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PubMed1992

Comparison of anthelmintic control programs for sheep in Virginia.

Haemonchus contortus is the most serious parasitic problem encountered by sheep producers in southwestern Virginia. Four anthelmintic control programs for grazing lambs were tested. Group TR received monthly SC injections of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg of body weight). Group SI received the same dose of ivermectin at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after the start of the grazing season. Group SL was given levamisole (8 mg/kg, PO) 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after the start of the grazing season, and group TA received ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg) 0, 8, 16, 20, and 24 weeks after the beginning of grazing. None of the 4 programs provided satisfactory control of parasites as indicated by fecal egg counts and serum pepsinogen concentrations, although group-TR lambs gained significantly more weight than lambs in groups SI and TA. Group-TA lambs developed clinical haemonchosis in early August and required additional treatment at that time. These findings suggest that reliance on anthelmintics alone may not provide the most effective and economic control of parasitic infection.

Abomasum↗
PubMed2004

Efficacy evaluation of anthelmintics: which methods to use in the field?

Efficacy evaluation of anthelmintics is very important even in veterinary practice due to the existence of acquired resistance, poor quality of anthelmintics in several region of the world, and nedds for quarantine strategy prior introduction of new animals. Clearly, flock evaluation can be opposed to individually based evaluations. I propose that individually based evaluations should be preferred in field condition controls: although they are more sophisticated on a statistical basis, the availability of a software for calculations renders the proposal realistic.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Effect of anthelmintic therapy supplemented with glucan in experimental toxocarosis].

The studies demonstrated high larvicidal efficiacy of the combined liposomal anthelmintic therapy supplemented with liposomal (beta-glucan) wchich acted as immunomodulator on the immune system of the infected animals. Therapeutic effect was very high in the treatment of hepatopneumonic toxocarosis as well as in cerebromuscular infection, reaching 94.3 and 89.3 % in the liver, 89.8 and 92.4 % in the lungs, 88.7 and 91.5 % in the muscles, and 91.5 and 90.5 % in the brain, respectively. It should be emphasized that although both anthelmintic combinations had high larvicidal efficacy, the combination 1(DEC+FUBZ+L) was more efficacious in the muscles, while 1(DEC+ABZ+L) was more efficient in the brain, independently of whether the treatment was implemented on 7th day after infection or on 47th infection day. It did not exceed the dose of one of these drugs used in monotherapy, whose larvicidal efficacy was always 2 or 3 times lower. Animals well tolerated the drug doses throughout the whole experimental period.

Albendazole↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Experiences with the FAMACHA-Eye-Colour-Chart for identifying sheep and goats for targeted anthelmintic treatment].

The bloodsuckling abomasal parasite Haemonchus contortus is the most pathogenic worm in sheep and goats. High prevalences of anthelmintic-resistant isolates make H. contortus difficult to control. Detecting the most anaemic animals could support a targeted selective treatment approach. Leaving the rest of the flock untreated would generate a refuge for anthelmintic-sensitive parasites. South-African researchers tried the FAMACHA-Eye-Colour-Chart for anaemic sheep and goats with good success. Field studies, carried out in Northern Germany on naturally infected sheep and goats showed, that at a comparatively low prevalence of H. contortus the FAMACHA-test proved not being sufficient in detecting all animals with high fecal egg counts. Under these conditions there was no satisfying reliability to identify small ruminants for selective deworming only based on the FAMACHAEye-Colour-Test. But if not working hours are the limiting factor, the repeated score could support the selection of pale animals in need to be treated.

Anemia↗
PubMed2006

[Therapy and anthelmintic resistance].

Treatment against nematode parasites in sheep and goats is reviewed. The main risk factors for parasitic infection in these hosts are briefly outlined. The mechanism of action of the most important chemical groups (imidazothiazoles and pyrimidines, benzimidazoles/ pro-benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones) to which the modern anthelmintic drugs belong are illustrated and discussed with particular emphasis on possible selection of anthelmintic resistance. The need for strategic integrated control based also on the epidemiological patterns of parasitism, the composition and the production of the herd (milk, meat, wool) and the potency of the drugs are discussed. The importance of diet and potential alternative control measures (nematophagus fungi and natural compounds such as tannins) are illustrated.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Ancylostoma ceylanicum: immunological consequences after anthelmintics therapy in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).

