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PubMed1983

Rapid latex agglutination test for rubella antibody.

The latex agglutination card test (Rubascan) for the detection of rubella antibody was compared with the standard hemagglutination inhibition and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests. There was complete agreement with sera which had hemagglutination inhibition titers of >/=16. Sera with low levels of antibody which were positive in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, however, gave negative latex agglutination results approximately 25% of the time (false negatives), whereas sera which were negative in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay gave false-positive results in about 3% of the cases. The use of capillary "finger stick" plasma instead of venous sera resulted in additional false-negative latex agglutination tests among patients with very low antibody titers. Because of the simplicity of the method, it should be possible to use this test in physicians' offices and in large immunization campaigns. Care should be taken to become completely familiar with the procedures and reading of the agglutination patterns. Control sera should always be used. Interpretation of results should take into consideration the rates of false-negative and false-positive results noted above. These rates apply to sera with little or no antibody. In particular, negative tests should be confirmed with more specific methods in critical cases, such as pregnant women exposed to rubella or women of childbearing age who are being considered for immunization. There was no problem with the latex agglutination findings for sera with higher titers. Since results are available in 8 min, physicians should be able to counsel their patients rapidly and immunize, if necessary, while the patient is still present.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1984

Determination of plasmid-associated hydrophobicity of Yersinia enterocolitica by a latex particle agglutination test.

A quick and simple method was developed to distinguish hydrophobic from hydrophilic cells. The latex particle agglutination test is based on the hydrophobic interactions between cells and latex particles which result in the agglutination of the suspension mixture. There was a direct correlation between the expression of plasmid-associated cell surface properties and latex particle agglutination by Yersinia enterocolitica. Multivalent cation-induced agglutination of suspensions of washed cells of virulent Y. enterocolitica and latex particles is indicative of their amphipathic character. Electrostatic interaction may also play a role in the latex particle agglutination reaction.

Latex Fixation Tests↗
PubMed1999

Usefulness of PCR and antigen latex agglutination test with samples obtained by transthoracic needle aspiration for diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia.

In a large number of cases, the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is not established. Some cases are probably caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Transthoracic needle aspiration (TNA) culture has a limited sensitivity which might be improved by antigen detection or gene amplification techniques. We evaluated the capacity of a PCR assay and a latex agglutination test to detect S. pneumoniae in samples obtained by TNA from 95 patients with moderate-to-severe CAP. Latex agglutination and PCR had sensitivities of 52.2 and 91.3%, specificities of 88.7 and 83.3%, positive predictive values of 62.3 and 65.6%, and negative predictive values of 83.3 and 96.5%, respectively, when culture techniques were used as the "gold standard." When we considered expanded criteria for the diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia as a standard for our calculations, latex agglutination and PCR had sensitivities of 53.6 and 89.7%, specificities of 93.0 and 90.0%, positive predictive values of 78.9 and 81.3%, and negative predictive values of 80.3 and 94.7%, respectively. The additional diagnosis provided by the PCR assay compared to latex agglutination was 12.2% (95% confidence interval of the difference from 0.4 to 20. 1%). PCR was more sensitive than TNA culture, particularly in patients who had received prior antibiotic therapy (83.3 versus 33. 3%). Although PCR is a very sensitive and specific technique, it has not proved to be cost-effective in clinical practice. Conversely, latex agglutination is a fast and simple method whose results might have significant implications for initial antibiotic therapy.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1977

Avian erythrocyte agglutination tests with the sera of bird fanciers.

The agglutination of avian red cells, particularly pigeon and budgerigar cells, by sera from patients who had been exposed to birds and had respiratory symptoms, as well as from healthy bird fanciers, has been used to detect the presence of avian specific antibody. Agglutination tests performed by standard techniques using bird erythrocytes can be read within 45 minutes. One hundred and sixty-five sera were tested, and the 44 which were precipitin positive gave a positive agglutination test with one exception. Of 61 sera which gave positive agglutination tests, 43 gave positive precipitin tests with unconcentrated serum and seven others after fourfold concentration of the serum. Avian antibodies were demonstrated in the remaining 11 sera by radioimmunoelectrophoretic tests. Absorption of the sera with pigeon IgG and IgM and the use of animal antisera directed against pigeon IgG showed that the agglutination reactions were mediated by antibodies directed against pigeon IgG and IgM, and against light chains derived from pigeon IgG.

Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of latex agglutination, wet preparation, and culture for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the performance of three diagnostic methods for Trichomonas vaginalis infection-latex agglutination, saline wet mount, and culture. METHODS: Vaginal swabs from 3807 women attending antenatal clinics were tested for the presence of T vaginalis by latex agglutination. All positives and the following two negatives were tested by wet preparation and culture. RESULTS: The prevalence of infection by latex agglutination was 5.4%. Using an expanded gold standard based on the wet mount and culture results, the sensitivity of the latex agglutination test was 98.8% (95% CI 95.9 to 99.9) and specificity was 92.1 (89.2 to 94.5). The kappa index for test agreement was 0.93 for latex and culture and 0.88 for latex and wet preparation. CONCLUSION: The latex agglutination test is a highly sensitive test for detecting T vaginalis infection. It is a simple rapid test and has the potential for use in screening and diagnostic settings.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

ADP-induced inhibition of von Willebrand factor-mediated platelet agglutination.

Human plasma von Willebrand factor (vWF) plus the antibiotic ristocetin, or bovine or porcine vWF alone, agglutinates platelets in either normal human ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA)-treated citrated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) or citrated PRP from patients with the congenital platelet defect thrombasthenia. The prior addition of 1-10 muM ADP, which causes platelet shape change but not aggregation under these conditions, inhibited vWF-mediated agglutination. Inhibition was prevented by 200 muM ATP. Addition of ADP caused prompt reversal of established vWF-mediated agglutination, which resumed when the ADP was enzymatically removed. EDTA-treated, Formalin-fixed, washed normal platelets also underwent vWF-mediated agglutination. ADP was inhibitory only when added before fixation. Epinephrine (40 muM), prostaglandin E1 (7 muM), or serotonin (2 muM) added before fixation caused slight to moderate inhibition but always less than ADP. Platelets from blood chilled before fixation were fully active. Platelets fixed in freshly prepared PRP did not agglutinate as well as those fixed after incubation of PRP, probably because centrifugation exposes the platelets to ADP. It concluded that ADP causes a reversible decrease in the accessibility of the membrane receptor to vWF.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1996

Bolesatine induces agglutination of rat platelets and human erythrocytes and platelets in vitro.

Bolesatine is a toxic glycoprotein isolated from the mushroom Boletus satanas Lenz, which has been shown to inhibit protein synthesis in cell-free systems and cell culture. It is toxic to rodents, the LD50% 24 h being 1 mg kg-1 (i.p.) and 0.15 mg kg-1 (i.v.) in the rat in which it induces hepatic blood stasis. Bolesatine possesses lectinic properties with in particular a sugar binding site for D-galactose and mitogenic activity toward lymphocytes. Tested for cell agglutination on red blood cells and platelets, bolesatine agglutinates both human and rat platelets from threshold concentrations of 30 and 300 nM respectively. EDTA and PGI2 (aggregation inhibitors) do not decrease the agglutination induced by bolesatine, indicating that the process does not involve platelet activation. In contrast, fibrinogen decreases platelet agglutination induced by bolesatine, most likely by masking the binding sites on platelets or by interacting with the toxin. Bolesatine agglutinates all red blood cells without any blood group specificity in the concentration range of 20 to 40 nM. This haemagglutination cannot be prevented by sugars, including D-galactose at a concentration of 0.5 M.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Turbidimetric latex agglutination inhibition immunoassay for primidone.

