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Results for “Auditory Perceptual Disorders”

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PubMedDate not supplied

Acute and chronic effects of alcohol on preattentive auditory processing as reflected by mismatch negativity.

Chronic alcoholism, a major worldwide health problem, is associated with a variety of neurocognitive changes in the afflicted individuals. The precise neurophysiological basis of these changes is not yet understood. Mismatch negativity (MMN) is a preattentive event-related potential component indexing cortical auditory memory traces and automatic change detection in the brain that can be used to study the neural basis of cognitive impairments in various neurodegenerative diseases. MMN studies have revealed that even a low dose of acute alcohol significantly impairs automatic change detection and involuntary attention shifting. Recent MMN results on chronic alcoholism in turn suggest that auditory sensory traces decay slightly faster and are substantially more vulnerable to the distracting effect of backward masking in alcoholics than in healthy subjects. Furthermore, chronic alcohol abuse might accelerate the age-related impairment of automatic change detection. There is also evidence that the MMN changes might predict impaired performance in behavioral memory and attention tasks in alcoholics. In MMN studies of detoxified alcoholics, however, many confounding factors have to be taken into account. For instance, postwithdrawal brain hyperexcitability might be associated with a slightly enhanced or accelerated MMN/MMNm (the magnetic equivalent of MMN). In sum, MMN and MMNm provide an objective noninvasive tool for exploring the neurophysiological functional deficits related to both acute alcohol intoxication and chronic alcoholism.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

Bihippocampal damage with emotional dysfunction: impaired auditory recognition of fear.

A right-handed man developed a sudden transient, amnestic syndrome associated with bilateral hemorrhage of the hippocampi, probably due to Urbach-Wiethe disease. In the 3rd month, despite significant hippocampal structural damage on imaging, only a milder degree of retrograde and anterograde amnesia persisted on detailed neuropsychological examination. On systematic testing of recognition of facial and vocal expression of emotion, we found an impairment of the vocal perception of fear, but not that of other emotions, such as joy, sadness and anger. Such selective impairment of fear perception was not present in the recognition of facial expression of emotion. Thus emotional perception varies according to the different aspects of emotions and the different modality of presentation (faces versus voices). This is consistent with the idea that there may be multiple emotion systems. The study of emotional perception in this unique case of bilateral involvement of hippocampus suggests that this structure may play a critical role in the recognition of fear in vocal expression, possibly dissociated from that of other emotions and from that of fear in facial expression. In regard of recent data suggesting that the amygdala is playing a role in the recognition of fear in the auditory as well as in the visual modality this could suggest that the hippocampus may be part of the auditory pathway of fear recognition.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1986

The nature of the abnormal perceptual experiences at the onset of schizophrenia.

Sixty schizophrenics and 40 depressives in remission from the floridly psychotic phase were given a semi-structured interview concerning their abnormal perceptual experiences at the onset of their illness. About 50% of each set of subjects had experienced an alteration in the quality of their perception. However, there was a fairly characteristic pattern in each case: emotional tainting of the world around, a sense of unreality and noise sensitivity in depression; and an indefinable, qualitative change in visual perception, particularly affecting the way colours, people, space and facial expression were viewed, in schizophrenia. Of the various theories which have been put forward to explain perceptual change in schizophrenia, a breakdown in gestalt appeared to explain these findings best.

Auditory Perceptual Disorders↗
PubMed1991

The Duphar Lecture: on the etiology of alien, nonself attributes of schizophrenic 'voices'.

The etiology of schizophrenic hallucinations of 'voices' remains unknown. The following is a discussion of a hypothesis linking these hallucinatory phenomena to a disruption in discourse planning. The relationship between normal imagery and hallucination is discussed. The concept of 'alien intentionality' is introduced, and a theoretical argument is presented which links this phenomenon with the exteriorization of internal images. Statistical data linking discourse planning disruptions and schizophrenic data are reviewed, and a description of the treatment of a hallucinating schizophrenic via a novel type of speech therapy is described.

Auditory Perceptual Disorders↗
PubMed1991

Musical hallucinations: a statistical analysis of 46 cases.

Musical hallucinations remain rare, are more common in women, and their onset is often related to ear pathology, particularly deafness. When brain disease is involved, pathology of the right or non-dominant hemisphere seems overrepresented. Psychosis and personality traits play a minimal role in their development. A discriminant function was constructed that correctly predicted the presence of brain disease (89%) and included the following clinical variables: being male, having acute onset musical hallucinations, and absence of deafness, psychiatric disease, and other forms of hallucination.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Musical hallucinations and musical imagery: prevalence and phenomenology in schizophrenic inpatients.

The discussion of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia has traditionally focused on verbal auditory hallucinations, or 'voices'. Little attention, on the other hand, has been given to the phenomenon of musical hallucinations. In an effort to characterize the prevalence and phenomenology of musical hallucinations, 100 consecutive schizophrenic inpatients were examined for the presence of musical hallucinations and musical imagery. Sixteen patients responded positively, and were engaged in a more thorough interview. They were then divided into two groups: those with musical hallucinations, and those experiencing musical imagery. This determination was made based on the absence or presence, respectively, of volitional control, hypothesizing that lack of volitional control implies a true hallucinatory experience. When lack of volitional control was compared to the various other aspects of the experience, an association with religious content was demonstrated. Religious musical hallucinations also tended to be experienced as distressing, further supporting the hypothesis that the experience was hallucinatory rather than a product of volitional imagery. A selection of sample case vignettes is presented as well.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Disturbed sound lateralization in patients with spatial neglect.

