Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “BODY”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Contribution of accelerated body masses to able-bodied gait.

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to demonstrate that data from a video-based system could be used to estimate the net effect of the external forces during gait, to determine the contribution of the trunk and upper and lower limbs using their accelerated body masses, and to test the hypothesis that the thigh mainly assumed lower limb propulsion during able-bodied locomotion. METHODS: The gait of 16 able-bodied subjects was assessed using an eight-camera video-based system and two force plates. The right limb was the leading limb, and there were two trials per subject. Although data from all the body segments were used to answer the first two objectives, only right limb information was used to address the third objective. RESULTS: Pearson's coefficients of correlation and root mean square errors were calculated to determine the difference between the curves obtained from the sum of the external forces and that of the accelerated masses. These were >0.85, and the mean root mean square error was <4 N. Analyses of variance were performed on the peak forces developed by the trunk and the upper and lower limbs along each axis. Tukey's posthoc tests (P < 0.05) revealed that the trunk was the principal contributor of external forces in the frontal and transverse planes, whereas the lower limbs were found to be more important in the plane of progression. Analyses of variance and Tukey's posthoc tests (P < 0.05) were performed on the peak forces developed by each segment of the right limb. In decreasing order, the thigh, shank, and foot displayed the highest mass-acceleration products in the right limb during gait. CONCLUSIONS: A video-based system was able to determine the net effect of the external forces with the summation of the mass-acceleration products during able-bodied gait. The trunk and lower limbs were the dominant body segments responsible for the production of external forces during able-bodied gait, whereas the thighs contributed more to the ground reaction force than the foot and shank for forward progression in able-bodied gait.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2006

Two worst injuries in different body regions are associated with higher mortality than two worst injuries in the same body region.

BACKGROUND: The Injury Severity Score (ISS) accounts for only one injury in each body region. The New Injury Severity Score (NISS) considers all injuries in a body region. Despite a big difference between the two scores in patients with multiple injuries, the NISS does not offer significant improvement in mortality prediction. This paper hypothesizes that two injuries in different body regions are associated with higher mortality than two injuries in the same body region, independently of injury severity. METHODS: The population consisted of 15,200 patients with two or more injuries from the Quebec Trauma Registry, Canada, abstracted between 1998 and 2004. The two worst injuries were considered. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the mortality odds ratio of having two worst injuries in different body regions (DR) compared with two worst injuries in the same body region (SR), while adjusting for the severity and the body region of the two worst injuries and age. RESULTS: A total of 5,869 patients (49%) had their worst injuries in DR. DR patients had 75% higher risk of mortality than SR patients (odds ratio = 1.75, 95% confidence interval = 1.42-2.15). CONCLUSION: After accounting for differing injury severity, patients with their two worst injuries in different body regions have higher mortality than those with their two worst injuries in the same region. Results suggest that the observed effect is not due to a foible in the Abbreviated Injury Scale system but rather to physiologic, clinical, or organizational elements. The results of this study should be considered in the development of future injury severity instruments and may have implications for the care of patients with multiple injuries.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Does gibberellic Acid induce the transfer of lipase from protein bodies to lipid bodies in barley aleurone cells?

We have examined the effect of gibberellic acid (GA(3)) on the distribution of the enzyme responsible for mobilizing storage triacylglycerol in aleurone cells of Hordeum vulgare L. cv Himalaya. Using cellular fractionation techniques, we find that, in cells that have not been exposed to hormone, neutral lipase activity is principally associated with a pellet containing the membranes of protein bodies. If the cells are exposed to GA(3) for at least 1 hour, the majority of the lipase activity becomes associated with the lipid body fraction. The nature of the in vivo association between lipid bodies and protein bodies was examined using ultrarapid freezing followed by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Our analysis indicates that the phospholipid monolayer surrounding the lipid body is directly continuous with the outer leaflet of the bilayer surrounding the protein body. Based on our data, we propose that lipase can be transferred from protein bodies (storage form) to lipid bodies (active form) by lateral diffusion within the plane of the fused phospholipid monolayer, and that the transfer can be controlled by gibberellic acid by an unknown mechanism.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Lifetime selection on adult body size and components of body size in a waterstrider: opposing selection and maintenance of sexual size dimorphism.