We have developed a quick, highly sensitive immunoassay method for drugs by latex agglutination inhibition. An antiserum against primidone (PRM) was obtained by immunizing rabbits with PRM-bovine serum albumin conjugate. PRM-rabbit serum albumin conjugate sensitized latex was agglutinated with diluted antiserum, and the agglutination was inhibited by free PRM quantitatively. Turbidity of the agglutination suspension was measured by spectrophotometry as absorbance. Larger latex gave higher sensitivity than the smaller, because its agglutination was inhibited more intensely by free PRM. The assay values of this method were correlated well with those obtained by an enzyme immunoassay method.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Detection of serum anti-ganglioside antibodies by latex agglutination assay in Guillain-Barré syndrome: comparison with ELISA.

OBJECTIVE: Rapid detection of serum anti-ganglioside antibodies in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) could facilitate early diagnosis and early initiation of treatment, which might shorten the term of illness and reduce sequelae. We examined serum anti-ganglioside antibodies in patients with GBS using the latex agglutination assay developed by Alaedini and Latov (J Immunoassay 21: 377-386, 2000) with some modifications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used 75 sera from GBS patients, which exhibited IgG anti-GM1, GD1b, or GQ1b, or IgM anti-GM2 antibodies on previous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Blue latex beads (2.5% solution of 0.3 microm) were coated with 1 mg/ml of GM1, GD1b, GQ1b or GM2. Aliquots (4 microl) of serum and the ganglioside-coated particles were mixed and rocked on a glass slide for 30 to 40 seconds. The reaction was observed under a microscope and compared with the antiganglioside antibody titers determined with ELISA. RESULTS: Agglutination was strong in sera of which the IgM or IgG titers of anti-GM1, GD1b, GQ1b or GM2 antibodies were found to be more than 1:6,400 on ELISA except for 2 samples, but weak or absent in sera with titers of 1:3,200. Agglutination was absent in sera of which the antibody titers were less than 1:3,200 on ELISA. CONCLUSION: We could rapidly detect serum IgM and IgG anti-GM1, GD1b, GQ1b and GM2 antibodies in patients with GBS by means of the latex agglutination assay when sera exhibited high titers of the respective antibodies on ELISA. The sensitivity of our agglutination assay was much lower than that of ELISA.

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic↗
PubMed1996

Decreased agglutinability of methoxy-polyethylene glycol attached red blood cells: significance as a blood substitute.

Human Rb(+) AB type red blood cells were modified with methoxy-polyethylene glycol (mPEG) in order to decrease agglutinabilities toward clinically important anti-A, anti-B and anti-D reagents. Attachment of mPEG to membrane proteins of the red blood cell was identified by the shift of well-known blood group active glycoprotein bands such as band 3, 4.5 and PAS-1 on the SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When 4mM concentration of mPEG was added to red blood cells, agglutination was minimum by a blood group typing and microwell agglutination tests. Antibody binding tests showed decreased antibody binding to blood group antigens after mPEG attachment. The decrease of both agglutinability and antibody binding was the result of mPEG attachment to blood group active glycoprotein of the cell membrane. The morphology of red blood cells after mPEG attachment was the usual discocytic cell. Oxygen equilibrium curves of the mPEG-attached red blood cells were similar to unmodified red blood cells. This approach to decrease agglutinability of the red blood cells toward blood group antibodies may be used to develop a universally transfusible blood substitute.

Blood Substitutes↗
PubMed1981

Comparison of specific immunoglobulin G, M and agglutinating antibodies against Legionella pneumophila.

Sera from 25 patients showing a 4-fold or greater rise in polyvalent IFA titer against Legionella pneumophila were examined for the presence of agglutinating antibodies and the titers of specific IgG and IgM immunoglobulins. Agglutinating antibodies were detected in 20 patients (80%) at titers paralleling and amounts of specific IgM present. In sera from the remaining 5 patients (20%), agglutinating antibodies and specific IgM were absent. In this study the class of antibody produced following infection with L. Pneumophila varied from patient to patient. Specific IgM or IgG only was produced or both classes of immunoglobulin appeared concurrently. IFA, using a polyvalent antihuman conjugate, detected both IgG and IgM but cross reactions among the L. pneumophila serogroups occurred in sera from 40.5% of the patients we examined. Tube agglutination measured mainly specific IgM and no cross reactions were evident with this technique. The value of a rapid tube agglutination test as an adjunct to IFA in the serodiagnosis of legionellosis was illustrated in this study.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed2000

[Turbidimetric study of latex agglutination in 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid analysis].