Previous studies on auditory space perception in patients with neglect have investigated localization of free-field-sound stimuli or lateralization of dichotic stimuli that are perceived intracranially. Since those studies in part revealed contradictory results, reporting either systematic errors to the left or systematic errors to the right, we reassessed the ability of auditory lateralization in patients with right hemispheric lesions with and without neglect. Unexpectedly, about half of the patients with neglect showed erratic judgments on sound position, that is, they were completely unable to lateralize sounds. The remaining neglect patients only showed a small deviation of the auditory median plane to the left side, indicating that they perceived the sounds as slightly shifted to the right side. The comparison between both groups revealed higher severity of neglect in the group of neglect patients who were unable to perform the task, suggesting that the inability of sound lateralization was associated with the strength of clinical neglect. However, we also observed 1 out of 9 patients with left brain damage who was not able to lateralize spatial sounds. This patient did not show any symptoms of spatial neglect. Thus, it may be that a spatial auditory deficit, such as that observed here in right-brain-damaged patients, only co-occurs with spatial neglect if the right superior temporal cortex is lesioned.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Psychotic symptoms and suicidal behavior in hospitalized children.

Association of psychotic symptoms with suicidal behavior was studied in 90 hospitalized prepubertal children. Children with psychotic symptoms were more likely to have threatened or attempted suicide. The association of visual hallucinations with suicidal behavior was stronger than that of auditory hallucinations or psychotic ideation. The authors speculate that psychosis in general and visual hallucinations especially may be indicators of suicide risk among children.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Toward a brain map of auditory hallucinations.

OBJECTIVE: This study asks whether auditory hallucinations are reflected in a distinctive metabolic map of the brain. METHOD: Regional brain metabolism was measured by positron emission tomography with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose in 12 DSM-III schizophrenic patients who experienced auditory hallucinations during glucose uptake and 10 who did not. All patients were free of neuroleptics and 19 had never been treated with neuroleptics. Nine patients were reexamined after 1 year to assess effects of neuroleptic treatment. RESULTS: Compared with the patients who did not experience hallucinations, the patients who did experience hallucinations had significantly lower relative metabolism in auditory and Wernicke's regions and a trend toward higher metabolism in the right hemisphere homologue of Broca's region. Hallucination scores correlated positively and significantly with relative metabolism in the striatum and anterior cingulate regions. Neuroleptic treatment resulted in a significant increase in striatal metabolism and a reduced frontal-parietal ratio, which was significantly correlated with a decrease in hallucination scores. CONCLUSIONS: Auditory hallucinations involve language regions of the cortex in a pattern similar to that seen in normal subjects listening to their own voices but different in that left prefrontal regions are not activated. The striatum plays a critical role in auditory hallucinations.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Dichotic listening during auditory hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: Auditory hallucinations are a serious problem for a large subgroup of psychotic patients who do not respond optimally to neuroleptic medication. It has been hypothesized that hearing imaginary voices involves the same physiological processes as those involved in hearing real voices, but this hypothesis has not been conclusively confirmed. METHOD: In this study a consonant-vowel version of the Dichotic Listening Test was used to assess the functional integration of the left hemisphere in hallucinating and nonhallucinating psychotic patients. The test was administered under three conditions: a nonforced attention condition, a condition in which attention was forced to the left ear, and one in which attention was forced to the right ear. RESULTS: The nonhallucinating patients showed the normal right ear advantage, which indicates a left hemisphere superiority in the processing of linguistic stimuli. In contrast, the hallucinating patients showed no ear advantage. Neither group was able to modify its performance when instructed to attend to either the left or the right ear. A subgroup of patients was tested in both hallucinating and nonhallucinating states, but the ear asymmetry was not noticeably different between these states. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that auditory hallucinations are associated with abnormalities in left hemisphere functioning and that these abnormalities might not be limited to the time of the auditory hallucinations. It is hypothesized that a relatively enduring left hemisphere abnormality may leave some patients at risk for auditory hallucinations.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The extended amygdala and the dopamine system: another piece of the dopamine puzzle.

The dopamine (DA) system has long been associated with the pathophysiology of psychosis. The DA theory of schizophrenia continues to find support in neuroreceptor imaging and ligand-binding studies that show excess DA transmission in patients, as compared to controls. The pathways that regulate the primate DA system, however, have yet to be fully elucidated. The amygdala, including its extended amygdala component, is involved in evaluating the emotional value of sensory stimuli. Since emotionally relevant sensory stimuli are distorted during psychotic episodes, we hypothesize that amygdaloid influences are likely to be significant modulators of the DA system. We reviewed evidence for direct projections from the central extended amygdala to specific subpopulations of DA neurons, and we discuss how these pathways may serve as important conduits of emotionally relevant information that can have immediate and long-term effects on DA regulation.

Amygdala↗