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PubMed1987

Parental mental disorder and offspring criminal behavior: an adoption study.

It is not unreasonable to expect that some biological predisposition toward antisocial behavior may characterize the most serious of recidivistic and violent criminal offenders. This study used the adoption method to examine the contribution of mental disorder in adoptees' biological backgrounds to their recidivistic and violent criminal offending. Multiple recidivistic nonviolent criminal behavior was found at a significantly elevated rate in adopted-away sons when mental disorder and criminal involvement were characteristic of the adoptees' biological families. A similar, but nonsignificant, elevation was found for rates of violence. Parental diagnostic types associated most strongly with sons' later criminal involvement were drug abuse, alcohol abuse, and personality disorders. Parental psychoses were not related to offspring recidivism or violence in this cohort. Possible confounding effects of missing data, institutionalization prior to adoption, information given to adoptive parents by the adoption agencies about the child's biological background, historical period, perinatal factors, and selective placement were considered. Perinatal factors could not be discounted as contributors to the findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The family physician and adoption.

The family physician's involvement with an adoptive family begins when the family first decides to adopt a child, often after an unsuccessful infertility work-up. Consequently, the physician must have some knowledge of basic adoption issues. The physician should be aware of the situations and problems that are unique to adoptive families, whether or not they are in crisis as a result of the adoption.

Adoption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia.

A nationwide Finnish sample of schizophrenic mothers' offspring given up for adoption has been compared blindly with matched controls; i.e., adopted-away offspring of non-schizophrenic biologic parents. The families have been investigated thoroughly by joint and individual interviews and psychological tests. In the 91 pairs where both the index and control families have already been investigated and rated, the total number of severe diagnoses (psychosis, borderline, character disorder) is 28.6 percent (26/91) in the index group and 16.5 percent (15/91) in the matched control group. Of the seven psychotic cases, six are offspring of schizophrenics and only one is a control offspring. However, no seriously disturbed offspring has been found in a healthy or mildly disturbed adoptive family, and those offspring who were psychotic and seriously disturbed were nearly all reared in disturbed adoptive families. This combination of findings supports the hypothesis that a possible genetic vulnerability has interacted with the adoptive rearing environment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Adoptive families. Needs for counseling.

Adoption is an on-going process which affects each member of the adoptive family during each phase of the adoptee's maturation. Specific factors, such as insecurities of the adoptive parents, the child's awareness of his adoption in relation to his age and fantasies, and recently, the introduction of the possibility that the adoptee may arrange to meet his birth-parents later in life tend to add more perplexities to problems existing in these families. The normally turbulent age of adolescence increases anxieties in these vulnerable families. The pediatrician must understand the various factors uniquely inherent in adoption so that he can more effectively provide counsel to these patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Adoption and children with learning and behavior problems.

One representative case study is used to illustrate the complex interaction of factors that can lead to tragic family dysfunction when an adopted child has learning and behavior problems. The presence of neurodevelopmental problems in an adopted child, special adoption issues and interparental and intraparental conflicts combine to place the child and his family at high risk. The child's neurodevelopmental difficulties are expressed primarily as subtle learning and behavior problems which make him a focus for parental conflict. In addition, the adoption issues of difference, impermanence, feelings of mutual obligation and fear of abandonment are generally poorly understood and form the basis for the development of unique interactional patterns of communication. Finally, in the families studied, it was often found that the adopting parents had serious personal and/or marital difficulties.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[The adopted child and his problems. Pedo-psychiatric point of view].

After a survey of the recent pedopsychiatric literature concerning the difficulties exhibited by young adoptees, we describe our own experience with 35 adopted children. The subjects were divided in two groups: a) the first group of 26 cases (74%) concerning clinical disturbances with no evident relation to the situation derived by the adoption; b) the second group of 9 cases (26%) concerning: 1. four cases ou rebellious behaviour against the adopters et 2. fives cases of camouflaged rejection of the adoptees by their adopters. These 9 cases are given with details; the characteristics of the other 26 cases are summarized. Our pedopsychiatric experience has shown that adoption was a failure in 26% of the cases related in the present study.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The couple choosing private infant adoption.