By the example of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) assay by the inhibition of latex agglutination, new synthetic polymer microspheres for the conjugation with antibodies to 2,4-D and agglutinators based on ovalbumin and polyacrylamide were developed and characterized. The effect of various parameters (the concentration of reagents, the type and the degree of modification of the microsphere surface, and the nature of the carrier in the composition of the agglutinator) on the rate of agglutination and the maximal optical absorption observed during the reaction were studied by turbidimetry. The optimal parameters were found for the assay of 2,4-D by the inhibition of latex agglutination with turbidimetric registration of the results.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed1976

Comparison of a direct latex-agglutination technic with the tanned red cell hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay (TRCHII) for semiquantitation of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products.

A new latex-agglutination kit for rapid screening for fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDP/fdp) has been compared with a standard tanned red cell hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay (TRCHII). The latex-agglutination test results agreed with the TRCHII results for 489 of 588 samples (83%). FDP/fdp values were elevated by the latex-agglutination kit when normal by the TRCHII for 79 (13%) samples, and the reverse was true for 20 (3%) samples. Serial dilution of serum sample allowed reliable semiquantitation of FDP/fdp levels compared with TRCHII results (r=less than .001). The latex-agglutination test gave FDP/fdp values of larger than or equal to 10 mug. per ml. for sera from 11 of 13 patients who had acute pulmonary embolism and for only one of 24 normal control samples. The direct latex-agglutination kit for FDP/fdp appears to have appropriate sensitivity to serve as a screening test for acute pulmonary embolism in patients not receiving heparin therapy.

Batroxobin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A cost-effective particle agglutination assay to detect viral antibodies in dried blood spots--a simple solution to HIV and HCV screening.

OBJECTIVES: To conduct a serological survey of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Gabon and Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa. A secondary objective was to test a novel, simple, inexpensive agglutination assay for anti-HIV IgG and anti-HCV IgG from blood samples stored as spots dried onto filter paper. DESIGN: Blood from heel pricks was dried onto filter paper and stored. Blood was eluted from the spots and serum antibody was then assayed using a modified agglutination assay--blood was added to gelatin agglutination beads that had been sensitised with viral antigen. A positive result showed as an agglutination pattern while a negative result appeared as a tight bead. SUBJECT: This was a hospital-based study involving 271 neonates at Ga-Rankuwa Hospital, South Africa, and 856 patients ranging in age from three months to over 50 years who attended clinics in Gabon. RESULTS: Seroprevalence to HIV was determined in Ga-Rankuwa to be just under 14% (13.8%). Antibodies to HCV were not detected. In Gabon, the prevalence to HIV was just under 1% (0.82%) with a relatively high incidence of HCV, nearing 4% (3.79%). CONCLUSION: The sensitivity of the agglutination assay compared favourably to enzyme immune assay (EIA) with respect to sensitivity, simplicity and cost. This assay may be useful in sero-epidemilogical assays in developing countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Development of a slide latex agglutination test for rotavirus antigen detection.

