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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Anthropometry profiles of elite rugby players: quantifying changes in lean mass.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the utility of a practical measure of lean mass for monitoring changes in the body composition of athletes. METHODS: Between 1999 and 2003 body mass and sum of seven skinfolds were recorded for 40 forwards and 32 backs from one Super 12 rugby union franchise. Players were assessed on 13 (7) occasions (mean (SD)) over 1.9 (1.3) years. Mixed modelling of log transformed variables provided a lean mass index (LMI) of the form mass/skinfolds(x), for monitoring changes in mass controlled for changes in skinfold thickness. Mean effects of phase of season and time in programme were modelled as percentage changes. Effects were standardised for interpretation of magnitudes. RESULTS: The exponent x was 0.13 for forwards and 0.14 for backs (90% confidence limits +/-0.03). The forwards had a small decrease in skinfolds (5.3%, 90% confidence limits +/-2.2%) between preseason and competition phases, and a small increase (7.8%, 90% confidence limits +/-3.1%) during the club season. A small decrease in LMI (approximately 1.5%) occurred after one year in the programme for forwards and backs, whereas increases in skinfolds for forwards became substantial (4.3%, 90% confidence limits +/-2.2%) after three years. Individual variation in body composition was small within a season (within subject SD: body mass, 1.6%; skinfolds, 6.8%; LMI, 1.1%) and somewhat greater for body mass (2.1%) and LMI (1.7%) between seasons. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a lack of substantial mean changes, there was substantial individual variation in lean mass within and between seasons. An index of lean mass based on body mass and skinfolds is a potentially useful tool for assessing body composition of athletes.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Anthropometry and body composition of 18 year old men according to duration of breast feeding: birth cohort study from Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between duration of breast feeding and measures of adiposity in adolescence. DESIGN: Population based birth cohort study. SETTING: Pelotas, a city of 320 000 inhabitants in a relatively developed area in southern Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: All newborn infants in the city's hospitals were enrolled in 1982; 78.8% (2250) of all male participants were located at age 18 years when enrolling in the national army. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Weight, height, sitting height, subscapular and triceps skinfolds, and body composition (body fat, lean mass). RESULTS: Neither the duration of total breast feeding nor that of predominant breast feeding (breast milk plus non-nutritive fluids) showed consistent associations with anthropometric or body composition indices. After adjustment for confounding factors, the only significant associations were a greater than 50% reduction in obesity among participants breast fed for three to five months compared with all other breastfeeding categories (P = 0.007) and a linear decreasing trend in obesity with increasing duration of predominant breast feeding (P = 0.03). Similar significant effects were not observed for other measures of adiposity. Borderline direct associations also occurred between total duration of breast feeding and adult height (P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: The significant reduction in obesity among children breast fed for three to five months is difficult to interpret, as no a priori hypothesis existed regarding a protective effect of intermediate duration of breast feeding. The findings indicate that, in this population, breast feeding has no marked protective effect against adolescent adiposity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

Observational study of maternal anthropometry and fetal insulin.

AIMS: To examine the relation between maternal body fat and fetal metabolism. METHODS: In this observational study, cord blood samples were collected from 60 infants of healthy women for the measurement of insulin and C peptide concentrations. Maternal weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and body composition (skinfold thickness measurements and bioelectrical impedance) were assessed at 13-15 weeks of gestation. Twenty five of the volunteers agreed to have a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test at 28-31 weeks of gestation. RESULTS: Positive correlations were observed with both cord insulin or C peptide concentrations and maternal early pregnancy BMI (r=0.44, p=0.002 and r=0.33, p=0.008, respectively). There was no significant correlation between cord insulin or C peptide concentrations and birthweight or birth weight centiles. CONCLUSION: Maternal BMI could be a predictor of fetal cord insulin concentration.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of methodology for nutritional assessment in children: anthropometry, body composition, and energy expenditure.

Nutritional status in children is an indicator of health and well-being at both the individual and the population level. Screening for malnutrition should be an integral part of pediatric care universally. Nutritional intervention requires repeated measurement of nutritional status to assess severity and to track progress over time. Methodological issues in the assessment of nutritional status are reviewed with emphasis on anthropometric measurement, body composition, and energy expenditure of children at risk for malnutrition. Use of reference data, measurement error, maturational effects, and hereditary factors are among the issues reviewed and serve as guidelines in the interpretation of measurement of nutritional status.

