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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Reducing fluxes of faecal indicator compliance parameters to bathing waters from diffuse agricultural sources: the Brighouse Bay study, Scotland.

The European Water Framework Directive requires the integrated management of point and diffuse pollution to achieve 'good' water quality in 'protected areas'. These include bathing waters, which are regulated using faecal indicator organisms as compliance parameters. Thus, for the first time, European regulators are faced with the control of faecal indicator fluxes from agricultural sources where these impact on bathing water compliance locations. Concurrently, reforms to the European Union (EU) Common Agricultural Policy offer scope for supporting on-farm measures producing environmental benefits through the new 'single farm payments' and the concept of 'cross-compliance'. This paper reports the first UK study involving remedial measures, principally stream bank fencing, designed to reduce faecal indicator fluxes at the catchment scale. Considerable reduction in faecal indicator flux was observed, but this was insufficient to ensure bathing water compliance with either Directive 76/160/EEC standards or new health-evidence-based criteria proposed by WHO and the European Commission.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Herbs for medicinal baths among the traditional Yao communities of China.

Medicinal baths are an important traditional way to prevent and cure common diseases among the traditional Yao communities of Jinping County, Yunnan Province, SW China. Approaches of anthropology, ethnobotany, and participatory rural appraisal (PRA) were used to investigate the herbs used for medicinal baths; and 110 medicinal plant species were found to be used by local people to treat a variety of diseases, such as rheumatic diseases, skin diseases, injuries from falls and gynecopathia. Of these 110 species, 6 (5%) had not been previously identified as having medicinal properties, while 87 (79%) were newly recorded for their use in medicinal baths. These new ethnobotanical and medicinal records are a rich source of further phytochemical, pharmacological, and clinical studies on folk herbs in SW China.

Baths↗
PubMed2005

Sustainable reduction in the flux of microbial compliance parameters from urban and arable land use to coastal bathing waters by a wetland ecosystem produced by a marine flood defence structure.

'Natural' treatment systems such as wetlands and reed beds have been proposed as sustainable means of reducing fluxes of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) to recreational and shellfish harvesting waters. This is because FIO fluxes to coastal waters from both point (effluent) and diffuse (catchment) sources can cause non-compliance with microbiological standards for bathing and shellfish harvesting waters. The Water Framework Directive requires competent authorities in the member states to manage both point and diffuse sources of FIOs in an integrated manner to achieve compliance with 'good' water quality as defined in a series of daughter Directives. This study was undertaken to investigate the relative sources of FIOs to the popular bathing waters around Clacton, UK. In this predominantly arable (mainly cereal cropping) farming area, the principal land use predictor, explaining 76% of the variance in geometric mean presumptive Escherichia coli concentration at sub-catchment outlets during the bathing season, was the proportion of built-up (i.e. urbanised) land in each sub-catchment. This new finding contrasts with earlier studies in livestock farming regions where the proportion of improved grassland has proven to be the strongest predictor of microbial concentration. Also novel in this investigation, a flood defence wall has been built creating a wetland area which discharges every tidal cycle. The wetland produces over 97% reduction in the flux and concentrations of FIOs to the marine recreational waters. Also, FIO concentrations in water draining through the wetland to the sea were similar to concentrations measured in six UK sewage treatment plant effluents subject to secondary (biological) treatment followed by UV disinfection.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Issues related to behavior and the physical environment: bathing cognitively impaired patients.

Twenty-two patients in moderate and late stages of dementia were observed for 8 weeks by caregiving staff of a special care unit. Results indicated that bathing in a typical institutional tub is both a source of apprehension and obstreperous behavior and a considerable departure from prior lifelong bathing experiences. Given information about the habits and idiosyncrasies of patients, staff can play an important role in minimizing obstreperous behaviors. Staff training and awareness of the physical environment, which included attention to the interrelationship between environment and behavior, were found to be instrumental in successful bathing.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preventing agitated behaviors during bath time.

Bathing people with Alzheimer's disease or other dementia is frequently associated with agitated and resistive behaviors. Bathing involves multiple competing stressors, and persons with dementia have a decreased threshold for tolerating stress from the environment. This article provides practical suggestions for decreasing environmental stressors and agitation during the bathing activity. Communicating respect and supporting the dignity of the person are emphasized.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Effects of cerium nitrate bathing and prompt burn wound excision on IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels in burned rats.