Alterations in immunological response before and after chemotherapy were investigated in hamsters infected with A. ceylanicum. Four reference anthelmintics mebendazole, albendazole, levamisole and pyrantel pamoate and one newly synthesized anthelmintic compound 81-470 were used. Drugs in curative doses were administered on day 30 post infection and the humoral response was assessed by counter immunoelectrophoresis and ELISA and cell mediated immunity by delayed type of hypersensitivity reaction. In infected untreated animals the precipitins appeared on day 30 and remained prominent till day 250 post infection. However with ELISA the antibodies could be demonstrated as early as day 3 post infection and peaked on day 40. Delayed type of hypersensitivity could not be demonstrated during the course of infection. All the drugs including Comp. 81-470 were effective in removing the parasites. Precipitin antibodies were only demonstrable till day 60 post treatment. ELISA depicted gradual depletion of antibody titre following treatment with mebendazole, albendazole and pyrantel pamoate. In levamisole treated hamsters the initial fall in serum antibody was restored by day 20 post treatment. With Compound 81-470, immediately after the treatment there was sharp rise in antibodies concentration followed by gradual fall and on day 60 post treatment the titre was still higher than the pretreated titre. Thus the study denotes that effective therapy will bring down immune responses of the host if the drug possess no immunopotentiating action. Therefore the immune parameters may be used as supportive indicator to successful therapy particularly in systemic parasites where parasitic forms are nondemonstrable in excreta or blood.

Ancylostomiasis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multiresidue assay for benzimidazole anthelmintics by liquid chromatography and confirmation by gas chromatography/selected-ion monitoring electron impact mass spectrometry.

A multiresidue method utilizing all-disposable labware has been developed for 8 benzimidazole anthelmintics from ovine, bovine, and swine muscle and liver tissues. After an initial extraction with ethyl acetate and subsequent evaporation, a 3-component extraction using hexane, ethanol, and 0.2N HCl was used for final cleanup. Clean extracts were produced for separation and determination by reverse-phase liquid chromatography at 298 nm, using methanol and aqueous buffer as mobile phase. A synthesized internal standard, 2-(n-butylmercapto)benzimidazole, was used for quantitation of all drugs. Results are included along with statistical information verifying the performance of the method. Spiked control tissues and incurred drug tissues were used for an intralaboratory study with a concentration range of 50-1470 ppb. A series of standard curves at 0, 50, 100, and 200 ppb were analyzed. Overall recovery at the 100 ppb level averaged 92% (CV 8%) in liver tissues, across all 3 species and 88% (CV 5%) in muscle tissues across all 3 species. Results were confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with acid hydrolysis of the remaining extract in 2N HCl followed by re-extraction of the amine and derivatization to the tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivative. The anthelmintics were identified by gas chromatography/selected ion monitoring electron-impact mass spectrometry. Ion ratio measurements were taken and compared to standard material. CVs averaged 10% or less for all drugs tested.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Evaluation of the efficacy of anthelmintics against parafilariosis in cattle.

Parafilariosis was first described in South Africa in 1964, thereafter being discovered at numerous localities in the country. When it became obvious that Parafilaria bovicola, for which no treatment was known, caused considerable economic losses, trials involving a series of compounds were conducted to identify candidate remedies. This paper describes an anthelmintic test for evaluating the efficacy of compounds for registration for field use. Recovery of Parafilaria worms is impractical for anthelmintic testing, and consequently the lesion sizes of treated and control groups of cattle are compared statistically, using appropriate statistical tests. The seasonal incidence of mature worm infection in cattle in South Africa is such that trials should commence after June and be completed before the end of January, allowing a lapse of 70 days between treatment and slaughter for resolution of the lesions. The presently available parafilaricidal compounds while of value for treating slaughter stock, when used alone will probably not be effective for control of infection in the field.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Epidemiology, chemotherapy, anthelmintics-resistance and prevention of Strongylidae infections in horses].