Sexual size dimorphism (SSD), the difference in body size between males and females, is common in almost all taxa of animals and is generally assumed to be adaptive. Although sexual selection and fecundity selection alone have often been invoked to explain the evolution of SSD, more recent views indicate that the sexes must experience different lifetime selection pressures for SSD to evolve and be maintained. We estimated selection acting on male and female adult body size (total length) and components of body size in the waterstrider Aquarius remigis during three phases of life history. Opposing selection pressures for overall body size occurred in separate episodes of fitness for females in both years and for males in one year. Specific components of body size were often the targets of the selection on overall body size. When net adult fitness was estimated by combining each individual's fitnesses from all episodes, we found stabilizing selection in both sexes. In addition, the net optimum overall body size of males was smaller than that of females. However, even when components of body size had experienced opposing selection pressures in individual episodes, no components appeared to be under lifetime stabilizing selection. This is the first evidence that contemporary selection in a natural population acts to maintain female size larger than male size, the most common pattern of SSD in nature.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Prevalence of body art (body piercing and tattooing) in university undergraduates and incidence of medical complications.

OBJECTIVES: To survey the prevalence of body art (body piercing and tattooing) in university undergraduate students and to determine the incidence of medical complications from these procedures. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Between February and May 2001, students were offered the opportunity to complete an anonymous, voluntary survey at the beginning of class or organizational meetings. The survey instrument requested information concerning body piercing and tattooing (current or removed) by body site, age, sex, height, weight, body mass index, undergraduate class, athletic status, and the occurrence of medical complications. RESULTS: Four hundred fifty-four (94.4%) of 481 students completed the survey (14.7% of total campus enrollment). The prevalence of body piercing was 51%, and that of tattooing was 23%. The chi2 analysis showed female students were more likely to be pierced than males (P=.002); there was no significant difference in the prevalence of tattooing by sex. Male athletes were more likely to be tattooed than male nonathletes (P=.02). No relationships were shown between piercing/tattooing and age or measures of body somatotype. The incidence of medical complications of piercing was 17%, and these complications included bleeding, tissue trauma, and bacterial infections. Pierced navels were particularly prone to infection. There were no reported medical complications from tattooing. Eighteen percent of piercings (58/315) and 4% of tattoos (6/149) had been removed. CONCLUSIONS: Body art is prevalent among undergraduate university students, and there is a significant incidence of medical complications among students with piercing. Male athletes were significantly more likely to be tattooed than male nonathletes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[The extent of fetal heart rate accelerations associated with fetal body movements in relation to the duration of fetal body movement].

The temporal relations between fetal body movements and associated fetal heart rate accelerations were shown as the ratios of duration of acceleration or acceleration amplitude and the duration of associated fetal body movements in 44 normotrophic and 40 hypotrophic fetuses (body weights within the 6th to 10th percentiles, n = 19, and less than or equal to the 5th percentile, n = 21) between the 36th and 40th gestational weeks. Related to the duration of associated fetal body movements, hypotrophic fetuses proved to have gradually smaller heart rate accelerations than normotrophic fetuses. Moreover, the acceleration parameters duration and amplitude were dependent on the relative duration of fetal body movements. Short fetal body movements were accompanied by fetal heart rate accelerations of relatively highest degree and vice versa. As a consequence, no comparison is possible between temporally different fetal body movements and their associated heart rate accelerations. Of the two acceleration parameters duration and amplitude, the inclusion of the accelerations amplitude in the above mentioned ratio yielded the most obvious results. Taking into consideration that fetuses with intrauterine growth retardation are often in a state of chronic hypoxia, the ratios of acceleration amplitude and durations of associated fetal body movements indicated different degrees of this metabolic situation.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Body composition in white adults by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, densitometry, and total body water.