The physiopathological events following thermal injury are not limited to the surface effects of heat but are also related to acute inflammatory reactions. Both tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are important mediators of the acute and severe inflammatory reaction in thermal injury. Surgical manipulation of the burn wound is known to prevent excessive release of cytokines. Cerium nitrate--a rare earth element--has been reported to have a protective effect against postburn immunosuppression. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of burn wound debridement and treatment with cerium nitrate bathing on the serum levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in rats. Treatment by cerium nitrate bathing prevented the elevation of TNF-alpha levels in the early period after thermal injury. The experimental study showed, as in other studies, that high levels of IL-6 appear to inhibit TNF-alpha elevation. High levels of IL-6 and, as a result, relatively low levels of TNF-alpha in the early period of thermal injury may limit the severity of the inflammatory reaction, which is caused by TNF, the most potent inflammatory cytokine. Since similar levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha were achieved by both cerium nitrate bathing and burn wound debridement, cerium nitrate may be considered as equivalent to prompt excision of burn eschar.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Electrocution in a bath.

A wife was found dead by her husband, lying in a tiled bath on a cast concrete floor, with a 1 kW electric radiator immersed in the bath water. Initially the case was treated as accidental death, but the police charged the husband with murder on the grounds that his wife could not have died in the manner he described. Subsequent investigation showed that the bath had a low resistance to earth and that there were faults in both the house wiring and the radiator cable, which, together with a high blood alcohol content, produced a fatal chain of events.

Baths↗
PubMed2000

Reduction in 8-methoxypsoralen immersion time alters the erythemal response to bath PUVA.

Topical psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) using 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) bath solution is a well established and effective treatment in dermatology. The standard immersion time in the UK is 15 min, but a shorter bathing period could potentially increase treatment convenience. In order to examine the effect of reduction in immersion time on skin phototoxicity, we compared the erythemal response to UVA following 5 min and 15 min psoralen baths. The study was performed on the forearm skin of 7 healthy volunteers using an 8-MOP psoralen concentration of 2.6 mg/l. One forearm of each volunteer was soaked for 15 min and the other for 5 min, followed by immediate irradiation with a series of 10 doses of broadband UVA ranging from 0.1 J/cm2 to 6.9 J/cm2. At 72 h, the minimal phototoxic doses (MPDs) were noted and erythema readings (erythema index) were taken in triplicate with a reflectance instrument. The median MPD following 5 min immersion was 1.7 (range 0.7-2.7) J/cm2 compared with 1.0 (range 0.4-1.7) J/cm2 after 15 min treatment, with no significant difference. However, the mean slope of erythema dose-response on the 15-min treated side was significantly steeper than on the 5-min treated side, 0.036 and 0.021 respectively, P < 0.05. Hence, this preliminary work shows that reducing 8-MOP immersion time to 5 min reduces the erythemal response to UVA. It will clearly be necessary to examine the effect of a shortened immersion period on disease clearance before considering such a change to the topical PUVA regime.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Bathing headache: a variant of idiopathic thunderclap headache.

Bathing headache is rarely described in literature. We report four middle-aged Taiwanese women who developed severe throbbing headache with maximum intensity of onset during bathing. Diffuse cerebral vasospasm was demonstrated in one of them. All their headaches resolved spontaneously (n = 1) or after nimodipine treatment (n = 3). Except for one patient with vasospasm in whom reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy and an asymptomatic cerebellar infarction developed, the others recovered without any complications. The clinical profile of bathing headache points to idiopathic thunderclap headache. It may not be as benign as previously reported. Nimodipine might be effective in treatment of this special headache syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Benign hot bath-related headache.

We describe three cases of women with hot bath-related headache who reported that their severe paroxysmal headache could be provoked by pouring hot water over themselves or by soaking in a hot bath. In one patient, the headache was also brought on by exposure to cold wind. Another patient had headaches after she dived into a pool and started swimming. Neurological examination, routine laboratory tests, electroencephalography, and brain imaging showed no abnormality in any of the patients. Hot bath-related headache is a benign headache unassociated with a structural lesion.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

Randomized half-side comparison of narrowband UVB and trimethylpsoralen bath plus UVA treatments for psoriasis.