The epidemiology, chemotherapy and control of strongylus infections in the horse are discussed. The annual cycle of various species are stated. In addition the anthelmintics available for treatment and control and the occurrence of anthelmintic resistance are referred to. Finally the options for control under various management conditions (little if any grazing; extensive grazing; intensive grazing) are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Ancylostoma ceylanicum: ATP production and effect of anthelmintics.

Dicarboxylic acids and a few amino acids were found to support mitochondrial phosphorylation in A. ceylanicum. Anaerobiasis markedly reduced this activity. Maximum effect was observed on succinate supported phosphorylation which in anaerobic atmosphere yielded only 2% ATP compared to that in the presence of air. Known as well as candidate anthelmintics significantly inhibited ATP formation. Mebendazole, amongst them, registered greatest effect. Oxygen consumption by the mitochondria exhibited poor response to the action of anthelmintics other than praziquantel.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1989

[5,6-bis-(3-alkoxy-carbonyl thio-ureido) benzimidazoles with anthelmintic activity].

The reaction of potassium thiocyanate with the methyl- and ethyl esters of chloroformic acid (V-VI) in acetone resulted in methoxy- and ethoxycarbonylisothiocyanates which were converted without isolation by means of an addition reaction with 2-alkyl-5,6-diaminobenzimidazoles (I-IV) into the pertinent 2-alkyl-5,6-bis (3-alkoxycarbonyl-2-thioureido) benzimidazoles (VII-XV). The substances obtained were tested for anthelmintic and anticoccidial effectiveness. In anthelmintic screening, substances VIII, IX, XI, XII, XIV and XV were significantly effective against the taenia Hymenolepis nana.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The efficacy of amidantel, a new anthelmintic, on hookworms and ascarids in dogs.

Amidantel is a new anthelmintic from a new chemical class with an interesting anthelmintic spectrum. In dogs amidantel is highly effective in a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg against both hookworm species, Ancylostoma caninum and Unicinaria stenocephala. In Toxascaris leonina infected dogs a complete cure rate was achieved with a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg. Similar results were obtained with 8 mg/kg administered three times per day. The most sensitive parasite to amidantel was found to be Toxocara canis with a 100 per cent cure rate after a single oral treatment with 10 mg/kg. In preliminary trials amidantel was also effective against hookworms and ascarids after subcutaneous administration. All hookworms and almost all of the ascarids were eliminated with the faeces within 2 days after treatment. Amidantel was tolerated in all dosages tested by all the dogs without any symptoms.

Ancylostoma↗
PubMed1986

Albendazole, a broad-spectrum anthelmintic, in the treatment of intestinal nematode and cestode infection: a multicenter study in 480 patients.

The anthelmintic activity of and patient tolerance to albendazole, a broad-spectrum anthelmintic, were studied in a multicenter trial involving 480 patients ranging in age from 2 to 60 years. The patients had single or mixed infections caused by pinworms, roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, threadworms, or tapeworms. The stools were examined by the direct method, and ova were counted by means of the Kato-Katz technique. A Graham-Scotch test was also done in patients infected with Enterobius vermicularis. Most patients received a single 400-mg dose of albendazole; adults were given two tablets, and children were given a 2% suspension. All patients with Hymenolepis nana and about half of those with Taenia infections were treated for three successive days. Patients were carefully evaluated before and after treatment to assess the efficacy and safety of the drug. After a single dose of albendazole, the cure rate was 95.3% in ascariasis, 92.2% in ancylostomiasis, 90.5% in trichuriasis, 64.9% in taeniasis, and 100% in enterobiasis. Among patients receiving 400 mg of albendazole for three days, the cure rate was 63.4% in hymenolepiasis and 86.1% in taeniasis. The drug was well tolerated, and no significant side effects were reported.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Precision of assessing anthelmintic efficacy.

