Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Angioscopy”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

[Angioscopic observation of the ruptured plaque cap in a patient with acute myocardial infarction with particular reference to the mechanism of plaque rupture].

A 45-year-old man was admitted with the diagnosis of acute inferior myocardial infarction. After successful thrombolytic therapy, coronary angiography showed TIMI grade 3 flow with the filling defect and haziness on the infarct-related coronary segment. Repeat coronary angiography and coronary angioscopy were performed on the 28th hospital day. Coronary angiography showed 50% stenosis of the luminal diameter of the right coronary artery. Coronary angioscopy showed a white plaque with ruptured cap which occupied one third of the circumferential coronary artery. The torn ends of the cap were longitudinal, and projected into the lumen during the cardiac cycle. Plaque rupture and thrombus formation are important in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes, although the mechanism of plaque rupture is still controversial. The present angioscopic findings seem to support the concept that circumferential tension or mechanical stretch from part of the coronary artery causes the longitudinal fissure at the weakened site of the plaque cap.

Angioscopy↗
PubMed1994

[An experimental study of arterial graft implantation--the effects of an anti-thrombin agent, argatroban, and an anti-platelet agent, clopidogrel (SR 25990 C) on the inner capsule].

The anti-thrombogenicity of argatroban and clopidogrel and the influence of these two agents on coagulation and fibrinolysis were investigated. After the infrarenal abdominal aorta of 21 dogs was replaced with a knitted Dacron prosthesis of 5 mm in internal diameter, the inner capsule of the graft was evaluated by angioscopy and angiography immediately and 1 week, 2 weeks and 1 month after surgery. The graft patency rate in group I (untreated group, n = 8), group II (argatroban group, postoperative infusion of 1 microgram/kg/min for 2 weeks, n = 7) and group III (clopidogrel group, postoperative oral administration of 12.5 mg/kg/day for 1 month, n = 6) was respectively 75%, 86% and 100% after 1 week; 75%, 86% and 100% after 2 weeks; and 50%, 71% and 100% after 1 month. The mean maximum stenosis measured by angioscopy was 31% in group I, 5% in group II and 4% in group III after 1 week; 52%, 23% and 13% after 2 weeks; and 61%, 40% and 9% after 1 month. An increase in thrombin antithrombin III complex (TAT) due to thrombus was observed in group I, but this was prevented in the treated groups. These results suggest that argatroban and clopidogrel are useful anti-thrombogenic agents for obtaining a thin inner capsule after graft implantation, especially in small caliber grafts.

Angioscopy↗
PubMed1993

A modified, angioscopically assisted technique for in situ saphenous vein bypass: impact on patency, complications, and length of stay.

PURPOSE: The impact of preoperative saphenous vein mapping and intraoperative angioscopy on the results of in situ saphenous vein bypass is analyzed in this study. METHODS: A new technique developed for in situ saphenous vein bypass (ISVB) was used in 26 patients (group I) and consisted of (1) preoperative duplex scanning and mapping of the saphenous vein and its tributaries, (2) small incisions for dissecting the proximal and distal arteries and veins, (3) ligation of marked tributaries through small incisions, (4) angioscopically directed incision of venous valves with a flexible-tipped valvulotome, and (5) femoral and distal anastomoses. The results were compared with those of 14 patients (group II) in whom the technique was similar except that venous tributaries were identified angioscopically and then ligated and 24 patients (group III) who underwent standard "open" ISVB through one long incision without angioscopy or vein mapping and in whom valvulotomy was carried out with a rigid valvulotome passed through tributaries. RESULTS: In comparing the results of groups I and III, significant reductions in operative intravenous fluid requirements (1930 ml vs 2675 ml; p = 0.04), postoperative length of stay (4.4 days vs 9.1 days; p < 0.001), and wound complications (1 vs 9; p = 0.01) were observed. Angioscopic irrigation fluid volume in group I was less than that in group II (360 ml vs 1014 ml; p < 0.001). At 12 months, the primary graft patency rate in all 64 patients was 91% for femoropopliteal and 89% for femoral-infrapopliteal ISBV and 84% for the 40 patients in groups I and II. CONCLUSIONS: This report demonstrates the effectiveness of our modified technique for ISVB, which helped reduce wound complications and length of stay while satisfactory early graft patency was also maintained.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Relationship between coronary angioscopic and intravascular ultrasound imaging and restenosis.