Couples who adopt infants privately face unique problems and issues. Many of these problems are related to the adoptive process. During the adoption process, nurses may be called upon to play some role related to assisting adoptive parents. Nurses can assist these adoptive parents by learning about the process and supporting the couple before and after they receive their infant.

Adoption↗
PubMed1993

[Dyssocial disorders of adopted adolescents--a clinical, empirical study].

The literature indicates that adopted adolescents with conduct disorders are overrepresented in psychiatric treatment facilities for children and adolescents. In the present study adopted adolescents with conduct disorders and non-adopted adolescents with conduct disorders were compared with regard to biological and psychosocial risk factors known to play a role in the development of such disorders. The groups were carefully matched for age and sex. The results showed that the adopted subjects were a distinct group with a significantly lower number of risk factors for the development of conduct disorders. This suggests that the adoptive situation has a role in pathogenesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Good mental health among adopted children from foreign countries].

All 181 families living in one county in southern Sweden who during the period, 1970-77, adopted children via Adoptionscentrum, the largest adoption agency in Sweden, were invited to take part in a study of mental health and identity development; 152 families (84 percent) accepted, a total of 211 adopted youngsters over 12 years of age thus being included in the study. According to the results of interviews with the parents and self-rating instruments administered to the youngsters, their mental health was good. The results were compared with those of an age-matched group of non-adoptive children who had taken part in an epidemiological study using the same investigative methods. The relevance of family factors and age at adoption is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Adoptive transfer of gut intraepithelial lymphocytes protects against murine infection with Toxoplasma gondii.

Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) of the gut represent a primary immune barrier against infection by orally acquired pathogens. Naturally acquired infection with Toxoplasma gondii induces the proliferation of CD8+ T cells in both the gut and spleen. Gut-derived CD8alpha/beta+ IEL exhibit MHC-restricted cytotoxicity against parasite-infected enterocytes and macrophages. In a murine model, we demonstrate that the adoptive transfer of IEL obtained from inbred mice at day 11 postinfection is able to protect against a virulent challenge in syngenic recipients. In CBA mice, the parasite cyst load within the brain of the recipients receiving primed IEL was reduced by 90%. In BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, a 50% decrease in mortality was observed following adoptive transfer of primed IEL. To determine the T cell subset responsible for protective immunity, a purified CD8alpha/beta+ IEL population was isolated from infected mice at day 11 postinfection. These cells were able to protect naive mice by adoptive transfer against a lethal parasite challenge. RNA analysis by reverse-transcriptase PCR revealed that primed CD8alpha/beta+ IEL produce significant message for IFN-gamma, an essential cytokine for host protection against toxoplasmosis. Administration of anti-IFN-gamma at the time of adoptive transfer of primed IEL abrogated protection. The adoptive transfer of these protective IEL was not restricted to the Ld class I locus. These data demonstrate that IFN-gamma-producing IEL may be an important primary barrier against acute and perhaps recurrent infection with T. gondii.

Adoptive Transfer↗
PubMed1997

[Adoption: psychiatric risk and/or protective factor?].

Epidemiologic studies reveal that adoptees are overrepresented in referrals to child psychiatric facilities as well as show more often psychiatric disturbances compared with their nonadopted peers. Therefore the adoptive status is indicating a psychiatric risk. To explain the underlying mechanisms it seems useful to comprehend the adoption as a process. The adoptees' situation must be described as bearing multiple risks. On the other hand the adoption itself can be seen as a protective factor too. It nevertheless can produce additional problems. In order to enhance the success in therapy these adoption-specific risk factors witch can deteriorate the relationship between the adoptive parents and their children must be considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Adoption and fostering of babies with Down syndrome: a cohort of 593 cases.

