Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “ANKLE”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Efficacy of Prophylactic Ankle Support: An Experimental Perspective.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the role of external ankle support on joint kinematics, joint kinetics, sensorimotor function, and functional performance. DATA SOURCES: We searched MEDLINE and SPORT Discus databases from 1960-2001 for the key words ankle bracing, ankle support, ankle taping, and ankle prophylaxes. We also used personal libraries based on our own research to complement the existing literature. DATA SYNTHESIS: The effects of external ankle support have been studied on a plethora of dependent measures. Here, we specifically discuss the role of external ankle support on joint kinematics, joint kinetics, sensorimotor function, and functional performance and present a general consensus regarding the overall effects of these prophylactic devices. CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS: The effects of ankle support on joint kinematics during static joint assessment and on traditional functional-performance measures (ie, agility, sprint speed, vertical jump height) are well understood. However, the potential effects of ankle support on joint kinetics, joint kinematics during dynamic activity (eg, a cutting maneuver), and various sensorimotor measures are not well known. Future research investigating the role of external ankle bracing needs to focus on these areas.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Proprioception and Muscle Strength in Subjects With a History of Ankle Sprains and Chronic Instability.

OBJECTIVE: To examine if patients with chronic ankle instability or a history of ankle sprains without chronic instability have worse proprioception or less invertor and evertor muscle strength. DESIGN AND SETTING: We assessed proprioception and muscle strength on the Biodex isokinetic dynamometer in the laboratory of the Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Ghent. SUBJECTS: Subjects included 87 physical education students (44 men, 43 women, age = 18.33 +/- 1.25 years, mass = 66.09 +/- 8.11 kg, height = 174.11 +/- 8.57 cm) at the University of Ghent in Belgium. Their ankles were divided into 4 groups: a symptom-free control group, subjects with chronic ankle instability, subjects who had sustained an ankle sprain in the last 2 years without instability, and subjects who sustained an ankle sprain 3 to 5 years earlier without instability. MEASUREMENTS: Active and passive joint-position sense was assessed at the ankle, and isokinetic peak torque was determined for concentric and eccentric eversion and inversion movements at the ankle. RESULTS: Statistical analysis indicated significantly less accurate active position sense for the instability group compared with the control group at a position close to maximal inversion. The instability group also showed a significantly lower relative eversion muscle strength (% body weight). No significant differences were observed between the control group and the groups with past sprains without instability. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that the possible cause of chronic ankle instability is a combination of diminished proprioception and evertor muscle weakness. Therefore, we emphasize proprioception and strength training in the rehabilitation program for ankle instability.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Functional-Performance Deficits in Volunteers With Functional Ankle Instability.

Context: Although functional-performance tests are dynamic measures used to assess general lower body function, studies investigating these tests for ankle instability have yielded conflicting results.Objective: To determine if a relationship exists between a measure of functional ankle instability and deficits in functional performance.Design: A case-control study correlating subject performance on a set of lower extremity functional-performance tests with a measure of ankle instability.Setting: University athletic training research laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: We recruited 60 participants (43 females, 17 males, age = 22.4 +/- 4.9 years, height = 169.9 +/- 9.7 cm, mass = 72.6 +/- 16.3 kg; 42 injured, 18 uninjured) to participate in the study. Six questions were used to determine if functional ankle instability was present in each participant. A point was added for each yes response to produce an index that represents a continuous variable of functional ankle instability.Main Outcome Measure(s): Four unilateral hopping tests were used in this study: figure-of-8 hop, side hop, up-down hop, and single hop. For the first 3 tests, the total time was recorded with a handheld stopwatch to the nearest 0.01 second; for the single hop-for-distance test, the distance was recorded to the nearest 0.01 m. Correlations were computed with the functional ankle instability index and each of the 4 functional-performance tests.Results: No relationship was revealed between the functional ankle instability index and single hop for distance or up-down hop, with r values of -.008 and .245, respectively. A significant relationship was found between the functional ankle instability index and the side hop (r = .35, P </= .01) and the figure-of-8 hop (r = .31, P </= .02).Conclusions: A positive relationship existed between functional ankle instability and performance deficits on the side hop and figure-of-8 hop. Conversely, a relationship did not exist between functional ankle instability and frontal-plane functional-performance activities.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prophylactic ankle braces and knee varus-valgus and internal-external rotation torque.