In order to investigate the relationship between restenosis and the morphology detected by coronary angioscopy (CASC) and introvascular ultrasound imaging (IVUS), 17 patients were detected by CASC and IVUS immediately and 3 months after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioscopy (PTCA). The results showed that the dilation index by IVUS (DIu) was significantly lower in restenosis patients than in non-restenosis patients (0.42 +/- 0.08 versus 0.78 +/- 0.16, P < 0.01) and that the elastic recoil (ER) was higher in restenosis patients than in non-restenosis patients (4.51 +/- 1.42 mm2 versus 1.63 +/- 1.20 mm2, P < 0.01), and that the elastic recoil rate (ERR) was also higher in restenosis patients than in non-restenosis patients (57.3 +/- 8.07% versus 21.80 +/- 16.84% P < 0.01), and that coronary dissection, atheromatous plaque and calcification as well as the colour of inner coronary artery had no relation with chronic restenosis. In conclusion, the elastic recoil is one of the important factors of chronic restenosis after PTCA.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Angiovideo-assisted hemodynamic correction of varicose veins.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the feasibility and utility of angioscopy in the hemodynamic correction (French acronyms is CHIVA) of primary varicose veins disease. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Prospective evaluation of 25 patients, undergoing hemodynamic correction of primary varicose disease with intraoperative videoangioscopic guide. Patients have been selected according to criteria emerged from a prospective study that we had previously conducted. Follow-up lasted 1 year (range 8-18 months). SETTING: Department of Surgery, University of Ferrara, Italy. Institutional practice. One-day surgery. PATIENTS: Their selection has been carried out in our Vascular Laboratory. The adopted clinical criteria of selection were: Primary varicose disease of the long saphenous vein territory, no previous thrombophlebitis and/or sclerotherapy. Doppler cw and Duplex criteria followed were: competent deep venous system, long saphenous vein diameter minor than 10 mm and incompetent perforating veins diameter minor than 4 mm. INTERVENTIONS: 25 hemodynamic corrections according to the CHIVA method described by Franceschi. An angioscope, introduced through a distal collateral of the long saphenous vein, permitted the precise interruption of the venous-venous shunts and of the superficial venous system, just below the perforators chosen as re-entry points in the deep venous system. MEASURES: Clinical: varices and symptomatology reduction. Duplex and Doppler cw: detection of the superficial blood flow re-entry, in the deep venous system, through the perforators and identification of recurrences or new refluxes. Pre and postoperative Ambulatory Venous Pressure and Refilling Time have also been measured. RESULTS: In 20 patients symptoms and varices relief were recorded (80%), in 5 patients varices reduction was observed only during walking (20%). In 2 of these latter patients there was no re-entry through the perforators, with a recurrent sapheno-femoral reflux in 1 of them. Early complications recorded were: 2 long saphenous vein thrombosis (8%); 7 ecchimosis (28%) when heparine/saline solution had been used for angioscopic clearance. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative angioscopy is feasible and useful when the hemodynamic situation is complex and the Duplex map is difficult to be interpreted by the surgeon. In this series the second look percentage rate has been minor compared to the percentage rates published so far by other authors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Angioscopic in-situ arterial bypass for lower extremity revascularization].

The authors' initial experience of angioscopic in-situ arterial bypass of 37 extremities reveals that angioscopy can be used to assist complete valvular ablation and precise location and ligation of tributaries of saphenous vein grafts, avoiding postoperative arterial-venous fistula and warm ischemic injury to grafts. Angioscopy is also used to perform intraoperative completion inspection of the grafts and anastomoses. The designed biocomposite graft and common ostium technique promotes the usage rate of the limited autogenous vein grafts and enlarges the diameter of grafts and blood flow through the distal anastomosis. Because of the above new series of procedures, the extremity salvage rate in this study was 34/37 limbs. During the follow-up period of 2-18 months, all anastomoses were patent. The preoperative ankle and toe pressure of 3.5 +/- 0.2 kPa and 2.0 +/- 0.1 kPa respectively rose to 5.4 +/- 0.1 kPa and 3.8 +/- 0.2 kPa postoperatively. We conclude that angioscopic in-situ arterial bypass surgery is of practical value and specially advantageous in lower extremity revascularization.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

New angioscopic findings in graft failure after infrainguinal bypass.