Recently, professionals in France have noticed an increase in newborns with Down syndrome (DS) being placed for adoption. The aim of this study was to investigate DS babies given up at birth for adoption and to consider the possible determinants of this in order to assess social acceptance of DS. A retrospective cohort of all living DS babies was collected from two birth-defect registries (Paris: 1981-1990; Marseilles area: 1984-1990). Follow-up data were collected: characteristics of the baby, biological parents and maternity units, age when given up for adoption, and type of foster care. The results showed that 19.4 per cent of infants with DS (115/593) were rejected by their parents. Multiple regression analysis indicated that foreign origin of the mother, area of residence, no associated major malformation, maternal age (15-24 years), and birth rank (> 2) variables were significantly associated with a lower placement rate. Among the 115 abandoned infants with DS, 88 came from unknown parentage (76.5 per cent). For half of them, adoptive placement (88/115) occurred before the age of 6 months. Socio-cultural attitudes play a great part in these family decisions. Equally important is the manner in which professionals propose adoption as an alternative to these parents of DS babies. They should be encouraged to consider all options before making a decision, so that the best solution can be found for the interest of all.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Augmentation of IL-2 activated natural killer cell adoptive immunotherapy with cyclophosphamide.

UNLABELLED: We have previously documented that adoptively transferred, IL-2 activated natural killer (A-NK) cells can accumulate within established pulmonary metastases. Since we have observed that increases in the accumulation of A-NK cells do not always lead to increases in therapeutic efficacy, we examined the ability of cyclophosphamide to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of A-NK cells. Animals with established B16 melanoma or Lewis lung carcinoma pulmonary metastases were treated with A-NK cell adoptive immunotherapy, either alone or following treatment with chemotherapeutic doses of cyclophosphamide. Adoptive immunotherapy studies with A-NK cells yielded at most a 30% reduction in the number of pulmonary metastases; however, cyclophosphamide (300 mg/kg) consistently reduced the size of metastatic colonies. In contrast, the combination therapy of A-NK cells plus cyclophosphamide was more effective than adoptive immunotherapy alone. In addition, polyethylene glycol IL-2 is superior to IL-2 in these studies. CONCLUSIONS: Our studies suggest that chemoimmunotherapy with A-NK cells plus cyclophosphamide may be more effective than adoptive immunotherapy alone since it results in the reduction in both the size and number of pulmonary metastases.

Adoptive Transfer↗
PubMed1976

Familial aggregation of blood pressure in 558 adopted children.

Blood pressure was measured in each member of 398 French-Canadian families with at least one adopted child of the same ethnic origin. Measurements were made at home by a nurse, usually with the subject seated. One comparison per family between parents and randomly chosen index children was made, using age- and sex-adjusted scores. The correlation in blood pressure scores between parents and natural children was highly significant (P less than 0.001), at 10.2% for systolic and 13.7% for diastolic in 140 homes with at least one natural child, but the correlation between parents and adopted children was nonsignificant, at 0.81% and 1.0%, in 398 homes with at least one adopted child. The correlation between pairs of natural children was significant (P less than 0.05), at 7.84% for systolic and 8.41% for diastolic, in 80 homes with more than one natural child but nonsignificant, at 0.49% and 1.69%, respectively, for pairs of adopted children in 138 families with more than one adopted child. It is concluded that heredity explains most of the familial resemblance of blood pressure in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Adoption of patient-centered care practices by physicians: results from a national survey.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the extent to which primary care physicians (PCPs) practice patient-centered care, 1 of the Institute of Medicine's 6 dimensions of quality. This article describes the adoption of patient-centered practice attributes by PCPs. METHODS: Mail survey; nationally representative physician sample of 1837 physicians in practice at least 3 years postresidency. RESULTS: Eighty-three percent of PCPs surveyed are in favor of sharing of medical records with patients. Most physicians (87%) support team-based care. But, only 16% of PCPs communicate with their patients via e-mail; only 36% get feedback from their patients. Seventy-four percent of PCPs still experience problems with availability of patients' medical records or test results; less than 50% have adopted patient reminder systems. Thirty-three percent of physicians practicing in groups of 50 or more have adopted 6 to 11 of the 11 patient-centered care practices targeted in the survey compared with 14% of solo physicians. CONCLUSION: Although some patient-centered care practices have been adopted by most PCPs, other practices have not yet been adopted as broadly, especially those targeting coordination, team-based care, and support from appropriate information systems.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Microglial cell responses to fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue grafting and to active and adoptive immunizations.