CONTEXT: Although prophylactic ankle bracing has been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of ankle sprains,how these ankle braces might affect the other joints of the lower extremity is not clearly understood. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of a prophylactic ankle brace on knee joint varus-valgus and internal-external rotation torque during a drop landing onto a slanted surface. DESIGN: A repeated-measures design. SETTING: Biomechanics research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-four physically active college students. INTERVENTION(S): Participants were tested in a brace and no brace condition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): We measured 3 dependent variables:(1) peak ankle inversion-eversion torque, (2) peak knee varus-valgus torque, and (3) peak knee internal-external rotation torque. A force plate was used to collect ground reaction force data, and 6 motion analysis cameras collected kinematic data during the unilateral drop landing. An adjustable bar was hung from the ceiling, and a slant board was positioned over the center of the force plate, so that the ankle of the participant's dominant leg would invert upon landing. Peak torque was measure din both the brace and no-brace conditions. The average of the peak values in 3 trials for both conditions was used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Ankle eversion torque was significantly greater in the brace condition (F1,23 19.75, P < .01). Knee external rotation torque was significantly greater in the brace condition(F1,23 4.33, P <.05). Valgus knee torque was smaller in the brace condition, but the difference was not statistically significant(F1,23 3.45, P .08). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides an important first step in understanding the effects of prophylactic ankle bracing on other joints of the lower extremity. We found that prophylactic ankle bracing did have an effect on knee torque when the subject was landing on a slanted surface. Specifically, knee external rotation torque increased when the ankle was braced.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

[Prosthesis implantation in the proximal ankle joint--a real therapeutic alternative in post-traumatic arthrosis?].

The results of total ankle arthroplasty were poor in the 1970s and 1980s compared to those of the arthrodeses. Because of the good long term results this technique has been accepted as the treatment of the choice for posttraumatic arthritis of the ankle. Recently the development of an unconstrained total ankle arthroplasty with an additional mobile polyethylene inlay between the fixed tibial and the talar component which enables a three dimensional range of motion seems to improve significantly the long term results of total ankle replacement. This technique, however, is an extremely demanding procedure. The range of motion after total ankle replacement following posttraumatic arthritis is poor compared to the results of total ankle replacement for rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, these data are obtained yet only by a few experienced surgeons in specialized centers. Further clinical trials have to be performed to answer the question whether the total ankle arthroplasty is a reliable alternative treatment of posttraumatic arthritis of the ankle. At present, the arthrodesis should be regarded as the treatment of choice for the posttraumatic arthritis of the ankle joint.

Ankle Injuries↗
PubMed1999

[Stable ankle joint fractures. Indication for surgical or conservative management?].

In German literature, ankle joint fractures are mostly classified in three groups according to Weber. In cases of the type A, the fracture line runs below, in cases of type B at height of the syndesmotic ligaments. C-type fractures are typically seen above this region. However, this practical and simple classification allows no inferences at accompanying injuries which in turn influence the functional outcome. We observed isolated fractures of the lateral malleolus in more than 60% of all type B-fractures, as soon as in the majority the type A-fractures. Since isolated medial ankle fractures occur very rarely, careful exclusion of further injuries is advisable here. In order to differentiate stable ones from unstable type B ankle injuries, we carry out a manual stress test, if there is less than 2 mm fracture dislocation and a congruent ankle mortise. In this manner we could find that stable lateral ankle fractures are characterized with a combination of an intact dorsal syndesmotic and medial ligament. Stable type B and undisplaced type A fractures were treated conservatively with an ankle brace (Aircast?). Unstable ankle injuries were treated by ORIF. Conservative treatment for undisplaced medial malleolar fractures is recommended, if x-rays showed less than 2 mm dislocation which allows a tibio-talare impingement. Biomechanical investigations could prove a significant increase in ankle joint stability, when an axial load of 300 N was applied to various horizontal loads. The talus does not follow automatically a displaced fibular fracture. The dorsal syndesmotic and the medial deltoid ligaments control ankle joint stability.