The efficacy of trimethylpsoralen bath PUVA and UVB TL01 were compared in chronic plaque psoriasis. Patients were randomly assigned to receive UVB TL01 on one side and bath PUVA on the contra-lateral side. Altogether 17 patients received treatments and 15 completed the trial. The decrease in the PASI score was greater with UVB TL01 than PUVA. At the end of the treatment period, the difference was highly significant (p < 0.001). The difference was already significant at week 3 (p = 0.014). The relative median decrease in the PASI score was 77% (24-100%) with UVB and 45% (8-100%) with PUVA. The median cumulative UVB dose was 39.92 (range 13.95-81.56) J/cm2 and the corresponding UVA dose was 8.06 (range 3.31-12.51) J/cm2. All patients relapsed within 4 months. Narrowband UVB improved psoriasis clinically and statistically more efficiently than trimethylpsoralen bath PUVA, and UVB was better tolerated.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Profit is a dirty word: the development of the public baths and wash-houses in Britain 1847-1915.

Researh on sanitary reform in nineteenth-century Britain has focused mainly on the introduction of large-sanitary infrastructure, especially waterworks and sewage systems. Other sanitary measures such as the provision of public baths and wash-houses have been ignored, or discussed in the limited context of working-class responses to middle-class sanitarianism. Yet by 1915 public baths and wash-houses were to be found in nearly every British town and city. A detailed analysis of these 'enterprises' can provide a useful way of understanding the changing priorities of public health professionals and urban authorities as well as the changing attitudes of the working classes. Connections between personal cleanliness and disease evolved during the century, particularly after the formation of germ theory in the 1880s. This paper demonstrates how the introduction of public baths and wash-houses in Liverpool, Belfast, and Glasgow was initially a direct response to sanitary reform campaigns. It also shows that the explicit public health ideology of these developments was constantly compromised by implicit concerns about municipal finance and the potential profit that such enterprises could generate. This city-based analysis shows that this conflict hindered the full sanitary benefit which these schemes potentially offered.

Baths↗
PubMed1995

Medicalization and secularization: the Jewish ritual bath as a problem of hygiene (Germany 1820s-1840s).

In the 1820s and 1840s the Jewish ritual bath in Germany was criticized on the basis of medical arguments. Associated with this critique were demands for a change in the traditional Jewish way of life in general, especially as concerning the Jewish religion. The new role assigned to religion can be seen as part of a process of 'secularization'. The criticism of the ritual bath was justified by medical arguments and entailed a demand for an extension of the medical sphere of competence, and thus formed part of a development described as 'medicalization'. An historical investigation of the debate on the Jewish ritual bath illuminates the way in which medicalization and secularization were different aspects of the same process of the attribution of complementary circumscribed spheres of medicine and religion.

Baths↗
PubMed2000

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of the temperature-dependent dermal absorption of chloroform by humans following bath water exposures.

The kinetics of chloroform in the exhaled breath of human volunteers exposed skin-only via bath water (concentrations < 100 ppb) were analyzed using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. Significant increases in exhaled chloroform (and thus bioavailability) were observed as exposure temperatures were increased from 30 to 40 degrees C. The blood flows to the skin and effective skin permeability coefficients (Kp) were both varied to reflect the temperature-dependent changes in physiology and exhalation kinetics. At 40 degrees C, no differences were observed between males and females. Therefore, Kps were determined (approximately 0.06 cm/hr) at a skin blood flow rate of 18% of the cardiac output. At 30 and 35 degrees C, males exhaled more chloroform than females, resulting in lower effective Kps calculated for females. At these lower temperatures, the blood flow to the skin was also reduced. Total amounts of chloroform absorbed averaged 41.9 and 43.6 microg for males and 11.5 and 39.9 microg for females exposed at 35 and 40 degrees C, respectively. At 30 degrees C, only 2/5 males and 1/5 females had detectable concentrations of chloroform in their exhaled breath. For perspective, the total intake of chloroform would have ranged from 79-194 microg if the volunteers had consumed 2 liters of water orally at the concentrations used in this study. Thus, the relative contribution of dermal uptake of chloroform to the total body burdens associated with bathing for 30 min and drinking 2 liters of water (ignoring contributions from inhalation exposures) was predicted to range from 1 to 28%, depending on the temperature of the bath.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Challenges to intervention implementation: lessons learned in the Bathing Persons with Alzheimer's Disease at Home study.

