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PubMed1975

[Clinico-anatomical types of deforming bronchitis in children].

A complex clinico-roentgeno-morphological investigation was performed in 38 patients, aged from 4 to 15 years, with chronic deformative bronchitis. The analysis of the results obtained enabled to reveal three clinico-anatomical forms of deformative bronchitis: a. chronic infiltrative endobronchitis; b. chronic deformative bronchitis with cylindric enlargement of bronchi; c. chronic deformative bronchitis with marked angiobronchosclerosis. Broncho-angiopneumographic and morphological correlations contributed to further pinpointing differential indications to radical surgical procedures for such pulmonary pathology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[Epidemiologic and bronchologic aspects of chronic bronchitis in childhood (author's transl)].

After establishing a suitable definition of chronic and relapsing bronchitis in childhood in the G.D.R. in 1969 corresponding epidemiologic studies carried out in school beginners and school children in Dresden revealed a prevalence rate of 1,64% to 3,06% for this disease. The analysis of bronchologic examinations of 274 children performed at the Pediatric Clinic of the Medical Academy Dresden during the last four years showed a deforming bronchitis as the most frequent finding in the bronchogram of 51% of the patients. Malformations of the tracheobronchial tree could be demonstrated in 16% of the children examined. The frequency of bronchiectases was at a very low level (9%) and showed a regression by the half as compared with former results. The results of bacteriological examinations of the bronchial secretion, quantitative analyses of the immune globulins in the serum and the bronchial secretion and the alpha-1-antitrypsin are discussed as causative factors for chronic and relapsing bronchitis in childhood. For assessing the prognosis of deforming bronchitis 220 children had a bronchologic follow-up examination in four bronchologic centers for children in the G.D.R. after a one or several years' dispensary treatment. An improvement or a normalisation of the findings could be demonstrated by means of the bronchogram in 62% of these patients, whereas a deterioration or a transition to bronchiectases was observed in only 22% of the patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Treatment of cough and dyspnea due to acute bronchitis by plaster for cough and dyspnea--a report of 735 cases.

In the light of the theory of treating the internal disease externally, an externally used plaster for treating cough and dyspnea due to acute bronchitis (Ke Chuan Yi Tie Kang [symbol: see text]-[symbol: see text]) was successfully applied to 735 cases of acute bronchitis (the treatment group), with the other 423 cases treated with routine western drugs as controls. The results showed that the cure rate in the treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.01); and that in the treatment group, the cure rate for the wind-cold type of acute bronchitis was significantly higher than that for the wind-heat type of acute bronchitis (P < 0.01).

Acupuncture Points↗
PubMed2002

[The role of transforming growth factor-beta(1) in smoking-induced chronic bronchitis and emphysema in hamsters].

OBJECTIVE: To study the role of transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) in the pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. METHODS: An animal model of chronic bronchitis and emphysema was developed in hamsters by chronic smoke inhalation. The expression of TGF-beta(1) mRNA and protein in the pulmonary tissue was observed. The bronchial epithelia was stimulated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in vitro and the expression of TGF-beta(1) was measured. RESULTS: 3 months after smoking, the animals developed chronic bronchitis and emphysema. TGF-beta(1) immunoreactivity in the pulmonary tissue and cultured bronchial epithelia increased significantly as compared to the normal control (2.75 +/- 0.23 vs 0.84 +/- 0.39, P = 0.001 and 2.67 +/- 0.16 vs 0.85 +/- 0.54, P = 0.001). The expression of TGF-beta(1) mRNA was also increased in the animal model (1.28 vs 0.98). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking can induce over-expression of TGF-beta(1) in bronchial epithelia, which may be one of the mechanisms for smoking-induced chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Update on the use of levofloxacin in the management of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis with risk factors].

INDICATIONS FOR ANTIBIOTICS: In patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis depend on the stage of the chronic disease. Theoretically, antibiotics are not necessary for acute exacerbation of simple chronic bronchitis, but may be needed to reinforce bronchodilatation therapy and respiratory physical therapy. If fever persists for more than three days, group 1 antibiotics can be prescribed. In a second stage (obstructive chronic bronchitis), antibiotic therapy can be useful for patients with two or three Anthonisen criteria: group 1 antibiotics for occasional exacerbation, group 2 antibiotics in case of failure or as first line treatment for patients with frequent exacerbations; anti-pneumococcal fluoroquinolones are a possible alternative. At a third stage (chronic respiratory failure), first line therapy should include group 2 antibiotics. THE BRONCHEA STUDY: Was designed to search for risk factors favoring frequent acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis in adults. The findings suggest that certain classical risk factors such as age should be revisited. This study demonstrated the crucial need for rigorous surveillance by a lung specialist, the importance of not smoking, and the beneficial effect of optimized treatment. It was also found that earlier initiation of group 2 antibiotic therapy may be useful for patients with a high risk of exacerbation.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bronchitis symptoms in young teenagers who actively or passively smoke cigarettes.