We have previously shown that intraoperative angioscopy is a safe, useful, and effective method for monitoring infrainguinal bypass grafts. The videotaped recordings of the intraoperative angioscopy studies of 25 failed infrainguinal bypass grafts inserted between May 1987 and July 1989 and 3 failing grafts that were angioscoped during the subsequent graft salvage procedure were reviewed in a systematic fashion according to a fixed protocol, to identify any endovascular findings either initially missed or in which the relevance to graft failure had been unappreciated at the time of bypass grafting. We were able to identify new venous pathologic characteristics and highlight endoluminal features, of both a technical and nontechnical nature, which have a probable causal relationship to graft failure. However, the significance of some of the endovascular findings that were seen during infrainguinal bypass grafting has yet to be fully defined.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Angioscopic evaluation of site-specific administration of ReoPro.

Systemic administration of newer antiplatelet agents such as the GP IIb/IIIa agent ReoPro (Centocor BV Leiden, The Netherlands) has been shown to decrease the early incidence of recurrent ischemia and recurrent myocardial infarction. The currently approved protocol for administration of ReoPro involves an initial weight adjusted bolus followed by a systemic infusion over the next 12 hr. The systemic administration is proposed as the only route of administration because it is stated that the drug must be exposed to circulating platelets. An alternative approach would be to deliver ReoPro locally and allow the platelets to disaggregate only when in contact with the local arterial wall. The optimal method of monitoring the efficacy of such a strategy is to visually assess the presence of platelet rich or red blood cell rich thrombus using angioscopy. We report our initial experience in 12 patients who received local administration of ReoPro using currently approved catheters for local administration of agents into coronary arteries who were evaluated before and after intervention using intracoronary angioscopy. None of the patients received a subsequent 12-hr infusion. There was successful resolution of thrombus in 11 of 12 patients. Recurrent ischemia occurred in one patient without myocardial infarction.

Abciximab↗
PubMed1992

The arterial wall response to intimal injury in an experimental model.

Repair of occult arterial injuries is advocated to prevent thrombosis, arteriovenous fistula, and pseudoaneurysm formation. However, recent clinical series describe the healing of arterial intimal injuries and recommend nonoperative therapy. To investigate the arterial wall response to intimal injury, we created intimal flaps in 46 canine femoral arteries. The intimal flaps were imaged by arteriography, angioscopy, and intravascular ultrasound acutely, and at one and three weeks and five months post-injury. Lumen area was measured using caliper techniques (arteriography) and computerized video planimetry (angioscopy, intravascular ultrasound). Intimal and medial thickness were measured by intravascular ultrasound prior to harvest for histologic evaluation by light microscopy. Analysis of 32 patent arteries was performed after exclusion of 14 thrombosed arteries. Residual lumen area (mm2) correlated closely among the imaging modalities at one week (8.7 +/- 1.1, 7.3 +/- 2.0, 6.9 +/- 1.8), three weeks (4.2 +/- 0.9, 2.9 +/- 1.0, 2.7 +/- 0.8), and five months (5.3 +/- 0.9, 5.0 +/- 0.5, 5.0 +/- 0.9). Maximal intimal and medial thickness occurred three weeks post-injury, coincident with the maximal reduction in lumen area. Although intimal injuries can cause acute and delayed arterial thromboses, observation may be appropriate in selected cases. The evaluation of those patients chosen for nonoperative therapy should extend beyond three weeks, as this is the time of maximal arterial wall response with a continued potential for adverse clinical events.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Does the Kensey catheter keep a coaxial position inside the arterial lumen? An in-vitro angioscopic study.

