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Results for “Appetitive Behavior”

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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Differential effects of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonists on conditioned orienting behavior in the rat.

Brain dopamine (DA) systems are known to be important in regulation of behavior conditioned to appetitive stimuli. Nevertheless, despite a large body of evidence showing behavioral deficits in the operant conditioning paradigm produced by DA receptor blockade, there have been relatively few studies directly assessing behavioral changes in classical conditioning paradigm under this drug treatment. By employing an appetitive Pavlovian conditioning task, the present work investigated the effects of selective D1 and D2 receptor antagonists on the expression and acquisition of the conditioned orienting response (COR) and food-cup approach. SCH23390 (0, 0.05, and 0.10 mg/kg) and raclopride (0, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/kg) were administered via an intra-peritoneal route in a between-group design. Data from Experiment 1 showed that both SCH23390 and raclopride suppressed expression of the COR and food-cup approach, but only the impairment produced by raclopride reached a significant level. In Experiment 2, with SCH23390 being administered during the acquisition phase, the suppressed COR was completely restored in a subsequent (24 h later) drug-free session. In contrast, the suppressed COR in raclopride-pretreated groups was only partially restored. These findings support the view that the DA system plays a role in the neural substrates underlying this appetitive conditioning. In addition, D2 receptors are more likely involved in the modulation of learning process of the COR than D1 receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effects of chlorpromazine and d-amphetamine on schedule-controlled and schedule-related behavior of rabbits.

A lever-lifting response by Dutch Belted and New Zealand White rabbits was maintained in water-deprived animals by 0.26% saccharin solution and in food-deprived animals by food pellets under a multiple 3-min fixed-interval (FI) 30-response fixed-ratio (FR) schedule. Rabbits responding for the saccharin solution had food freely available during the session and in the home cage, whereas those responding for pellets had water continuously available during the session as well as in the home cage. Under nondrug conditions the FR and FI schedules controlled different rates and patterns of responding in the rabbit that were characteristic of those found with other species. In addition, eating or drinking occurred during the initial portion of the FI under the saccharin solution and initial food presentation schedules, respectively. Doses of d-amphetamine (0.1--10.0 mg/kg) increased responding under the FI and FR schedules of food delivery, but increased only FI responding maintained by the saccharin solution. Doses of 3.0--10.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine produced extremely high (300--800% of control) rates of stereotyped perseverative level responding. Schedule-related eating or drinking were unaffected or decreased at doses of d-amphetamine that increased schedule-controlled responding. Chlorpromazine (0.03--0.3 mg/kg) increased FI responding maintained both by saccharin and food, whereas FR responding generally was unaffected at these dose levels; eating but not drinking was increased with chlorpromazine. Since the behavioral effects of drugs such as amphetamine and chlorpromazine differ somewhat in the rabbit from those found with other typically studied nonhuman mammals, further studies with the rabbit may yield useful information for comparative behavioral pharmacology.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Medial hypothalamic lesions in the rat enhance reactivity and mouse killing but not social aggression.

In rats subjected to lesions of the medial hypothalamus, 8 of 11 animals became mouse killers and all manifested some degree of hyperreactivity to the experimenter. When introduced as intruders into a mixed sex colony group, the lesioned rats did not manifest piloerection nor did they emit flank attacks characteristic of social aggressive behavior. However, the lesioned animals did respond to the attacks of the resident male rats with significantly more counterattacks and biting than did sham-lesioned control rats. Spontaneous mouse killing rats also failed to show a level of social aggressive behavior significantly greater than that of sham-operated control rats, but the spontaneous mouse killers did kill rat pups in the colony groups. Alpha-male rats when introduced as an intruder into a colony group did exhibit piloerection and emit flank attacks characteristic of social aggressive behavior. These results demonstrate that the mouse killing and heightened reactivity associated with medial hypothalamic lesions do not represent an indiscriminant release of all forms of agonistic behavior.

Aggression↗
PubMed1989

Social influences on the acquisition of tool-using behaviors in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella).