Ankle Injuries↗
PubMed2005

Radiographic measurement of anterior talar translation in the ankle: determination of the most reliable method.

BACKGROUND: Although most would agree that stress radiography is an important research tool to evaluate the integrity of the ankle ligaments in studies of chronic ankle instability, there is little agreement with regard to the best technique to make these measurements. The primary objective of this study was to establish the most reliable method for measuring anterior displacement of the talus relative to the tibia using stress radiographs of the ankle. This information is necessary to standardize radiographic evaluation of injured ankles and for biomechanical studies of the ankle joint, but has never been investigated. METHODS: This study examined the reliability of four available methods by measuring the intra-observer repeatability and inter-observer reproducibility of three different investigators. Lateral radiographs were obtained while the ankle was supported in the Telos device with the joint unloaded, and then with a 150 N anterior directed load applied to the calcaneus. At two separate time intervals, the radiographs were read by three different observers using four measurement techniques. For each technique, the measurement of the unloaded ankle was subtracted from the loaded ankle to obtain anterior talar translation. FINDINGS: The method that measured the shortest distance between the posterior lip of the distal tibia and the talar dome (designated Method I in the current series) was significantly more reproducible between readers and within readers across repeated measurements than the other methods tested. INTERPRETATION: Based on the findings from this study, it can be concluded that measurement of the distance between the posterior lip of the distal tibia and the talar dome is the method of choice to characterize the position of the talus relative to the tibia in stress radiography. In order to standardize the radiographic evaluation of ankle injuries, this method should be the one employed to measure anterior talar translation.

Ankle Injuries↗
PubMed2006

Unloading reaction to electrical stimulation at neutral and supinated ankle positions.

An unloading reaction has been characterized as a modified flexor reflex (FR), in which the standing subjects decrease the load on the stimulated foot and increase the load on the contralateral side, but, without withdrawal of the stimulated foot. Different behavioral circumstances have been shown to modulate this reflex. It is not known whether unloading reactions can be modulated with a loaded supinated ankle position, which, in excess, may result in an ankle sprain injury. Since ankle sprain depends on the load applied to a supinated foot, our premise is that unloading reactions may protect the ankle from a sprain injury. Therefore, this study investigated how the unloading reactions were modulated during a loaded supinated ankle condition. We delivered non-nociceptive and nociceptive electrical stimulations on the lateral aspect of the ankle in standing subjects with the foot in neutral and in a supinated position. The magnitude and latencies of reflex responses were registered using kinetic and kinematic analyses and subsequently compared among the conditions. The analysis demonstrated greater reactions for the supinated ankle condition. The individuals also moved their whole body downwards and shifted the body weight to the non-stimulated foot. Therefore, this study suggested that a modified type of the classic flexion reflex, i.e., unloading reaction, may be used as a strategy to unload a supinated ankle and potentially minimize the risk of ankle sprain injuries.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Anterior positional fault of the fibula after sub-acute lateral ankle sprains.

Recent evidence has suggested a positional fault of the fibula exists in chronically unstable ankles. However, there has been little research examining positional faults after a sub-acute lateral ankle sprain (LAS). Our purpose was to measure the position of the distal fibula in relation to the distal tibia in subjects with sub-acute LASs and to determine if there is a relationship between the amount of swelling and fibular position. Eleven subjects with a unilateral sub-acute LAS and 11 healthy controls participated. The Wilcoxon signed rank test revealed a significant (p=0.008) difference within the ankles of the injured group. The sprained ankles had a mean fibular position of 14.2+3.4 mm and were positioned significantly more anteriorly than the contralateral uninjured ankles (17.0+3.2 mm). The Mann-Whitney test revealed a significant difference (p=0.045) between the sprained ankle and the side-matched limbs of the controls (16.8+2.3) Pearson product moment correlations revealed a strong positive correlation between fibular position and swelling (r=0.793, p=0.004). Those ankles with more swelling had the most anteriorly positioned fibulae. The fibulae in sub-acutely sprained ankles appear to be positioned more anteriorly compared to the contralateral ankles. This positional fault may be maintained acutely by swelling.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

A geometric model of the human ankle joint.