Angioscopy was used to evaluate the "self-centering" ability of three Kensey catheters (KC) with different flexibility: one 8Fr "peripheral" and two 5Fr "coronary" (I & II). Angioscopic observations were made inside arteries, 5-18 mm in diameter. There was a good correlation between flexibility and self-centering of the KC [r = 0.83, p less than 0.05]. Increasing the flow rate of rinsing solution from 18 to 60 ml/min prolonged coaxial position from 8.9 +/- 3.3 to 36 +/- 2.2 sec/min of activation [p less than 0.001]. A smaller effect on coaxial position was exerted by increasing cam speed from 5.2 +/- 0.7 to 19.2 +/- 1.6 sec/min (p less than 0.001). In conclusion, angioscopy showed that the KC has a limited ability to maintain a coaxial position inside the arterial lumen and operators cannot rely on its self-centering property.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗
PubMedDate not supplied

PTA and stenting of benign venous stenoses in the pelvis: long-term results.

PURPOSE: To provide follow-up data on endovascular intervention for venous stenoses in the pelvis. METHODS: Between 1985 and 1995, 35 patients presented with 42 stenoses of the pelvic veins after operative thrombectomy and creation of an arteriovenous fistula, combined with intraoperative venous angioscopy. All patients underwent angioplasty and, if unsuccessful, percutaneous insertion of an endovascular stent (n = 7). RESULTS: Angioplasty with and without endovascular stenting was technically successful in 34 of 35 patients (97%). Average length of the stenoses was 20.6 mm (range 10-90 mm), average diameter before dilation 4.1 mm (range 2-6 mm), and average diameter after dilation 10.1 mm (range 5-18 mm). Intraoperative angioscopy showed pathologic findings (intimal laceration or residual thrombotic material) in 14 patients. After an average follow-up period of 4.13 years, 24 (69%) patients had patent veins. The difference in the primary patency rate between patients with angioscopically abnormal veins (6 of 14 patients, corresponding to a patency rate of 43%) and patients with angioscopically normal veins after thrombectomy (18 of 21 patients, corresponding to a patency rate of 86%) was statistically significant (p<0.01, log rank test). CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and/or stenting are good treatment modalities for pelvic vein stenosis following surgical thrombectomy. Angioscopically abnormal veins have a poorer long-term patency, regardless of the type of intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[New imaging methods for visualizing coronary arteries].

Techniques in the field of coronary artery imaging can be divided into two groups: invasive and non-invasive methods. Apart from the conventional coronary artery angiography, invasive methods include intracoronary ultrasound, intracoronary angioscopy, and optical coherence tomography. Non-invasive methods include magnetic resonance tomography, synchrotron-coronary angiography, and electron beam computed tomography. In the late 1980s, intracoronary ultrasound has come into clinical practice. It offers a real-time, cross-sectional image of the coronary artery in high resolution. Coronary arteries enlarge in the presence of atherosclerotic plaque formation in order to compensate for luminal narrowing caused by plaque formation (remodeling). With coronary angiography, the plaque formation cannot be detected until a lumen reduction of about 40-45%. With intravascular ultrasound, the early stages of atherosclerosis can clearly be demonstrated. In combination with the intracoronary Doppler technique, syndrome X can be differentiated. Another important role of intracoronary ultrasound in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease is to guide coronary interventions and to assess the result of coronary interventions especially to evaluate the result of stent implantation. Due to the clinical use of intracoronary ultrasound and the guidance of high pressure stent implantation, the incidence of acute stent thrombosis has decreased to about 1%. Coronary angioscopy portrays the surface of the vessel lumen. It is helpful to identify the mural thrombus especially to differentiate fresh and chronic thrombus formation. Magnetic resonance tomography is able to image the coronary arterial contour of the proximal segment. With today's gating technique, it is possible to portray the whole coronary tree and avoid disturbances resulting from the heart beat and respiration. Electron beam computed tomography is a very promising technique in screening for coronary artery disease. It is a very sensitive method to identify coronary calcification and, thus, to detect atherosclerotic plaque. Studies have shown that the presence of calcification almost invariably indicates the presence of coronary artery disease and that the absence of calcification can nearly rule out significant coronary artery disease. Moreover, a close correlation exists between the amount of calcification and the severity of coronary artery disease. Additionally, in combination with contrast injection, coronary artery perfusion can be evaluated. This is important to assess the conductance of coronary stent and bypass graft.