The aim of this study was to optimize the conditions for the passive adsorption of polyclonal antibody onto plain surface polystyrene latex particles and its performance in a slide latex agglutination test for rotavirus antigen detection. Cleaning of latex particles by washing through repetitive centrifuging, decanting and resuspending in distilled water was adequate in removing surfactants from the particles' surfaces to enable coating. A study of antibody concentration, incubation temperature and buffer pH revealed that optimum coating was achieved with a 3-fold excess of antibody to the calculated total particle surface capacity for the antibody in a glycine-saline buffer of pH 9.2 at 40 degrees C for 4 hours. The ionic strength and pH of the latex suspending buffer and the sample buffer were critical factors determining the sensitivity of the test and the appearance of non-specific agglutination. Ultrasonication, addition of glycerol and Tween 20, either individually or in combination, were able to suppress non-specific agglutination in some batches of latex reagents. Polyethylene glycol 6000 enhanced the quality of agglutination as well as reduced the time of its appearance, especially in reagents that produced poor agglutination.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experience with rapid latex agglutination testing for group A streptococcal pharyngitis in a pediatric group office laboratory.

We evaluated 2401 patients with suspected streptococcal pharyngitis with the Culturette 10-minute Group A Strep ID test during a 6-month period in order to determine its suitability for rapid diagnosis in a busy private office practice. Duplicate throat swabs were obtained for each child, and latex agglutination was performed within 15 minutes. In children with negative latex agglutination results, the second swab was cultured. All latex agglutination results were available within 20 minutes of collection, while the patients waited in the office. Seven hundred thirty-eight specimens were positive by latex agglutination. Seventy-eight of the 1663 latex negative specimens contained group A streptococci on culture (sensitivity 90 percent). Approximately 60 percent of these latex-negative, culture-positive specimens demonstrated 3(+)-4+ growth in culture, unlike previous studies ascribing false-negative latex results to low colony count specimens. Fifty percent of bacitracin-susceptible streptococci tested were not group A, indicating a relatively high occurrence of nongroup A beta-hemolytic streptococcal carriage in this patient population. The use of latex agglutination for detection of group A streptococcal pharyngitis was well-suited to our office practice, even during an extremely busy winter season. Although this assay appears to have a relatively high sensitivity, it is still prudent to culture latex-negative swabs to exclude group A streptococcal infection. The significance of nongroup A beta-hemolytic streptococci in our patient population was unclear. Further refinements are necessary.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Erythrocyte agglutination in microgravity.

This experiment tested a self-contained blood grouping device under microgravity as well as the possibility that gravity could affect the blood grouping reaction. The experiment tested Rh, ABO, and Coombs-sensitized human erythrocytes against their appropriate antisera and diluents. A self-contained device was built which accomplished the agglutination and collected the agglutinates on filter paper. This was flown on the Columbia Space Shuttle on Jan. 12, 1986. The device produced blood agglutinates to several blood groups and the agglutinates were held on filter paper until returned to us by NASA as soon as practical after landing. Both the Rh test and Rh control systems failed because of crystallization within the tubing. The remaining three systems functioned as expected. After comparing these results to similar experiments conducted under full gravity, we conclude that ABO and Coombs-sensitized blood grouping tests do occur under micro-gravity, although the agglutinates formed may be smaller. The use of a closed system for clinical laboratory examination in space is demonstrated.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1978

Concanavalin A-induced agglutinability of normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic mouse mammary cells.

The concanavalin A (Con A)-induced agglutinability of normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic mouse mammary epithelial cells was examined. Cells freshly dissociated from normal mammary glands, hyperplastic alveolar nodules, or primary mammary adenocarcinomas by collagenase digestion in the presence of bovine serum albumin were strongly agglutinated by low concentrations of Con A. After short-term culture in vitro, however, cells from all three types of tissue were only weakly agglutinated by Con A, as measured by both suspension and hemadsorption assays. By comparison, cells of three established mammary tumor culture lines agglutinated strongly in the presence of the lectin. Treatment of the normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic mammary cells in primary cultures with either trypsin or collagenase had little or no effect on their agglutinability, whereas hyaluronidase significantly increased their reactivity. Studies with fluorescein-tagged Con A indicated that all three cell types were capable of binding the lectin. The results were consistent with previous evidence suggesting that neoplastic transformation of mouse mammary epithelial cells is not manifested in vitro by several of the alterations in growth patterns, intercellular interactions, and surface properties that usually accompany transformation of fibroblastic cells.

Animals↗