A two-dimensional four-bar linkage model of the ankle joint is formulated to describe dorsi/plantarflexion in unloaded conditions as observed in passive tests on ankle complex specimens. The experiments demonstrated that the human ankle joint complex behaves as a single-degree-of-freedom system during passive motion, with a moving axis of rotation. The bulk of the movement occurred at the level of the ankle. Fibres within the calcaneofibular and tibiocalcaneal ligaments remained approximately isometric. The experiments showed that passive kinematics of the ankle complex is governed only by the articular surfaces and the ligaments. It was deduced that the ankle is a single-degree-of-freedom mechanism where mobility is allowed by the sliding of the articular surfaces upon each other and the isometric rotation of two ligaments about their origins and insertions, without tissue deformation. The linkage model is formed by the tibia/fibula and talus/calcaneus bone segments and by the calcaneofibular and tibiocalcaneal ligament segments. The model predicts the path of calcaneus motion, ligament orientations, instantaneous axis of rotation, and conjugate talus surface profile as observed in the experiments. Many features of ankle kinematics such as rolling and multiaxial rotation are elucidated. The geometrical model is a necessary preliminary step to the study of ankle joint stability in response to applied loads and can be used to predict the effects of changes to the original geometry of the intact joint. Careful reconstruction of the original geometry of the ligaments is necessary after injury or during total ankle replacement.

Ankle Injuries↗
PubMed1995

Articulated external fixation of pilon fractures: the effects on ankle joint kinematics.

The effect of the Orthofix articulated ankle external fixator on ankle and subtalar joint kinematics and fracture fragment motion was investigated in fresh cadaver specimens using biplanar radiographic analysis. The kinematic testing was performed for the normal ankle (i.e., no fixation) and for three alternate fixator hinge orientations. The fixator applications simulated a horizontal ankle axis (the current clinically preferred orientation), an axis coincident with a previously defined approximate ankle axis, and an axis located using a mechanical axis finder. The horizontal fixator application significantly disturbed normal ankle kinematics. Aligning the fixator hinge with an approximate ankle axis caused significant distortion of motion about only two of six possible rotational axes. Aligning the fixator hinge with the (specimen-specific) ankle axis determined by the axis finder most closely matched the motion of the normal ankle. For pilon fractures simulated by a transverse osteotomy, there appeared to be no physiologically significant fracture fragment motions, regardless of fracture stability or fixator orientation.

Ankle Injuries↗
PubMed2004

Examination of static and dynamic postural stability in individuals with functionally stable and unstable ankles.