Aging↗
PubMed2000

Impact of maternal anthropometry and smoking on neonatal birth weight.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and maternal smoking habits on neonatal birth weight. We reviewed 10,240 normal singleton term pregnancies between 1985 and 1995 at the University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vienna. Birth weights of infants of overweight smokers were greater than those of smokers in general and similar to birth weights of nonsmokers, but smoking did have a fetal growth-retarding effect in overweight smoking mothers. Infants of underweight mothers who increased their daily cigarette consumption during pregnancy had significantly lowest birth weight. Our results suggest that the negative effects of smoking during pregnancy cannot be mitigated by a higher pre-pregnancy BMI and/or an improved weight gain during pregnancy. Especially the infants of underweight mothers benefit from their mothers' decision to cease smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Limbs anthropometry of singleton Chinese newborns of 28-42 weeks' gestation.

Abnormalities of limbs are important features of some syndromes recognizable at birth. The purpose of this study was to establish normal standards of limbs including arm length, arm circumference, upper arm length, lower arm length, leg length, thigh circumference, upper leg length, and lower leg length. 10,226 infants (5,422 males, 4,804 females) with gestation 28-42 weeks from 12 hospitals were included. The LMS method using maximum penalized likelihood was used to perform model fitting of the anthropometric centiles for these parameters. This study provided the first set of references for the limbs of the infants by gestation and gender. Racial differences were found when comparing with other populations. The parameters are useful for evaluation of morphologic disorders involving the limbs.

Americas↗
PubMed1993

Anthropometry in adolescence--secular trends, adoption, ethnic and environmental differences.

A secular trend towards higher final height and earlier pubertal maturation is seen in countries with favourable socio-economic development and higher social classes in countries are also associated with taller height and earlier maturation. Environmental factors, such as nutrition and infections, appear to be the main causes for differences in growth and maturation between ethnic and social groups. Differences in final height are mainly due to prepubertal growth. Studies on immigrant children and children adopted into privileged conditions from developing countries confirm the influence of early growth on subsequent growth. Catch-up growth in adopted children could only partially compensate for early stunting, and in several cases was cut short by early pubertal development. A minority developed very early puberty and eventually very short final height. The optimal rate of catch-up growth, the trigger mechanism for early puberty, and the effect of various types of nutritional intervention need to be studied. The studies reported here indicate the critical importance of optimal intra-uterine, infant and childhood growth as a basis for satisfactory growth during adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Anthropometry and body composition in children.

Changes in body fat, fat-free mass and extracellular water occur in many disorders, and during normal growth in children. Thus, body composition is an increasingly important measurement in paediatric clinical practice, and is used for diagnostic purposes, for decisions for treatment and for monitoring improvement. A number of different methods exist for determining body composition in children; however, their use is complicated by the absence of a gold standard and the lack of validity data in children both with and without growth disorders. In this report, validity and usefulness are compared among anthropometric methods and weighted against other techniques used in children. Recent recommendations of a number of expert committees are discussed.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1994

Measurement of body composition in the elderly: dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, underwater weighing, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and anthropometry.

Body composition of both younger and older subjects was estimated using several different methods in order to evaluate their use with elderly subjects. Estimates were obtained by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, underwater weighing, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and skinfold measurement in 48 younger subjects (26-40 years) and 44 older subjects (65-85 years). In older men and women the underwater weighing percent fat estimates were significantly higher than all other methods. Bone mineral explained a significant proportion of the variance in the difference between the dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and underwater weighing estimates of percent fat (R2 = 0.442-0.627). Because of its insensitivity to variability in bone mineral, we recommend that the underwater weighing method be not used to estimate percent fat in older men and women. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry provides an alternative which accounts for the age-related decrease in bone mineral density.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1993

Pitfalls of body fat assessments in premature infants by anthropometry.

Subcutaneous fat mass (SFM) and total fat mass (TFM) were estimated in 16 preterm infants at 8 +/- 2 days postnatal age. SFM was estimated from anthropometric measurements: 5 skinfold thicknesses, 5 body circumferences, and regional body lengths. TFM was estimated from total body water measurements using dilution of isotopic water, H2(18)O. The proportion of TFM that was SFM decreased with an increase in TFM. In infants with less than 100 g of TFM (5% body weight), 74% of TFM is in the subcutaneous layer compared with only 35% in infants with higher TFM (more than 100 g). Subscapular skinfold thickness is the best predictor of TFM (r = 0.78). Additional skinfold thickness measurements (triceps, biceps, supra-iliac and thigh) do not improve the predictability of TFM by the subscapular skinfold thickness. We conclude that measurement of subscapular skinfold thickness is an appropriate choice for estimating fat deposition in preterm infants, particularly in field studies and in developing countries.

Adipose Tissue↗