anecdotal evidence, which makes it difficult to understand the lasting impacts of hunting pressures versus climate or landscape changes on the genetic diversity of contemporary populations. Historical reports suggest the California quail (Callipepla californica) suffered more significant hunting pressure in the late 19th century relative to either Gambel's (Callipepla gambelii) or mountain quail (Oreortyx pictus). Genomic data can help illuminate the extent to which historical exploitation moulded the genetic health of modern quail populations. We compared whole genome sequences from these three quail species to evaluate whether reported differences in hunting pressure affected contemporary patterns of genetic diversity. Contrary to our expectations, California quail did not exhibit any evidence for population declines until the late 20th century, long after the era of market hunting ended. California quail also exhibited the highest levels of genetic diversity across most analyses with evidence for population expansion over the past 500,000 years. In contrast, the mountain quail exhibited a long-term population decline beginning in the middle of the last ice age 30-40 thousand years ago. The Gambel's quail appears to have suffered a more recent bottleneck in association with a major drought that impacted the desert southwest during the mid-20th century. Gambel's quail also exhibited increased realised genetic load for mild and moderately deleterious genetic variants. Together, our results demonstrate that market hunting had little lasting impact on the genetic diversity of these quail species, whereas landscape and climate changes have led to fluctuations in effective population size (Ne) and the buildup of genetic load.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Carbon dioxide sensitivity of mosquitoes infected with California encephalitis virus.

Four species of mosquitoes became sensitive to carbon dioxide approximately 3 to 4 days after they received intrathoracic injectins of California encephalitis virus. Aedes melanimon and Aedes dorsalis infected orally with California encephalitis virus also became carbon dioxide-sensitive, but mosquitoes infected transovarially did not. Sensitivity to carbon dioxide was inhibited by antiserum to California encephalitis virus. To our knowledge this is the first report of carbon dioxide sensitivity induced in arthropods by a bunyavirus and the first demonstration of this phenomenon by an arbovirus in its proven vector.

Aedes↗
PubMed1987

Epidemiology and ecology of the California serogroup viruses.

The California serogroup viruses are important human pathogens, originally discovered in the United States, but now recognized to occur and cause disease in many parts of the world. In addition to their significance to public health, study of their natural history has resulted in a better understanding of the way in which arboviruses are maintained in nature. Viruses of the California serogroup have also been carefully investigated on the molecular level, resulting in a better appreciation of how viruses are constructed, organized, and replicate. William C. Reeves, in whose honor this symposium is held, has contributed throughout his career to each of these fields of endeavor. His pioneering work on these viruses, beginning with the discovery of the prototype California encephalitis virus, has helped to establish the foundations upon which our current understanding of these viruses is built.

Animals↗
PubMed1964

CALIFORNIA CHIROPRACTORS. AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF CAUSES OF DEATH AMONG THEM AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS.

Records of deaths among California chiropractors in a five-year period were studied to ascertain causes of death and other characteristics-especially because of the author's interest in ascertaining whether leukemia and other deleterious effects of ionizing radiation could be observed among this occupationally-exposed group. The findings do not permit a conclusion that the mortality experience of California chiropractors differs substantially from that of a similar population of non-chiropractors, but the finding of 1.68 times the expected leukemia mortality is in accord with previous studies which show increased leukemic mortality among populations which have had unusually great exposure to ionizing radiation. The finding that only 3 per cent of the death certificates of California chiropractors were signed by other chiropractors, and that 56 per cent were signed by doctors of medicine indicates that very few chiropractors seek diagnosis and treatment from other chiropractors when seriously or terminally ill.

Biometry↗