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PubMed2005

The role of shame, anger, and affect regulation in men's perpetration of psychological abuse in dating relationships.

This study determines the relationships between shame, anger, and men's perpetration of psychological abuse in dating relationships. The authors hypothesize the connection between shame proneness and men's use of psychological abuse with a dating partner, with anger's mediating in this relationship. In addition, the authors hypothesize that affect regulation would moderate the relationship between anger and men's use of psychological abuse. Results indicate that shame proneness and use of psychological abuse are significantly related and that anger mediates the relationship. However, affect regulation does not moderate the effects of anger on men's use of psychological abuse. These findings are consistent with theoretical conceptualizations of shame and have implications for intervention and treatment programs for perpetrators of psychological abuse in dating relationships.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dealing with the anger and hostility of those who grieve.

Hospice caregivers are often targets of appropriate or displaced anger from the patients and family members that they try to help. Although anger is often an essential part of the grieving process, it may be difficult to endure. Caregivers must therefore understand the causes and signs of anger in themselves, patients, and family members, and find strategies to reduce the anger. A therapeutic response to anger will better facilitate the grief process as well as the effectiveness and well-being of the hospice caregiver.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Anger expression and blood pressure in adolescents.

The clinical significance of childhood hypertension is important as elevated pressures during childhood are found to follow a progressively increasing track into adulthood. Little work has been done to examine the relationship of emotions and emotional behavioral factors to the development of hypertension in children. Using the Roy Adaptation Model as a guide, this study investigated the relationship of anger expression and blood pressure (BP) among adolescents 16-18 years of age. Participants were 63 urban high school seniors. Measurements included the Anger Expression Inventory, a Demographic Questionnaire, and measures of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Analysis revealed significant positive relationships between anger expression with blood pressure, and a significant inverse relationship between blood pressure and the control of anger for girls. No significant relationships between anger expression and blood pressure were noted for boys. The majority of students (53%) were found to have high normal or hypertensive blood pressure readings, putting them at increased cardiovascular risk.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Assessment of self-reported anger expression in youth.

Internal consistency, temporal stability, and principal components structures of two self-report anger expression scales used in pediatric health research were examined in 415 youth (216 White, 199 Black; 191 boys, 224 girls; mean age 14.7 years). Participants completed the Anger Expression Scale (AXS) and the Pediatric Anger Expression Scale (PAES) on two occasions separated by approximately 1 year. Psychometric properties of the two scales were examined and compared with those reported by the scale authors. For both the AXS and the PAES, estimates of internal consistency (Cronbach s alpha) were acceptable and comparable to values reported by scale authors. Temporal stability of both scales was significant over 1 year. Principal components structures for both scales were similar to those reported by scale authors. Results were generally consistent for age groupings (<13, 13 years), ethnicity, and gender. It is concluded that further research using the AXS and PAES is warranted. The stability of anger expression over time and the assessment of anger suppression is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Driving anger and driving behavior in adults with ADHD.

OBJECTIVE: This study assesses whether anger in the context of driving is associated with the negative driving outcomes experienced by individuals with ADHD. METHOD: ADHD adults (n = 56) complete measures of driving anger, driving anger expression, angry thoughts behind the wheel, and aggressive, risky, and crash-related behavior. Results are compared to two non-ADHD control groups: one from the same community as the ADHD sample (n = 106) but that did not complete all instruments and the other from college students (n = 432) who completed all instruments. RESULTS: ADHD participants report more driving anger and aggressive expression through the use of their vehicle and less adaptive and constructive anger expression than their non-ADHD peers. Adult ADHD drivers rate themselves as more angry, risky, and unsafe drivers and report experiencing more losses of concentration and vehicular control than college students. CONCLUSION: Results are discussed with regard to drivingrelated problems for drivers with ADHD.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2005

The roles of marriage and anger dysregulation in biobehavioral stress responses.

Physiological and behavioral correlates of anger dysregulation in adults were evaluated in the context of marital stress. Fifty-four married couples participated in a series of laboratory procedures that included electrocardiogram measures during a 15-min marital conflict interaction and an interview assessing their inability to regulate anger (anger dysregulation). Results from the multivariate regression analyses indicated that the nature of the couple's relationship, rather than individual levels of anger dysregulation, predicted lower parasympathetic cardiac activity (indexed by high-frequency heart period variability) and shorter cardiac interbeat intervals. Anger dysregulation, rather than the dyadic relationship, was predictive of greater displays of angry behavior during the marital conflict interaction. The importance of contextual factors in stress processes, such as stress due to marriage, are discussed in light of research linking poor marital quality to greater health risks for women than for men.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Shared and unique contributions of anger, anxiety, and depression to coronary heart disease: a prospective study in the normative aging study.