To identify behaviors related to acquisition of tool-use in tufted capuchins (Cebus apella), we presented two tool-using tasks to two groups, extending findings by Westergaard and Fragaszy (1987) and Visalberghi (in press). Five Ss learned to use the tools in each task. The primary predictor of success was level of interest in the task. Observation of others at the apparatus did not facilitate exploratory behaviors or contact with the tools in the observers. Most animals performed exploratory behaviors more often when they were at the apparatus alone than when with another, whether or not the other was using a tool. Observers were quick to learn the relationship between another's activities and the appearance of food. We conclude that capuchins do not readily learn about instrumental relations by observation of others or imitate other's acts. Imitation probably plays no role in the spread of novel instrumental behaviors among monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Inactivation of the ventral tegmental area abolished the general excitatory influence of Pavlovian cues on instrumental performance.

Pavlovian stimuli can markedly elevate instrumental responding, an effect known as Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT). As the role of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in PIT is yet unknown, we examined the effects of transient VTA inactivation by direct microinjections of a mixture of the GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptor agonists, muscimol and baclofen. Results reveal that PIT, i.e., the increase in instrumental responding during presentation of a Pavlovian stimulus, was abolished by intra-VTA microinjections of muscimol/baclofen. These data provide the first evidence that the VTA mediates Pavlovian influences on instrumental behavior.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Spatio-temporal patterns of antennal movements in the searching cockroach.

To characterize the spatio-temporal patterns of antennal behavior in insects, the voluntary movement of both right and left antennae was examined in the cockroach Periplaneta americana. The position of the tip of the antenna (flagellum) is controlled by two mobile joints at its base (the scape and the pedicel) and by the neck. Horizontal and vertical components of movement at the antennal basal joints exhibited rhythmic activities during locomotory (walking) and non-locomotory (pausing) states in the searching animal. In both states, the horizontal component was slower than vertical one. Joint-manipulation experiments suggested that the faster vertical component is due mainly to movements of the scape-pedicel joint, while the slower horizontal component may originate from the head-scape joint. Large horizontal deflections of the antenna corresponded consistently with the yaw component of head movement. The trajectories of the antennae showed little patterned regularity in most animals. In a few cases, however, loop-like patterns appeared. The area scanned by an antenna was narrower in the walking state than in the pausing state, mainly because of a decrease in the horizontal angular range. Cross-correlation analyses revealed that the coupling between right and left horizontal antennal motor systems and that for the vertical systems were both significantly stronger in the walking state than during pausing. These results indicate that the spatio-temporal pattern of antennal movements changes dynamically depending on the animal's behavioral state.

Animal Structures↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Environmental control, social context, and individual differences in behavioral and cortisol responses to novelty in infant rhesus monkeys.

The effects of appetitive controllability on behavioral and cortisol reactivity to novelty in 12 infant rhesus monkeys were studied. Surrogate-peer-reared infants had homecage access to food treats contingently via lever pressing ("master") or noncontingently ("yoked") for 12 weeks from postnatal month 2. Masters lever-pressed more, but did not differ in baseline cortisol. At month 5, infants were exposed to a novel environment in social groups and individually. Masters were significantly more active and exhibited significantly lower cortisol reactivity to the novel environment, but only in the individual context. Also, individual differences in operant behavior were positively correlated with behavioral activity and negatively correlated with cortisol reactivity to the novel environment. The results reveal context-specific benefits of contingent stimulation in infancy.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Performance of appetitive or consummatory components of male sexual behavior is mediated by different brain areas: a 2-deoxyglucose autoradiographic study.