Coronary Artery Disease↗
PubMed1997

Strategies to increase the use of autogenous arteriovenous fistula in end-stage renal disease.

The purpose of this retrospective study was to review our experience with a consecutive group of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients using simple strategies to increase the use of autogenous vascular access, and determine whether the current trend of using synthetic bridge-graft fistula (BGF) rather than autogenous arteriovenous fistula (AVF), could be reversed, despite an aging population and broadening criteria for hemodialysis. All patients for vascular access surgery had careful preoperative clinical examination of the arm veins with outflow occlusion to determine the venous anatomy and continuity. Where no veins were apparent or their continuity in doubt, selective preoperative venography was performed. Where veins were unsatisfactory for forearm AVF, new or modified surgical procedures to use both the basilic and cephalic veins in the upper arm were performed. Intraoperative angioscopy was used to monitor vein quality and surgical technique. Ninety-eight primary vascular access procedures were performed in 76 patients, 75 (76.5%) AVF (forearm, n = 41; upper arm, n = 34) and 23 (23.5%) BGF. Forty-one of 76 (54%) had already had at least one previous access procedure prior to this study. More than one access procedure was needed in 16 patients. Preoperative venography was performed in 22 (22.4%) and intraoperative angioscopy in 45 (45.9%) of the 98 procedures. The number of revisions required to maintain patency was significantly higher for BGF (37 revisions in 14/23) than AVF (16 revisions in 13/75) (p < 0.0001, Poisson test) with an annualized secondary revision rate of 1.168 for BGF and 0.173 for AVF (p < 0.0001, Poisson test). AVF had both longer primary (p = 0.0001, log rank test) and secondary patency (p = 0.038, log rank test) than BGF. AVF as the primary vascular access can be significantly increased and the current trend of using BGF reversed with the use of simple clinical strategies to evaluate the suitability of the arm veins for vascular access.

Arm↗
PubMed2003

Cholesterol-fed ovariectomized monkeys are good animal models for human atherosclerosis of postmenopausal women.

Although it is well known that the incidence of atherosclerosis is markedly increased in postmenopausal women, antiatherosclerotic effects of estrogen replacement therapies are not clear. One of the reasons for this is due to the lack of appropriate animal models for atherosclerosis of postmenopausal women. Therefore, we attempted to develop an animal model for atherosclerosis of postmenopausal women and examined the antiatherosclerotic effects of estrogen replacement therapy. Adult ovariectomized Japanese monkeys were fed 2% cholesterol diet alone (C-group) or in combination with conjugated estrogen (CE-group) for 30 months. The serum estradiol-17beta levels of the CE-group were varied between 10 and 204.5 ng/dl during treatment. In the C-group, the serum total cholesterol levels were increased from 110 to 270 mg/dl, and atheroma was first observed after 3-months treatment with angioscopy. In the CE-group, the levels of the serum total cholesterol during treatment were 30% lower than those of the C-group, and the aortic lesions were first observed after 12-months treatment with angioscopy. The aortic intimal thickness of the CE-group was 58% of the C-group. This finding showed good agreement with the angioscopic observation. The aortic lesions were of a fibromuscular type in both groups. In conclusion, a cholesterol-fed ovariectomized monkey is an appropriate animal model for atherosclerosis of postmenopausal women. Furthermore, angiofiberscopic and histopathological observations suggested that estrogen replacement therapy was valid for atherosclerosis of postmenopausal women.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Fiberoptic observation of thrombosis and thrombolysis in isolated human coronary arteries.

Coronary arteries isolated from cadavers autopsied within 7 hours after death were perfused with canine arterial blood, and the processes of thrombus formation at the segments stenosed with atheroma and the thrombolytic effects of urokinase were investigated by angioscopy. Ten minutes of blood perfusion caused thin mural thrombi localized at the stenotic or nonstenotic segments. During 30 minutes of blood perfusion, the thin mural thrombi of the outlet or inlet of the segment grew into a doughnut-shaped thrombus. Also, the thin mural thrombi in the stenotic segment grew into a streamer-like thrombus and drifted downstream. These thrombi grew in size with increasing perfusion time and finally obstructed the stenotic segment. Globular thrombi close to the outlet also were formed in a few preparations. Unlike the thrombi at the stenotic segment, the mural thrombi in the nonstenotic segments did not grow into massive thrombi. The thrombi were reduced in size within 10 minutes of perfusion with 320 U/ml or more of urokinase. During thrombolysis, sandstorm-like dispersion of the blood cells occurred, small fragments detached from the mother thrombus and flew downstream, or the fibrin core of the thrombus was exposed. The results indicate the usefulness of angioscopy for the dynamic and serial investigation of thrombosis and thrombolysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Angioscopic observation of the coronary luminal changes induced by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