BACKGROUND: Anger, anxiety, and depression have each been identified as risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). Whether the apparent risk is a function of unique aspects of each emotion or due to a shared underlying dimension of negative affectivity is unclear. PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to assess shared and unique contributions of anger, anxiety, and depression to incident CHD. METHODS: Data are from the Veterans Administration Normative Aging Study, an ongoing cohort of older men. Measures of anger, anxiety, and depression were obtained from 1,306 men completing the revised Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory in 1986. From these measures we derived three near-orthogonal scales termed iso(lated)-anger, iso-anxiety, and iso-depression and a fourth scale measuring general distress. RESULTS: During an average of 10.9 years of follow-up, 161 cases of incident CHD occurred. When considered individually, iso-anxiety, iso-anger, and shared general distress were each associated with CHD risk. When all emotions were considered simultaneously, only iso-anxiety and shared general distress were associated with incident CHD. CONCLUSIONS: Considering shared versus unique aspects of negative emotions may clarify the nature of their apparent toxicity in relation to CHD risk. General distress shared across negative emotions is an important component in the emotion-CHD relation. Aspects of anxiety may also independently increase CHD risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Assessment of anger arousal.

Reasons for the paucity of research on anger are discussed and four measures of anger arousal are reviewed: Buss Durkee Hostility Inventory, Reaction Inventory, Anger Self-report, and Anger Inventory. Normative data are reported for 150 subjects and sex differences are assessed. A correlation matrix presents intercorrelations for all anger scales and also correlations between the scales and social desirability. Factor analysis revealed five separate factors which accounted for the total variance. The research utility of each of the scales is assessed, clinical implications noted, and recommendations for furture research made.

Anger↗
PubMed1993

Measurement of hostility, anger, and depression in depressed and nondepressed subjects.

This study examined the relationship between hostility and depression in depressed and nondepressed subjects as well as the reliability and validity of several measures of anger, hostility and depression. Sixty-nine subjects were evaluated for depression using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD; Hamilton, 1960). These subjects were then administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Ergaugh, 1961), Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI; Buss & Durkee, 1957), Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ; Foulds, Caine, & Creasy, 1960) and the State-Trait Anger Scale (STAS; Spielberger, Jacobs, Russell, & Crane, 1983). Results showed the BDI, STAS-TRAIT, HDHQ, and BDHI to have good temporal stability. Support was found for the convergent validity of all measures of depression, hostility, and anger. Limited discriminant validity was found between measures of anger and hostility and measures of depression. This latter finding was interpreted as lending support for the relationship between hostility and depression rather than as an indication of limited construct validity for the measures. Intercorrelations among hostility, anger, and depression scales offer some support for the hypothesis that depression is linked most strongly with attitudinal versus motoric forms of hostility. However, normative data suggests that both forms of hostility increase with severity of depression. Clinical implications and directions for further research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Anger and sadness regulation: predictions to internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children.

Examined the relation between children's self-reported anger and sadness regulation and the presence of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Participants were 121 boys and 106 girls in the fourth and fifth grades who completed the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), Emotion Expression Scale for Children (EESC), and Children's Emotion Management Scales (CSMS, CAMS) and rated each other on aggressive behavior. Results of multiple regression analyses indicated that the inability to identify emotional states, the inhibition of anger, the dysregulation of anger and sadness, and the constructive coping with anger predicted internalizing symptoms. The dysregulated expression of sadness and constructive coping with anger were inversely related to externalizing symptoms.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Attachment style and symptom reporting: examining the mediating effects of anger and social support.

OBJECTIVE: Attachment style has been related to symptom reporting. The aim of this research was to examine whether social support and anger expression or experience mediate this relationship. DESIGN AND METHODS: 141 women and 50 men from a Midlands university completed questionnaires examining attachment style, anger expression and experience, perceived social support, and symptom reporting. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between attachment groups on somatic, anxiety, social dysfunction, and depressive symptoms. Post hoc analysis showed differences were present between secure and preoccupied attachment styles on social dysfunction and depressed symptoms, and secure and fearful attachment styles on somatic, social dysfunction, and depressed symptoms (p < . 05). ANCOVA revealed that there were no differences between attachment styles and any of the symptom scales when perceived social support, anger-in, and trait anger were entered as covariates. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that insecure attachment styles of preoccupied and fearful were associated with increased symptom reporting. Social support and anger mediated the relationship between attachment style and symptom reporting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

An examination of how therapist directiveness interacts with patient anger and reactance to predict alcohol use.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the interactions of therapist directiveness with patient anger and patient reactance among an alcohol-treatment-seeking sample. METHOD: Participants in the study consisted of 139 individuals with alcohol abuse or dependence who received treatment at a single clinical research unit of Project MATCH (Matching Alcoholism Treatments to Client Heterogeneity). Analyses tested for the independence of the two interactions, identified components within the directiveness construct and examined the relationship between those components and the patient attributes. RESULTS: Results showed that the interactions between directiveness and anger and between directiveness and reactance each accounted for unique variance in predicting posttreatment alcohol use as measured by percentage of days abstinent (PDA) and percentage of heavy drinking days (PHDD). Principal components analysis of the directiveness construct generated two underlying components that were interpreted to be confrontation and structure. Significant interactions were observed between patient reactance and both the confrontation and structure components. Confrontation also interacted with patient anger; however, no interaction was found between anger and structure. CONCLUSIONS: The interactions of therapist directiveness with patient anger and reactance demonstrated both shared and unique qualities. These results highlight the importance of focusing on specific aspects of directiveness to better understand the effect of patient-treatment interactions on alcohol use. This study has implications for theory and research as well as for the delivery of treatment services.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Anger vs guilt: inference of responsibility attribution and interpersonal reactions.