The in vivo autoradiographic deoxyglucose method was used to identify the functional brain circuits that are involved in the performance of appetitive and consummatory components of male sexual behavior in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Two groups of castrated, testosterone-treated male quail were trained during 12 sessions to associate the view of a female behind a window with the opportunity to interact freely and to copulate with her. They developed, as a consequence, a social proximity response (staying close and looking through the window providing a view of the female) that has been used in previous experiments to measure appetitive sexual behavior. A third control group (also castrated and treated with testosterone) was allowed to view the female but not to copulate with her and therefore did not develop this proximity response. 2-14C-deoxyglucose was then injected i.p. to these birds and they were allowed to either copulate freely with a female (consummatory sexual behavior group) or express the social proximity response (appetitive sexual behavior group). The control group was provided a view of the female but these birds, although they were exposed to the same stimuli as birds in the appetitive group, did not express the social proximity response because they had never learned the association with the opportunity to copulate. Birds were killed 45 min after the deoxyglucose injection and their brains were processed for autoradiography. Densitometric analyses of the autoradiograms revealed that the expression of appetitive or consummatory aspects of male sexual behavior was associated with significant increases by comparison with the control group in the deoxyglucose incorporation in the nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis, pars dorsalis and in the nucleus leminsci lateralis. In addition, an increase in the deoxyglucose incorporation was specifically observed in the paleostriatum primitivum, rostral preoptic area, nucleus intercollicularis, nucleus interpeduncularis and third nerve but a decrease was observed in the dorsomedial part of the hippocampus and in the nucleus nervi oculomotori in birds of the consummatory sexual behavior group by comparison with controls. By contrast, in the appetitive sexual behavior group, significant increases in deoxyglucose incorporation were observed in two telencephalic areas, the intermediate hyperstriatum ventrale and neostriatum caudolaterale by comparison with the controls, but decreases were detected in the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale of optic tectum by comparison with the consummatory behavior group. These studies demonstrate that the performance of appetitive or consummatory components of male sexual behavior affects in a specific manner the deoxyglucose uptake and accumulation in specific regions of the quail brain. Changes in metabolic activity were observed in steroid-sensitive areas, in auditory, visual and vocal brain regions, and in brain nuclei related to motor behavior but also in association telencephalic and limbic structures. These changes in oxidative metabolism overlap to some extent with metabolic changes as revealed by immunocytochemistry for the immediate early gene products Fos and Zenk, but many specific reactions are also detected indicating that these techniques are not necessarily redundant and, together, they can provide a more complete picture of the brain circuits that are implicated in the control and performance of complex behaviors.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Simultaneous observation of ingestive and copulatory behavior of the male rat.

In a preliminary test male rats were allowed to ingest a 1 M solution of sucrose from a drinking spout. After daily intake of sucrose became stabilized, the males were given a sexually receptive or non-receptive female and the bottle filled with sucrose solution simultaneously. The ingestive and copulatory behavior was observed for 60 min under illumination by a red lamp. The data obtained from this study showed that the ingestive behavior of males was suppressed by the presence of sexually receptive females and, conversely, the sexual behavior of males was not affected by the presence of a bottle of sucrose. These results suggest that the presence of a sexual partner inhibits appetitive ingestive behavior, i.e., the responses used by male rats to obtain food.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Sex offending and sexual appetite: the clinical and theoretical relevance of hypersexual desire.

Disinhibited sexual desire, clinically manifested as hypersexual desire disorders, can be operationally defined by considering three behavioral domains associated with sexual motivation or appetitive behavior: (a) sexual preoccupation (time/day consumed by fantasies, urges, and activities), (b) the repetitive frequency of enacted sexual behavior (total sexual outlet/week), and (c) adverse consequences associated with repetitive sexual behavior: Data are presented suggesting that clinical samples of males with paraphilias, paraphilia-related disorders, and sexual coercion may be associated with disinhibited sexual appetite. These conditions need to be addressed by an integrated combination of psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacologic interventions that specifically target disinhibited sexual appetitive behaviors, their antecedents, and consequences. Although combination therapies (empirically based specific psychotherapies in conjunction with psychopharmacological treatments) have demonstrated superior efficacy in many Axis I psychiatric disorders, such combination therapies to reduce paraphilias, paraphilia-related disorders, and adult sexual coercion are currently underutilized in both North and South America and Europe.

Adult↗