Percent body fat (%BF) and fat-free mass (FFM) were determined in 151 adults from the Fels Longitudinal Study by total body scans with a Lunar DPX (DXA), by underwater weighing and residual lung volume with a two-compartment model using body density (Dens), and total body water (TBW) using deuterium dilution. For the DPX, the medium scan mode ensures precision up to 100 kg body wt and for a ratio of weight to stature < or = 0.7214. Because of these specifications, 15% (n = 23) of the original sample of 151 were excluded. Results for 78 women and 50 men are presented. %BFTBW was significantly (P < 0.05) less than %BFDens in women (mean difference 2.7 +/- 4.2%) and %BFDXA in men (mean difference 2.2 +/- 4.3%). No other significant intermethod differences were observed for %BF and FFM estimates. Pairwise regressions showed the lowest SEEs for %BFDens regressed vs %BFDXA (2.3% for men, 3.2% for women) and for FFMDens vs FFMDXA (2.2 kg for men, 1.9 kg for women). For each sex, reliability analyses and limits of agreement for body composition estimates showed less agreement between TBW and either Dens and DXA than between Dens and DXA.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relation of endometrial cancer risk to past and contemporary body size and body fat distribution.

In a multicenter case-control study that included 403 cases and 297 controls, we examined the relation of past and contemporary body size, including body fat distribution, to the risk of endometrial cancer. The relative contributions of past and contemporary body size were assessed by examining weight and height histories provided by the subjects. Anthropometric indicators thought to reflect early environmental influences (e.g., height and sitting height), current weight, and fat distribution patterns were measured directly. Height was not a risk factor for endometrial cancer, but inexplicably, sitting height was inversely associated with risk. Weight during early adulthood appeared to be directly related to disease risk, but the association was explained by contemporary weight and thus weight gain during adulthood. While contemporary weight was associated with risk of endometrial cancer, the effect was restricted to those in the top quartile. Women whose measured weight at interview exceeded 78 kg had 2.3 times the risk of those weighing less than 58 kg (95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 3.7). Upper-body obesity (waist-to-thigh circumference ratio) was a risk factor independent of body weight. After adjustment for weight, the relative risks of endometrial cancer across increasing quartiles of upper-body obesity were 1.0, 1.5, 1.8, and 2.6 (P for trend < 0.001). These data indicate that both obesity and the distribution of adipose tissue accumulated during adult life increase endometrial cancer risk substantially.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

The discrepancy between emotional vs. rational estimates of body size, actual size, and ideal body ratings: theoretical and clinical implications.