Coronary luminal changes induced by percutaneous balloon or laser coronary angioplasty were examined angioscopically in 10 patients with ischemic heart disease. A fiberscope (2.6F to 5.3F) was introduced into the coronary artery with the use of a guiding catheter with or without a balloon at the tip. Angioscopy was successful before angioplasty in nine and after angioplasty in 10 of 11 coronary segments. Before angioplasty, the stenotic segments were composed of yellowish or whitish atheromatous plaques with smooth surfaces or spiral folds in patients with stable angina pectoris. In one patient with unstable angina pectoris, the stenotic segment was scalloped angiographically and showed an irregular and whitish plaque angioscopically. After angioplasty, endothelial exfoliation with scattered thrombi (10 segments), bellows-like folds (two), longitudinal cleft (one), plaque rupture (two), and intimal dissection (two) could be identified angioscopically. These changes, with the exception of dissection, could not be identified angiographically. In one patient who underwent thermal argon laser angioplasty, the dilated segment appeared brownish, which indicated carbonization. In one patient with acute myocardial infarction, the occlusive thrombi were vaporized by thermal laser angioplasty. The results demonstrate the clinical feasibility of percutaneous angioscopy for pathologic documentation of coronary luminal changes before and after angioplasty.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Enhancement of arterial thrombolysis with native tissue type plasminogen activator by pretreatment with heparin or batroxobin: an angioscopic study.

The enhancement of canine arterial thrombolysis with native tissue type plasminogen activator (nt-PA) obtained from human-derived normal cells by pretreatment with heparin or the defibrinogenating agent, batroxobin, was evaluated with angioscopy. The nt-PA, 0.25 mg/kg, was infused intravenously to lyse 1-hour-old thrombus (eight thrombosed arteries without medication, seven with nt-PA alone, seven with nt-PA and heparin, and seven with nt-PA plus batroxobin). Angioscopy provided a cross-sectional view of the vessel lumen with clear visualization of the thrombus. Thirty minutes after nt-PA infusion, the percent luminal obstruction decreased from 74 to 61 in nt-PA alone (p less than .025), from 77 to 37 in nt-PA plus heparin (p less than .005), and from 79 to 25 in nt-PA plus batroxobin (p less than .005). Fifteen minutes after drug infusion, plasma fibrinogen levels decreased to 89% of preinfusion value in nt-PA alone, to 84% in nt-PA plus heparin, and to less than 5% in nt-PA plus batroxobin. Thus rapid infusion of nt-PA alone provided slight thrombolytic effects. However, heparin and batroxobin showed marked enhancement of thrombolytic effects of nt-PA.

Angiography↗
PubMed1986

Correlation of coronary angioscopic to angiographic findings in coronary artery disease.

An Olympus ultrathin fiberscope, 1.8 mm outer diameter, was inserted intraluminally into 11 stenoses of the left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries in 8 patients at coronary bypass surgery. Intraluminal views were obtained by coupling the angioscope to a color video camera and videotape recorder, and compared with preoperative coronary angiographic findings in right and left anterior oblique views. Atherosclerotic plaque was observed as yellow-white mass attached onto the luminal lining, which may be large enough to virtually obliterate the vascular lumen. Angioscopy provided a topographic view and cross-sectional picture of stenosis not observed by angiography. Single-plane angioscopic cross-sectional stenotic lumens correlated well (r = 0.90, p less than 0.001) with calculated angiographic luminal narrowings. However, with subtotal obstruction, lesion length must be assessed angiographically. Coronary angioscopy can be a useful adjunct to angiography by providing the added dimension of the true cross-sectional view of obstruction.

Coronary Angiography↗