OBJECTIVE: To determine static and dynamic postural stability differences between functional ankle instability and stable ankle groups. DESIGN: Subjects were required to balance on a single leg and remain motionless for 20 seconds. After completing 3 trials, they performed a jump-landing test, which required them to jump 50% to 55% of their maximum vertical jump height. They landed on a single leg, stabilized quickly, and remained motionless for 20 seconds. SETTING: Sports Medicine Research Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects with functional ankle instability (n = 14) who reported at least 2 sprains and "giving way" sensations at their ankle joint within the year prior to testing. Fourteen subjects with no history of ankle sprain injury were matched to subjects with functional ankle instability. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Anterior/posterior and medial/lateral mean sway quantified static postural stability during single-leg stance. Dynamic postural stability was quantified with anterior/posterior and medial/lateral time to stabilization during single-leg jump landing. RESULTS: Mean sway was not significantly different between groups in the anterior/posterior (P = 0.28) and medial/lateral (P = 0.65) directions. The functional ankle instability group took significantly longer to stabilize in the anterior/posterior (3.27 +/- 0.72 seconds vs. 2.33 +/- 0.33 seconds; P < 0.001) and medial/lateral (2.48 +/- 0.50 seconds vs. 2.00 +/- 0.65 seconds; P = 0.04) directions. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with functional ankle instability took significantly longer to stabilize than individuals with stable ankles after a single-leg jump landing. Differences between groups were not detected with mean sway measured during single-leg stance.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Ankle radiograph utilization after learning a decision rule: a 12-month follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether the reduction in ankle radiograph ordering was sustained during a 12-month period after a formal trial to introduce the Ottawa ankle rules. METHODS: A before-after clinical trial of ankle radiograph ordering practice was performed in a university-based ED. All 1,884 (947 "during intervention," 937 "postintervention") adults seen with acute ankle injuries during 2 12-month trial periods were evaluated. The behavioral intervention was the teaching of the Ottawa ankle rules and feedback of compliance with the rules during the intervention period. No further education about the ankle rules or feedback regarding compliance occurred during the postintervention year. Physicians were unaware of any postintervention surveillance. The primary outcome was the proportion of eligible patients referred for an ankle radiograph during the intervention and postintervention periods. RESULTS: During the intervention period (January 1-December 31, 1993), the proportion of patients who received an ankle radiograph [609 x-rayed of 947 patients seen (64.3%; 95% CI 61.2-67.4%)] did not differ from the proportion who received an x-ray in the postintervention period (January 1-December 31, 1994) [583 x-rayed of 937 patients seen (62.2%; 95% CI 59.1-65.3%), p = 0.65, power > 0.80 to detect a 10% increase in the radiograph ordering rate]. There was also no difference in the radiograph ordering rate in the first 3 months of the postintervention period compared with the last 3 months of the postintervention period (68.8% vs 64.7%, respectively, p > 0.30). CONCLUSIONS: Compliance with the Ottawa ankle rules was sustained during a 12-month postintervention surveillance period when physicians did not know they were being observed. Physicians will continue to use a simple clinical guideline once it has been learned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Twenty-six-year results after Broström procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability.

BACKGROUND: The procedure described by Broström has been used to address chronic lateral ankle instability; the long-term results of this procedure have not been reported. HYPOTHESIS: The Broström procedure provides good results over the long term for active patients with chronic lateral ankle instability. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Thirty-one male patients (32 ankles) who underwent the Broström procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability while enrolled as students at the United States Naval Academy were identified. Each patient was mailed a questionnaire that included a functional outcome measure as described by Roos et al, a score described by Good et al, and a single-number ankle functional assessment. The mean age was 20.7 years (range, 18-23 years) at the time of operation. A functional outcome score was completed on each patient, with a mean follow-up of 26.3 years (range, 24.6-27.9 years). RESULTS: The follow-up included 22 of the 31 original patients. The mean numeric score for overall ankle function was 91.2 of 100 (standard deviation, 10.2). The foot and ankle outcome score (described by Roos et al) was 92.0 (92%; standard deviation, 12.8) averaged over 5 functional areas. Ninety-one percent of the patients described their ankle function as good or excellent using the scale devised by Good et al. CONCLUSION: The long-term results of the Broström procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability are excellent with 26-year follow-up.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The significance of peroneus tertius muscle in ankle injuries: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND: The peroneus tertius is absent in 5% to 17% of the human white population. The function of the peroneus tertius is eversion and dorsiflexion of the foot. These 2 strength parameters have been identified as important parameters in the development of ankle ligament injuries. HYPOTHESIS: Subjects without the peroneus tertius are at higher risk for ankle ligament injuries. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study (Prevalence); Level of evidence, 1. METHODS: One hundred physical education students were palpated for the presence of peroneus tertius before the start of their education; they were also isokinetically measured for eversion and dorsiflexion strength. All ankle injuries were registered during 2 years, and exposure to sport was recorded. RESULTS: The peroneus tertius was absent in 37 of the 200 subjects (18.5%). In the group with peroneus tertius (n = 163), 21 ankle sprains (12.9%) were observed during the 2-year follow-up. In the group without peroneus tertius (n = 37), 7 ankle sprains (18.9%) were noted. Statistical analysis (Cox regression) showed no significant difference between both groups in the incidence of ankle sprains (P = .335). Comparisons between the group of subjects with peroneus tertius and the group without peroneus tertius concerning the concentric and eccentric isokinetic eversion and the concentric dorsiflexion strength did not attain significance at any tested velocity (P > .05). CONCLUSION: This study shows that subjects without peroneus tertius are not at higher risk for an ankle ligament injury. In addition, subjects without peroneus tertius do not exhibit decreased eversion or dorsiflexion strength. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study is the first to clarify the exact contribution of the peroneus tertius within the muscular system around the ankle. As a result, the clinical importance of the peroneus tertius concerning prevention and treatment of ankle ligament injuries is low.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A performance test protocol and scoring scale for the evaluation of ankle injuries.