In counting internal helminthic parasites (the "worm burden") of domestic animals, physical restrictions often lead to sampling by small aliquots of unequal size among affected organs, among animals treated alike, and among groups of animals treated differently. We assess the impact of that type of sampling on the precision of the analyzed variable (log of estimated worm burden), derive the variance of the standard nonlinear estimator of efficacy of anthelmintic treatment, and examine the problem of number of animals required for adequate sensitivity of experiments. The standard error of sample geometric mean worm burden, for a particular anthelmintic treatment, and the standard error of estimated efficacy of a treatment, relative to control, are given for the case of log-normal burdens. Small aliquots affect precision critically only if mean burden is small, i.e., when sampling by small aliquots is unnecessary, because the physical effort required is not great. The minimal number of animals per treatment, required for at least 80% power to detect efficacy of .7 or higher, is about 4 to 6 for species of parasites constituting major burdens (where the coefficient of variation of worm burden often is near .7). However, the minimal number of animals may be as high as 15 to 20 per treatment for cases with lowly-abundant species of parasites (where the coefficient of variation may be as high as 2 or 3). An example is given to illustrate procedures.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1985

Anthelmintic efficacy of febantel combined with praziquantel in dogs.

Ninety-four dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 groups (5 treated and 1 untreated control) for evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy. Three anthelmintic formulations were studied: a febantel paste, a praziquantel paste, and a combination paste containing both active ingredients. Treated dogs were dosed once daily for 3 days. The minimal effective dosages in combination were established as 10 mg of febantel and 1 mg of praziquantel/kg of body weight. At those dosages for the combination, 99.5% to 100% of the major nematodes and cestodes identified (ie, Ancylostoma caninum, Trichuris vulpis, Toxocara canis, Dipylidium caninum, and Taenia pisiformis) were eliminated. Febantel paste (10 mg/kg) alone was ineffective against cestodes (14.2% elimination of Dipylidium caninum) and praziquantel paste (1 mg/kg) alone was ineffective (0% to 2.4% elimination) against nematodes.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Trichostrongylus colubriformis: in vitro culture of parasitic stages and their use for the evaluation of anthelmintics.

Approximately 50 per cent of fourth stage larvae of Trichostrongylus colubriformis taken from the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus, on day 8 after infection, moulted to the young adult stage when cultured in a complex medium over a seven day period in vitro. Larvae at the late fourth stage of development were highly susceptible to certain benzimidazole, prebenzimidazole, imidazothiazole, pyrimidine, quaternary ammonium, organophosphorus and macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics when any of these were included at very low concentrations in the culture medium. However, few anthelmintics lacking activity against T colubriformis in vivo affected these larvae. An assay employing these larvae in vitro should offer a means for assessing the intrinsic activity of new compounds against T colubriformis in the absence of any complicating host pharmacokinetic factors, and could also be adapted for use as a high capacity preliminary screen. Thus it should now be possible to employ a target parasite at the earliest stages of a lead discovery programme obviating the need to use less relevant free-living nematodes or ones that are natural parasites of rodents.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Metabolite concentrations in plasma following treatment of cattle with five anthelmintics.

Plasma concentrations of anthelmintics and their metabolites were determined after cattle were treated at recommended dose rates and routes of administration. Fenbendazole, oxfendazole, febantel, albendazole and thiabendazole were given orally and oxfendazole was also administered with an intraruminal injector. After fenbendazole, oxfendazole and febantel were administered, fenbendazole, oxfendazole and fenbendazole sulphone were all detected in plasma in each case. However, there were marked differences between the three anthelmintics in the peak concentrations and areas under the plasma concentration/time curve (AUC) of these three metabolites. Intraruminal administration of oxfendazole produced higher AUC for fenbendazole and fenbendazole sulphone than did oral administration. Albendazole sulphoxide and sulphone were detected in cattle plasma after albendazole administration but no parent drug was present. These metabolites disappeared more rapidly in cattle than has been reported for sheep. Only 5(6)hydroxythiabendazole was detected in cattle plasma after thiabendazole treatment.

Administration, Oral↗