This study examined reactions toward an expression of anger or guilt. Participants' reactions were assessed after their partner for a collaborative task expressed anger or guilt due to failure on the task. Analysis indicated that participants inferred the attribution of responsibility made by the partner based on the expressed emotions; anger elicited an inference that the partner attributed the failure to the participant, while guilt led to an inference that the partner attributed the failure to the self. Further, expressers of anger were perceived as having more negative traits and were avoided more than those who expressed guilt. Discussion considered negative interpersonal effect of an expression of anger.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Associations among homesickness, anger, anxiety, and depression.

The study investigated the association of homesickness with the related concepts of anxiety, depression, and anger. Two conceptualizations of homesickness were used, one considering homesickness as a state, characterized by severe symptoms of a depressive episode, and the other one as a self-reported tendency to experience homesickness in times of separation from the familiar environment. The latter conceptualization can rather be considered as an enduring trait and does not specifically refer to actual feelings of depression. We compared these two conceptualizations of homesickness in a random sample from the Dutch population (n=485) by assessing their uni- and multivariate associations with anger, anxiety, depression, and anxiety-sensitivity. Both conceptualizations of homesickness were associated with anxiety and depression and with the externalization of anger. No association was found between internalization of anger or control over internalized and externalized anger for either conceptualization of homesickness. The pattern of multivariate associations between homesickness and its emotional correlates was similar for both conceptualizations, although homesickness as a state appeared to have a stronger association with depression, whereas the tendency to develop homesickness showed a particularly strong association with anxiety. It is concluded that homesickness can be considered as a mixed emotion of anxiety and depression ("Cothymia"), but that depression is more characteristic of homesickness as a state, whereas anxiety is more important if homesickness is conceptualized as an enduring tendency.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed2006

Association between burnout and anger in oncology versus ophthalmology health care professionals.

The prevalence of burnout in oncology staff was compared with that of the ophthalmology staff, who normally present a low prevalence of burnout as described in this literature. The correlation of burnout with the emotion of anger was also investigated. Thirty-six subjects working in an oncology department and 32 working in an ophthalmology department were examined using the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. The oncology group showed higher mean scores on the MBI Emotive Exhaustion and Depersonalization scales with respect to ophthalmology staff. Correlation analysis showed that increasing burnout was associated with higher anger expressed towards the environment and loss of anger control. Anger, as a response to frustration, appears to be a feature constantly associated with the clinical expression of burnout and it should not be underestimated in theoretical and preventive contexts.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toward a new conceptualization of women's anger.

Most theorizing about women's anger has been based on cases of troubled women who sought psychotherapy. However, theories derived from clinical practice have subsequently been phrased in terms of women in general, with no disclaimer regarding their origin. Empirical evidence refutes many widely accepted assumptions and theories about women's anger. In this article, the hydraulic model of emotion is rejected, and existential and cognitive-behavioral theories are used as the basis for a new middle-range theory of women's anger. Both trait anger (general propensity to become angry) and modes of anger expression are included in the model. Appraisal concepts, modifying factors, and outcome variables are described. The model awaits use by clinicians and validation by researchers in the 1990s.

Anger↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Veterans' responses to anger management intervention.

Anger management intervention is an integral part of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment in the Department of Veterans Affairs facilities across the country. However, the efficacy of such intervention has received little scientific study. This study was undertaken to describe the 51 male veterans who sought anger management intervention from March 1990 to March 1992 and to measure the efficacy of that intervention. The average participant was exposed to combat and was diagnosed with PTSD. The majority had a past or present substance abuse problem and described incidents of childhood trauma. Participants were tested at the first and final classes (State-Trait Anger Scale). Paired t-test analysis indicated a significant drop in both state- and trait-anger. Analysis of variance comparisons revealed that veterans with past psychological trauma had persistently higher mean anger scores than those without past trauma.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Relaxation therapy lowers blood pressure more effectively in hypertensives with raised plasma norepinephrine and blunts pressor response to anger.

The effects of relaxation therapy on blood pressure and neural responses to "social stress"-anger instigation were determined in 30 male patients with mild primary hypertension. "Social stress"-anger induced increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures (both p less than 0.01) and plasma norepinephrine (p less than 0.05) before therapy. Diastolic blood pressure before and during anger challenge were related to simultaneous plasma norepinephrine (r = 0.56, p less than 0.01 and r = 0.39, p less than 0.05). Relaxation reduced resting diastolic blood pressure (p less than 0.01), the reduction of blood pressure was related to baseline plasma norepinephrine (p less than 0.05). The pressor response of systolic blood pressure to anger challenge (p less than 0.02) was blunted by relaxation therapy. These findings suggested that noradrenergic control of blood pressure was amplified during stress and relaxation therapy was effective in lowering blood pressure and neutralizing the response to "social stress" anger instigation.

Adult↗