Thirty-two asymptomatic college females were assessed on multiple aspects of body image. Subjects' estimation of the size of three body sites (waist, hips, thighs) was affected by instructional protocol. Emotional ratings, based on how they "felt" about their body, elicited ratings that were larger than actual and ideal size measures. Size ratings based on rational instructions were no different from actual sizes, but were larger than ideal ratings. There were no differences between actual and ideal sizes. The results are discussed with regard to methodological issues involved in body image research. In addition, a working hypothesis that differentiates affective/emotional from cognitive/rational aspects of body size estimation is offered to complement current theories of body image. Implications of the findings for the understanding of body image and its relationship to eating disorders are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Genetic determination and correlation of body weight and body mass index (BMI) and cross-sectional geometric parameters of the femoral neck.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to examine the genetic determination of body weight, body mass index (BMI) and cross-sectional geometric parameters of the femoral neck including cross-sectional area (CSA), cortical thickness (CT), sectional modulus (Z), and buckling ratio (BR), and to test the genetic correlation between body weight/BMI and the femoral neck geometric parameters. METHODS: A total of 929 healthy subjects from 292 Chinese nuclear families was included. Femoral neck geometric parameters were estimated from bone mineral density (BMD) and bone area which were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS: The heritability (h(2)) estimate values were 0.643, 0.626, 0.626, 0.674, 0.405, and 0.615 for body weight, BMI, CSA, CT, Z, and BR, respectively. Body weight was significantly correlated with bone geometric parameters (p</=0.001) with genetic correlation (rho(G)) values of 0.551, 0.457, 0.571, and -0.385, and bivariate heritability (rho2G) values of 0.304, 0.209, 0.326, and 0.148 for CSA, CT, Z, and BR, respectively. Similar correlations (p</=0.001) were observed between BMI and bone geometric parameters, with rho(G) values of 0.446, 0.432, 0.334, and -0.362, and (rho2G) values of 0.199, 0.187, 0.112, and 0.131 for CSA, CT, Z, and BR, respectively. CONCLUSION: In summary, our study suggested that body weight, BMI, and femoral neck geometry were under strong genetic determination. The strong genetic correlations suggested that the genetic factors of bone geometry may be overlapped with those of body weight and BMI.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1998

The Tromsø Study: body height, body mass index and fractures.

Tall persons suffer more hip fractures than shorter persons, and high body mass index is associated with fewer hip and forearm fractures. We have studied the association between body height, body mass index and all non-vertebral fractures in a large, prospective, population-based study. The middle-aged population of Tromsø, Norway, was invited to surveys in 1979/80, 1986/87 and 1994/95 (The Tromsø Study). Of 16,676 invited to the first two surveys, 12,270 attended both times (74%). Height and weight were measured without shoes at the surveys, and all non-vertebral fractures in the period 1988-1995 were registered (922 persons with fractures) and verified by radiography. The risk of a low-energy fracture was found to be positively associated with increasing body height and with decreasing body mass index. Furthermore, men who had gained weight had a lower risk of hip fractures, and women who had gained weight had a lower risk of fractures in the lower extremities. High body height is thus a risk factor for fractures, and 1 in 4 low-energy fractures among women today might be ascribed to the increase in average stature since the turn of the century. Low body mass index is associated with a higher risk of fractures, but the association is probably too weak to have any clinical relevance in this age category.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Theoretical and empirical considerations on the relation between 'body image', body scheme and somatosensation.

The authors first discuss possible interactions between the hitherto neglected neurophysiological and neuropsychological factors and the traditionally accepted cognitive and affective factors in 'body image' formation. They then report on a study of the relation between body size perception (video distortion technique, image marking procedure, kinaesthetic size estimation apparatus) and somatosensation (thermal, pain and vibration thresholds) in young women. Included in the study were questionnaires on eating behaviour and motivation, body attitude or body satisfaction, and depressive mood and thoughts. Neither the somatosensory nor the questionnaire variables explained the difference between 'overestimators' and 'underestimators' of body size. However, these variables did explain the difference between 'good perceivers' and 'poor perceivers' (degree of deviation from actual body size) in the video distortion technique, with a somewhat larger contribution by the somatosensory variables. The latter finding, although clearly preliminary, should stimulate further investigations of the relationship between somatosensory variables and body size perception.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The changes in body temperature, oxygen consumption, CO2 production and muscle protein turnover rate by selection for body size in Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica.

1. Body temperature, oxygen consumption, CO2 production and muscle protein degradation rate were measured in the three quail lines selected for body size, a random bred line (RR) and two lines selected for large (LL) or small (SS) body size. 2. The body temperature at 15 weeks of age was highest for small body size line and lowest for large body size line. 3. The body temperature, oxygen consumption and CO2 production of females were significantly higher than that of males. 4. The fractional degradation rate of muscle protein of SS, RR and LL lines were measured as 2.4, 1.6 and 1.2% per day in male, and 2.6, 1.7 and 1.4% per day in female.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Body image of chronic dieters: lowered appearance evaluation and body satisfaction.