The aim of the study was to introduce and evaluate a standardized test protocol and scoring scale for evaluation of ankle injuries. After evaluation of 11 different functional ankle tests, questionnaire answers, and results of clinical ankle examination, the final test protocol consisted of 3 simple questions describing the subjective assessment of the injured ankle, 2 clinical measurements (range of motion in dorsiflexion, laxity of the ankle joint), 1 ankle test measuring functional stability (walking down a staircase), 2 tests measuring muscle strength (rising on heels and toes), and 1 test measuring balance (balancing on a square beam). Each selected test showed excellent reproducibility when tested with a reference group of 100 uninjured persons. According to the test results of a population of 148 patients with an operatively treated grade III lateral ligament injury of the ankle, each test could significantly differentiate healthy controls and patients with excellent overall healing from those with poor or fair recovery. The final total test score correlated significantly with the isokinetic strength results of the ankle, subjective opinion about the recovery, and subjective-functional assessment. The scale presented is recommended for studies evaluating functional recovery after ankle injury.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

What best protects the inverted weightbearing ankle against further inversion? Evertor muscle strength compares favorably with shoe height, athletic tape, and three orthoses.

We measured the maximal isometric eversion moment developed under full weightbearing in 20 healthy adult men (age, 24.4 +/- 3.4 years; mean +/- SD) with their ankles in 15 degrees of inversion. Tests were performed at both 0 degree and 32 degrees of ankle plantar flexion in low- and in three-quarter-top shoes with and without adhesive athletic tape or one of three proprietary ankle orthoses. At 0 degree of ankle plantar flexion, the mean maximal voluntary resistance of the unprotected ankle to an inversion moment was 50 +/- 8 N-m; this increased by an average of 12% (or 6 N-m) when the subject wore a three-quarter-top basketball shoe. The maximal voluntary resistances to inversion moments developed with the ankles further protected by athletic tape or any of three orthoses were not significantly different. Biomechanical calculations suggest that at 15 degrees of inversion the fully active ankle evertor muscles isometrically developed a moment up to six times larger than that developed when an athlete wears a three-quarter-top shoe alone and more than three times larger than that developed passively when the athlete has tape or an orthosis worn inside a three-quarter-top shoe. We conclude that fully activated and strong ankle evertor muscles are the best protection for a near-maximally inverted ankle at footstrike.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Lateral ligament injury of the ankle in children. Follow-up results of primary surgical treatment.

Among 40 acutely injured ankles in children, surgery revealed a cartilaginous and/or bony fragment in 19, and an isolated rupture of the anterior talo-fibular ligament without any lesion of the bone or cartilage in another 17. In four ankles there was no ligament lesion. The lesions were surgically repaired. All ankles healed well and were painless and functionally stable at follow-up. In four ankles radiographs showed a small subfibular fragment, in which bony fusion had failed, but even these ankles were stable. Two other ankles gave a slightly positive sign in the clinical anterior drawer test as compared with the contralateral uninjured ankle, but there were no signs of functional instability nor were there any subjective complaints. Our results suggest that severe ankle sprains in children may cause isolated ruptures of the anterior talofibular ligament and frequently osteochondral lesions. We therefore advocate primary suture of ruptured lateral ligaments of the ankle in children.

Adolescent↗