Microglia express cytokines, major histocompatibility (MHC) loci, and several other immunologically important constituents. The aim of this study was to detect immunological responses of microglial cells following allogeneic dopaminergic transplantation using active and adoptive immunizations. Adult inbred Fisher 344 (F344 RT1) rats were unilaterally dopamine (DA) depleted in striatum by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. The degree of degeneration was assessed by recording the rotational response to apomorphine. Fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue containing DA neuroblasts from Wistar-Furth (WF, RT1u) rat donors (9-12 mm CRL) were later implanted in striatum on the lesioned side. Lymph nodes and spleen cells were collected aseptically, resuspended, and diluted for isovolumetric injections. Animals selected for active immunization were injected intraperitoneally with varying amounts of WF lymphocytes. Animals selected for adoptive immunization (transferred immunity) were intraperitoneally injected with 10(8) F344 lymphocytes prepared from animals actively immunized 3 weeks previously. Monoclonal antibodies against CD4 (OX38), CD8 (OX8), CD11b (OX42), MHC class I (OX18), monomorphic MHC class II (OX-6), and ED1 and polyclonal antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were used for immunohistochemistry. We found that the degree of ED1-positive cell proliferation was well correlated to the immunization patterns. Groups that were actively immunized with or without prior adoptive immunization had a larger amount of reactive microglial proliferation. ED1 immunohistochemistry revealed patterns of immunolabeling of engrafted areas: 8-12 weeks after grafting in nonimmunized and adoptively immunized groups reactive microglial proliferation occurred only at the graft periphery. Active and adoptive + active immunization led to ED1-IR within the grafts themselves. At early stages nonimmunized groups had an ED1 pattern which was partially inside the grafts. At early time points nonimmunized groups contained ameboid microglial cells within the grafts which disappeared at later stages and were absent in the immunized groups. ED1-positive ameboid microglial cells within the grafts may be of graft origin and constitute a part of a continued normal development of the fetal tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Restriction in adoptive transfer of resistance to Listeria monocytogenes. II. Use of congenic and mutant mice show transfer to be H-2K restricted.

Adoptive transfer of cell-mediated immunity to the facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is restricted by the H-2 complex of mice. Using C57BL/10 and C57BL/6 congenic strains of mice it was shown that compatibility of the H-2K locus, not the I region, was essential and sufficient for adoptive transfer and that H-2D compatibility was not relevant. Mutation at the H-2K locus prevented adoptive transfer, while mutation at the Ia-1 locus, as in the B6.C-H-2bm12 mutant of C57BL/6, did not affect adoptive transfer. The contrast between these findings and the previously accepted I region restriction of adoptive transfer of Listeria immunity is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Predictors of adoption and maintenance of vigorous physical activity in men and women.

BACKGROUND: This study examined predictors of adoption and maintenance of vigorous physical activity over time in a sample of 1,719 randomly selected women and men. METHODS: Based on reported frequency of vigorous exercise in a mail survey at baseline, subjects were classified as sedentary (zero sessions per week), intermediate (one to two sessions per week), or active (three or more sessions per week). RESULTS: On the same survey subjects reported on 25 potential determinants of physical activity based on a comprehensive learning model. Twenty-four months later, 85% of subjects were resurveyed, and their physical activity levels were classified. Within each baseline category and gender subgroup, predictors of follow-up physical activity were identified. In multivariate analyses, adoption of vigorous exercise by sedentary men was predicted by self-efficacy, age (inverse), and neighborhood environment (inverse). Adoption by sedentary women was predicted by education, self-efficacy, and friend and family support for exercise. Maintenance of vigorous physical activity was predicted by self-efficacy and age (inverse) for initially active men and by education for initially active women. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that factors influencing adoption are different for men and women, and there may be different factors influencing adoption versus maintenance of vigorous physical activity.

Adult↗