BACKGROUND: The pressing need for interventions to improve outcomes for vulnerable caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is hindered by inadequate knowledge of variables affecting intervention delivery, receipt, and enactment. OBJECTIVE: To analyze intervention implementation issues encountered within the Bathing Persons with Alzheimer's Disease at Home (BATH) study. METHODS: The BATH study, a home-based, randomized, controlled trial of interventions to improve behavioral symptoms and caregiver self-efficacy, consisted of 130 intervention visits to 42 care recipients-caregiver dyads. Data include direct observation, nurse interventionist field notes, case analyses, and caregiver journals, reflecting various perspectives. Content analysis was used to identify key treatment process themes. RESULTS: Issues that affected the delivery, receipt, and enactment of interventions reflect the intersection of in vivo caregiving and research design. DISCUSSION: The primary lessons learned were: (a) early identification of caring dyads prior to crisis must be improved; (b) in vivo observation is essential to individualized interventions targeting behavioral etiologies and developing caregiver skills; (c) intervention delivery depends on the nurse interventionist's skills and a flexible, trusting researcher-dyad relationship; (d) complex caregiver situations affect treatment receipt and enactment; and (e) intervention enactment requires coaching, practice, and support over time. These findings help to explain issues impacting intervention implementation to a vulnerable population. Recommendations for intervention research design to maximize internal and external validity in real-life care contexts can inform future outcome studies, aid in the search for improved care, and lead to supportive public policy for families living with AD.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nursing students' experience bathing patients for the first time.

This study describes nursing students' experience bathing an adult patient for the first time. The students feared giving their first patient a bath and voiced concern about harming him or her. They discovered that it was easier when they were paired with another student and acknowledged being supported by fellow nursing students. Beginners were uncomfortable about exposing and touching the patient's private body parts and were surprised when patients helped them through the bath.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Wound care after posterior spinal surgery. Does early bathing affect the rate of wound complications?

STUDY DESIGN: The study was a prospective clinical trial with historic control. OBJECTIVES: To determine if early bathing after posterior spinal surgery resulted in increased wound problems. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Little is known about the time needed for wound healing before patients may get the wound wet. Traditional teaching usually calls for the wound to be kept clean and dry for 10-14 days or until shortly after the sutures are removed. Studies have shown wound closure with skin staples to be resistant to external contamination. METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients undergoing posterior spinal surgery with skin closure using steel skin staples were prospectively allowed to shower and wet the surgical wound 2-5 days after surgery. These results were compared with a historic control of 100 consecutive patients done in the previous year by the same surgeon with a similar patient profile, albeit with fewer patients who underwent revision surgery and instrumentation in the control group. Follow-up evaluation was done by an independent reviewer. Certain high risk patients were excluded from the trial and control groups. RESULTS: Ninety-five patients in the historic control group were available for follow-up evaluation, and 97 of the experimental (early bathing group) were available. There was one deep infection in the control group and none in the experimental group. There were three superficial wound problems in the control group, and two in the early bathing group. All superficial wound troubles healed without sequelae. Operating time, complexity, and revision rates were slightly higher in the experimental group. CONCLUSIONS: Prohibition of showering of patients after uncomplicated posterior spinal surgery and wound closure with skin staples may be unnecessary beyond the first few days.

Baths↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Finnish sauna bath and its use in patients with cardiovascular disease.

The Finnish tradition of sauna bathing is meant to be an experience in relaxation, and the length of time spent in the sauna and the preferred temperature vary considerably among individuals. The pleasures of sauna bathing can be considered safe and without undue risk of cardiac complications even for CVD patients, providing bathing is conducted sensibly for an appropriate period of time, and extremes in temperature are voided.

Adult↗