This study was undertaken to examine the prevalence of bronchitis (cough with phlegm) symptoms in teenagers who either smoked cigarettes on a regular basis (active smokers) or were non-smokers but who are exposed to passive smoking (passive smokers) in the home. The study was undertaken in 1995 and repeated in 1998. The 1995 study was a cross sectional questionnaire survey of smoking habits in secondary school children aged 13-14 years and was undertaken as part of the ISAAC questionnaire survey. Thirty representative and randomly selected schools from throughout the Republic of Ireland took part in the study. In the 1995 study, 3066 students completed a questionnaire on their current smoking habits and symptoms of cough and phlegm. We found that 634 (20.7%) of these young teenagers actively smoked cigarettes with significantly more females smoking than males with 23.3% of girls compared to 17.6% boys (p = 0.0001). We found that 46.3% of non-smoking children were exposed to smoking in the home (passive smokers) with parental smoking accounting for most of the passive smoking. Bronchitis symptoms were more commonly reported in active smokers compared to non-smokers with an odds ratio of 3.02 (95% CI 2.34-3.88) (p < 0.0001) or in passive smokers compared to those not exposed to smoking with odds ratio of 1.82 (95% CI 1.32-2.52) (p < 0.0001). The 1998 study showed similar results for smoking habits, passive smoking and prevalence of bronchitis symptoms as with the 1995 study. These results document that increased bronchitis symptoms occur in teenagers exposed to active or passive smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Beta-carotene protects rats against bronchitis induced by cigarette smoking.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effects of beta-carotene in rats against the development of chronic bronchitis induced by cigarette smoking. METHODS: Forty-two Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three study groups: (1) control (n = 15), animals underwent no treatment; (2) cigarette smoking (n = 15), animals developed chronic bronchitis through long-term cigarette smoking twice a day for 75 d; (3) beta-carotene plus cigarette smoking animals (n = 12) were given 1 ml or 15 mg/kg beta-carotene orally every day just before cigarette smoking. The levels of IL-6, IL-8, NO, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lipoperoxide (LPO) in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue were measured and the pathological changes to lung tissue were analyzed using light microscopy. RESULTS: Long-term cigarette smoking caused an obvious increase in the amount of IL-6, IL-8 and LPO and a sharp decrease in the levels of NO and SOD in smoking animals compared to controls. beta-carotene intake reversed all the changes induced by smoking and alleviated the pathological changes caused by chronic bronchitis. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative oral intake of beta-carotene had protective effects against chronic bronchitis induced by long-term cigarette smoking, which was associated with the increased production of NO, the clearance of some oxidative free radicals (OFR) and the alleviation of chronic inflammation.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Follow-up study of the effect of acute lower respiratory tract infection during childhood on chronic bronchitis in adults].

In order to study the relationship between the acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) during childhood and the occurrence of chronic bronchitis in adults, 90 cases (infection group) admitted to hospital for ALRTI before 7 yr old were followed up 24-31 years later. Their siblings without ALRTI during childhood were selected as the control group. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis in the infection group (12.2%) is significantly higher than that of the control group (2.2%). It is concluded that ALRTI during childhood may play an important role in the occurrence of chronic bronchitis in adults. Further analysis showed that infection and smoking have synergic effects on the occurrence of chronic bronchitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[The characteristics of chronic bronchitis in workers in ferrous metallurgy enterprises].

Results of clinico-functional examination of workers of metallurgical plants confirmed early development and severe course of chronic bronchitis in this category of workers. The polyetiological aspect of chronic bronchitis is suggested. Changes of the pleura and pneumosclerosis which often accompany chronic bronchitis impede the differential diagnosis with interstitial form of pneumoconiosis. Diagnostic criteria of chronic bronchitis in metallurgists should be determined with consideration of concrete working conditions, endogenous factors of risk in the development of the disease and possible variants of the course.

Bronchitis↗
PubMed2004

[Specific clinical course of occupational toxic dust bronchitis in workers exposed to wolfram and cobalt].