This study was conducted to determine the body image of a group of female chronic dieters. Participants were asked to complete a body image questionnaire, and their results were compared with age- and sex-matched reference norms. Chronic dieters possessed significantly lower appearance evaluation, lower body satisfaction, and higher self-classified vs actual body weight compared with reference norms. Body image dissatisfaction may prevent individuals from incorporating beneficial lifestyle behaviors, and thus it is important to address body image dissatisfaction with chronic dieters for the best chance at improving health, regardless of body size.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Body fat and water changes during pregnancy in women with different body weight and weight gain.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the fat deposited during pregnancy in women gaining according to recommendations of the Institute of Medicine and the relationship of weight gain to fat gain in women of different starting weights (classified by their body mass index). METHODS: A cohort study of healthy, nonsmoking women, 18-36 years of age, identified during prenatal visits at three hospital clinics and one birthing center in New York City. From a pool of 432 eligible volunteers who signed a consent form, body composition measurements were performed on 200 women at weeks 14 (+/-2) and 37+ of pregnancy, and bone mineral mass was measured at 2-4 weeks postpartum. Body fat was estimated with a model that used total body water, weight, and density and bone mineral mass. RESULTS: In women gaining as recommended by the Institute of Medicine, fat gains during pregnancy for women underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese before pregnancy were 6.0 +/- 2.6 kg, 3.8 +/- 3.4 kg, 3.5 +/- 4.1 kg, and -0.6 +/- 4.6 kg, respectively. Higher weight gain increased fat gain. Body water gain was not different among the four prepregnancy weight groups. CONCLUSION: Recommended weight gain should not cause obesity in any weight group. Underweight women will normalize their body composition if they gain as recommended, whereas obese women will have little or no change in body fat. A majority of women do not gain as recommended during pregnancy.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

ICV beta-hydroxybutyrate: effects on food intake, body composition, and body weight in rats.

This study examined the effect of long-term intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta HB) on food intake, diet selection, body weight, and body composition in rats. Female rats were divided into 2 groups and implanted with a 28-day osmotic pump connected to a lateral cerebroventricular cannula. One group was infused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) and the other with beta HB for 28 days. The rats had free access to both a high-fat/low-carbohydrate and a low-fat/high-carbohydrate diet (isocaloric) for the 28-day infusion period. The group infused with beta HB had a significantly lower body weight gain during the infusion period. Cumulative food intake increased in the same manner in both groups. Fat pad weights and carcass lipid content were significantly higher in beta HB rats, despite the equivalent caloric intake in both groups and the decreased body weight. Our observations are in accord with earlier studies indicating that beta HB infused ICV reduces body weight, but not necessarily food intake. Increased adiposity in association with decreased body weight change in beta HB-infused rats strongly suggests that energy is being partitioned to fat deposition at the expense of lean tissue growth when ketone bodies are infused into the cerebroventricles.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed2002

Changes in body weight and body mass index among psychiatric patients receiving lithium, valproate, or topiramate: an open-label, nonrandomized chart review.