Chronic toxic dust bronchitis in workers exposed to wolfram and cobalt has been progressing in the course of many-year exposure to hazardous occupational factors. Its prevalence among the main-occupation workers is 2.2-fold higher versus workers of the control group who have never contacted the metal aerosols. The disease onset is slow and gradual in an overwhelming majority of cases and has the below clinical-and-functional peculiarities: 1) predominance of dyspnea over cough in the early bronchitis stage; 2) an early and often development of the concurrent asthmatic component; 3) subjective symptoms are far ahead of objective examination findings in the early disease stage; 4) obstructive changes in the distal sections of the air-conducting system (maximum-air-velocity volume75), if detected in latent bronchitis, can be a basis for an early disease diagnosis; 5) as well as lower key hemodynamic parameters and development of the hypokinetic blood circulation type, whereas, compensatory hyperfunctioning of the myocardium and the hyperkinetic blood circulation type are found in patients with occupational dust bronchitis working in other productions.

Bronchitis↗
PubMed2004

[Metabolism of proinflammatory cytokine (interleukin-1 beta) and oxidant activity of neutrophils in various forms of chronic bronchitis].

AIM: To study content of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and free radical oxidation in neutrophils of blood, saliva and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in chronic bronchitis for prediction of obstructive defects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Enzyme immunoassay was used to measure IL-1 beta in the blood, saliva, BAL of 49 males with chronic bronchitis aged 39-72 years. Functional ability of the neutrophils to generate free oxygen radicals was assessed by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. RESULTS: Patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis exhibited excessive accumulation of IL-1 beta in the blood and BAL, enhanced activity of hematosalivary barrier for IL-1 beta and production of active oxygen radicals by systemic and tissue neutrophils. CONCLUSION: Elevated concentration of systemic and tissue IL-1 beta, activation of free radical oxidation by blood neutrophils and BAL, enhancement of hematosalivary barrier for IL-1 beta can be considered as prognostically unfavourable factors of bronchial obstruction in patients with chronic bronchitis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A study on the prevalence of chronic bronchitis in workers exposed to smoke and irritant fumes in a railway workshop.

In the present study 108 full time workers employed in various sections of a railway workshop and exposed to smoke and irritant fumes, and 45 matched control subjects from local administrative staff were investigated to find prevalence of chronic bronchitis. In all 18 (16.7%) workers and 4 (8.9%) control subjects had clinical evidence of chronic bronchitis. Peak expiratory flow rate less than 300 L/min was observed in 54.6% workers and 2.2% control subjects. A significantly higher prevalence of chronic bronchitis was seen in workers. The advancing age, smoking and duration of exposure had significant influence on prevalence of chronic bronchitis.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Blood rheological properties and their interrelation with pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic dust bronchitis].

Nineteen patients with chronic obstructive disease of the lungs and 15 patients with chronic non-obstructive bronchitis of the dust etiology were examined for the purpose of investigating the rheological blood properties and of their interrelation with pulmonary hypertension. The hemorheological properties were evaluated by spontaneous aggregation of erythrocytes and thrombocytes. The control group comprised 8 healthy subjects. The results denoted that the rheological blood properties are to a great extent impaired in patients with dust bronchitis. The rheological blood properties worsened as hypertension of the small blood-circulation circle was increasing; it preceded the development of pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive disease of the lungs. The aggregation changes appear to be primarily related with the functional state of thrombocytes in patients with chronic non-obstructive bronchitis; a concurrently higher aggregation of thrombocytes and erythrocytes was observed in patients with chronic obstructive disease of the lungs. The obtained data can be useful for designing a medicamental correction scheme of rheological impairments as a trend within the treatment of affected hemodynamics in the small blood-circulation circle in patients with duct bronchitis.

Bronchitis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serum surfactant protein-A levels in chronic bronchitis and its relation to smoking.

BACKGROUND: Surfactant protein-A (SP-A), which is an important constituent of natural surfactant, occurs physiologically in small amounts in blood. Tobacco smoke induces increased alveolo-capillary leakage of surfactant proteins into blood and its level in blood may help in the assessment of lung injury caused by smoke. Little is known on the SP-A levels in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS: Prospective analytical study of 30 patients with clinical diagnosis of chronic bronchitis, which was made on the basis of symptoms, signs and chest radiographic findings. Serum SP-A and serum cotinine levels were measured. RESULTS: Out of 30 patients, 21 were smokers and nine were non-smokers. The serum SP-A level in smokers with chronic bronchitis is significantly higher than the non-smokers. The plasma cotinine levels are also high in smokers. However, there was no correlation between the serum SP-A level and plasma cotinine level (r=0.044). Serum SP-A levels were related to age in smokers (r=0.566, p<0.01) but not in non-smokers with chronic bronchitis (r=0.017, p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The increase in SP-A level in smokers with chronic bronchitis suggests that tobacco smoking causes a chronic increase in permeability of the lung parenchyma. The SP-A, a lung-specific secretory protein, is a potential marker for non-invasive assessment of the integrity of the lung epithelium. Further studies are required to find out whether SP-A can be used as a marker for early identification of smokers who are at risk of COPD.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

[Acute and chronic bronchitis].

Acute bronchitis and exacerbations of chronic bronchitis are important problems in clinical practice. Acute bronchitis is frequently caused by viruses, and rarely by Mycoplasma or Chlamydia pneumoniae. Antimicrobial therapy is generally not indicated. The causes of exacerbations in patients with chronic bronchitis are often not clear. Beside environmental irritants and hypersensitivity with acute bronchospasm, viral infections are important. The role of bacterial infections is not established. Nevertheless, early antibiotic treatment seems to be beneficial, particularly in reducing the incidence of respiratory deterioration, and therefore decreasing cost and morbidity.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

[Acute bronchitis: when are antibiotics, and when is symptomatic treatment indicated?].

Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a virus, while the chronic form is due to inhalative noxae (in most cases decades of cigarette smoking). Both varieties are diagnosed on a clinical basis. Treatment of acute bronchitis is symptomatic. A sore throat is treated locally, and a troublesome, in particular nocturnal, cough with antitussive agents applied for a limited period (14 days). If bronchial mucus is viscous and difficult to clear, short-term treatment with a secretolytic or mucolytic substance is justified. Management of chronic bronchitis consists primarily in the elimination of the noxae. Treatment with antibiotics (usually oral) makes good sense only when there is a bacteriological infection of the upper or lower airways in an acute stage, such as infection-driven exacerbation of chronic obstructive bronchitis (COPD).

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serological response in broiler chicks to different commercial Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis vaccines.

Broiler chicks were administered vaccines against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis (both Arkansas and Massachusetts strains) at 2 weeks of age as either primary or secondary vaccinations. The vaccine was administered as a spray at 2 weeks of age to chicks that had received Newcastle disease vaccine alone, bronchitis vaccine alone, both vaccines in combination, or no vaccine at day 1 in the hatchery. The Newcastle disease hemagglutination-inhibition response was significantly lower in chicks receiving Newcastle disease vaccine as a secondary vaccine at 2 weeks than in those receiving the vaccine as a primary vaccination at that age. In contrast, the bronchitis hemagglutination-inhibition response was significantly higher in chicks receiving bronchitis vaccine as a secondary vaccination at 2 weeks than in those receiving the vaccine as a primary vaccination at that age.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2006

Effect of extensively hydrolyzed milk formula on growth and resistance to bronchitis and atopic dermatitis in infants and toddlers.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the adverse effects of extensively hydrolyzed milk formula on growth in infants and toddlers. METHODS: Prospectively, 45 infants and toddlers with a positive history of cow's milk allergy confirmed by positive skin prick test and high IgE levels for either alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, or casein and positive single-blind food challenge received extensively hydrolyzed milk formulas for 1 year. Sex-normalized percentiles of heights and weights of infants and toddlers before their enrollment in the study were compared to those at the end of the study. The contribution of breastfeeding, early use of bottle feeding and intake of adapted or special milk formulas, and history of bronchitis and atopic dermatitis on toddlers' growth were also evaluated by multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Similar percentiles of the children's weight and height were observed at the beginning of the study and 1 year later. According to the multivariate analysis, sex, breastfeeding, early bottle feeding, ingestion of adapted or special milk formulas, atopic dermatitis, and bronchitis were not correlated with either the children's weight or height at diagnosis of the allergy or at 1 year of follow-up (P > .10). Weights and heights were not different between toddlers who had atopic dermatitis or bronchitis during the study period and those who did not. CONCLUSIONS: Growth of infants and toddlers with cow's milk allergy was not affected by the intake of extensively hydrolyzed milk for 1 year. Atopic dermatitis and bronchitis did not appear to have any deleterious effect on these children's growth.

Animals↗