BACKGROUND: Subsets of psychiatric patients gain excess body weight while receiving mood-stabilizing agents such as lithium carbonate or valproate sodium. Patients who gain excess weight may discontinue therapy, with severe consequences. Among the newer anticonvulsant agents, topiramate is a candidate agent for bipolar disorder and is associated with weight loss when used as adjunctive treatment. OBJECTIVE: This open-label, nonrandomized, chart-review study assessed changes in body weight and body mass index (BMI) in patients receiving topiramate, lithium, or valproate. METHODS: Data were extracted from the medical charts of patients admitted in 1999 and 2000 to a state psychiatric hospital with either schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, or other psychiatric diagnoses who were prescribed valproate, lithium, or topiramate and were reviewed for changes in body weight and BMI. The use of concomitant psychotropic medicines was recorded (eg, antipsychotic agents, antidepressant agents, other mood stabilizers such as gabapentin or carbamazepine). Continuous variables were analyzed using a factorial analysis of variance and the Student t test. Contingency statistics were used to analyze categorical variables. RESULTS: A total of 214 patients were included in the chart review (123 men, 91 women; mean age, 39.4 years). Significantly more women than men received topiramate (P = 0.004). Patients receiving either lithium or valproate gained a mean (SD) of 6.3 (9.0) kg and 6.4 (9.0) kg, respectively, whereas patients receiving topiramate lost a mean 1.2 (6.3) kg (F = 11.54, df = 2,198; P < 0.001). Lithium- or valproate-treated patients experienced an increase in BMI (mean, 2.1 [3.0] for both groups), whereas topiramate-treated patients experienced a reduction in BMI (mean, -0.5 [2.4]); this result was statistically significant (F = 11.40, df = 2,198; P < 0.001). Finally, lithium- or valproate-treated patients gained >8% of their baseline body weight (8.2% [11.5%] for lithium-treated patients and 8.5% [11.9%] for valproate-treated patients), whereas topiramate-treated patients lost 0.7% (7.2%) of their body weight (F = 9.93, df= 2,198; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Controlled studies for the efficacy of topiramate therapy in various psychiatric conditions are awaited. These data indicate that patients receiving topiramate experience body weight loss and a reduction in BMI. This advantage of topiramate may promote long-term adherence to treatment among psychiatric patients and possibly decrease the medical risks associated with obesity.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Gender-related differences in the relationship between densitometric values of whole-body bone mineral content and lean body mass in humans between 2 and 87 years of age.

The mineral, lean, and fat contents of the human body may be not only allometrically but also functionally associated. This report evaluates the influence of muscle mass on bone mass and its age-related changes by investigating these and other variables in both genders in the different stages of reproductive life. We have analyzed the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)-determined whole-body mineral content (TBMC), lean body mass (LBM), and fat body mass data (FBM) of 778 children and adolescents of both genders, aged 2-20 years [previously reported in Bone 16(Suppl.): 393S-399S; 1995], and of 672 age-matched men and women, aged 20-87 years. Bone mass (as assessed by TBMC) was found to be closely and linearly associated with muscle mass (as reflected by LBM) throughout life. This relationship was similar in slope and intercept in prepubertal boys and girls. However, while keeping the same slope of that relationship (50-54 g increase in TBMC per kilogram LBM): (1) both men and women stored more mineral per unit of LBM within the reproductive period than before puberty (13%-29% and 33%-58%, respectively); (2) women stored more mineral than age-matched men with comparable LBM (17%-29%) until menopause; and (3) postmenopausal women had lower values of bone mineral than premenopausal women, similar to those of men with comparable LBM. Men showed no age effect on the TBMC/LBM relationship after puberty. Multiple regression analyses showed that not only the LBM, but also the FBM and body height (but not body weight), influenced the TBMC, in that decreasing order of determining power. However, neither the FBM nor body height could explain the pre/postpubertal and the gender-related differences in the TBMC/LBM relationship. Accordingly: (1) calculated TBMC/LBM and FBM-adjusted TBMC/LBM ratios were lower in girls and boys from 2-4 years of age until puberty; (2) thereafter, females rapidly reached significantly higher ratios than age-matched men until menopause; and (3) then, ratios for women and age-matched men tended to equalize. A biomechanical explanation of those differences is suggested. Sex hormones or related factors could affect the threshold of the feedback system that controls bone remodeling to adapt bone structure to the strains derived from customary mechanical usage in each region of the skeleton (bone "mechanostat"). Questions concerning whether the mineral accumulation in women during the reproductive period is related or not to an eventual role in pregnancy or lactation, or whether the new bone is stored in mechanically optimal or less optimal regions of the skeleton, are open to discussion.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