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PubMed1995

Adolescent psychopathology: IV. Specificity of psychosocial risk factors for depression and substance abuse in older adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the specificity to major depressive disorder (MDD) of a wide array of psychosocial risk factors in older adolescents (aged 14 through 18 years). METHOD: Diagnostic and psychosocial assessments were conducted with 1,507 randomly selected high school students at T1 and after approximately 1 year (T2). Three diagnostic groups were compared: those who had an episode of MDD during that year (n = 90), those who had an episode of substance use disorder during that year (SUD) (n = 42), and a control group with no disorder (n = 1,189). RESULTS: Risk factors specific to MDD were stress (minor and major events), emotional reliance, physical symptoms and disease, history of suicide attempt, and a past episode of depression or anxiety disorder. Risk factors specific to SUD were tobacco use, academic difficulties, and a past episode of SUD. Risk factors that were shared were current depression symptoms, internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, coping skills, interpersonal conflict with parents, and dissatisfaction with grades. CONCLUSIONS: By determining the number of risk factors for MDD, for SUD, or those that are general to both disorders, clinicians can make informed predictions concerning the probable future onset of a full-fledged episode of MDD and/or SUD in individual cases. The results of this study allow for the identification of adolescents who are at elevated risk for MDD and SUD. The results also have implications for the design of interventions aimed at preventing the occurrence of these disorders. Such interventions should target change on risk factors of the type identified in this study.

Achievement↗
PubMed1997

Practice parameters for the forensic evaluation of children and adolescents who may have been physically or sexually abused. AACAP Official Action. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

These practice parameters describe the forensic evaluation of children and adolescents who may have been physically or sexually abused. The recommendations are drawn from guidelines that have been published by various professional organizations and authors and are based on available scientific research and the current state of clinical practice. These parameters consider the clinical presentation of abused children, normative sexual behavior of children, interview techniques, the possibility of false statements, the assessment of credibility, and important forensic issues. These parameters were approved by Council of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in September 1996.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Promoting adolescent health: worksite-based interventions with parents of adolescents.

A promising public health approach for reducing adolescent risk behavior is to recognize and support the role of parents in promoting healthful behaviors. Although there are various settings where parents can be reached, this article focuses on one particular setting--the parent's place of employment. The article discusses the development and implementation of parenting programs for parents of adolescents. Such programs are new and should be evaluated to determine whether they are effective.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

How do parents learn about adolescents' experiences? Implications for parental knowledge and adolescent risky behavior.

Cluster analysis was used to identify groups defined by the patterning of fathers' and mothers' sources of knowledge about adolescents' experiences in a sample of 179 families with adolescents (M = 16.5 years). Three clusters emerged for fathers (relational, relies on spouse, relies on others) and mothers (relational, questioners, relies on others). Cluster membership was associated with socioeconomic status, work hours, personal characteristics, and parent-child relationship quality. Longitudinal path analyses revealed that knowledge sources predicted levels of knowledge, which in turn predicted risky behavior 1 year later, indirect paths that were more consistent for fathers than for mothers. Although direct associations between sources of knowledge and subsequent risky behavior were scant, when fathers relied on spouses, youth engaged in less risky behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ebb and flow when navigating adolescence: predictors of daily hassles among African-American adolescent girls.

ISSUES AND PURPOSE: To examine the nature of daily hassles as perceived by African-American adolescent females. DESIGN AND METHODS: As part of a larger, cross-sectional study, nonrandom network sampling technique was used to survey 178 adolescent girls between the ages of 11 and 19. RESULTS: This study found that the most common hassles were school and academic, followed by family and economic hassles, peer and social hassles, and personal safety hassles. Socioeconomic factors were strongly associated with the level of hassles reported. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Assess African-American girls' perception of daily hassles, specifically school- and family-related hassles, and also examine the interrelationship between the type of hassles and health problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of punishment, emotional rejection, child abuse, and broken home on aggression in adolescence: an examination of aggressive adolescents in Germany.

The results of this study provide evidence for the importance of psychosocial risks in childhood for aggressive behavior in adolescence. This study demonstrated that aggressive adolescents differed from a nonaggressive control group in an increased exposure to prior psychotraumatic events, such as sexual abuse (tendency), physical abuse, and broken homes. However, in predicting later aggressive behavior, long-term and chronically effective negative living conditions seem of greater importance. Parenting behavior which includes harsh punishment and emotional rejection as well as separation of the parents early in life are particularly important factors. Whereas aggressive girls do not differ from the nonaggressive control group in terms of self-reported mental health, the aggressive boys reported more attention deficits, depression, anxiety, delinquency, and social problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Maternal smoking and smoking in adolescents: a prospective community study of adolescents and their mothers.

The associations between maternal smoking and nicotine dependence and patterns of smoking and nicotine dependence in offspring were examined in a large community-based sample of adolescents. Data were derived from baseline and 4-year follow-up assessments of 938 respondents aged 14-17 years at the outset of the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology (EDSP) study, a prospective-longitudinal community study of adolescents and young adults and their parents respectively. Smoking and nicotine dependence in respondents were assessed using the Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview (DSM-IV algorithms). Diagnostic information about smoking behavior in mothers was collected by independent direct diagnostic interviews with the mothers. In comparison to children of non- or occasionally smoking mothers, children of regularly smoking and nicotine-dependent mothers had higher probabilities of using tobacco as well as of developing nicotine dependence. For all ages under consideration, survival analyses revealed a higher cumulative lifetime risk of regular smoking and nicotine dependence among these children. Maternal smoking during pregnancy seems to represent an additional risk for these outcomes in children, specifically with regard to the risk of developing nicotine dependence. Associations were comparable for sons and daughters. Our findings show that maternal smoking predicts escalation of smoking, development of nicotine dependence, and stability of smoking behavior in children. Implications for specific intervention and prevention efforts are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Adolescent dating violence: do adolescents follow in their friends', or their parents', footsteps?

Past research suggests that adolescents whose parents are violent toward one another should be more likely to experience dating violence. Having friends in violent relationships also may increase the odds of dating violence. The authors examined which antecedent, friend dating violence or interparental violence, if either, is more strongly predictive of own dating violence perpetration and victimization. Five hundred and twenty-six adolescents (eighth and ninth graders) completed self-report questionnaires on two occasions over a 6-month period. Consistent with hypotheses, friend dating violence and interparental violence each exhibited unique cross-sectional associations with own perpetration and victimization. However, only friend violence consistently predicted later dating violence. The authors explored influence versus selection processes to explain the association between friend and own dating violence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Neuropsychological development in adolescents: cognitive and emotional model for considering risk factors for adolescents with cleft.

This article reviews neurologic, endocrinologic, and neuropsychological developments that affect our understanding of the adolescent patient. Neuroimaging and neuroradiologic techniques have assisted in identifying brain-behavior relationships and how different neuropsychological patterns result in different ways of thinking. Psychoneuroendocrinologic studies have shown that sex differences in maturation and hormonal effects on behavior need taking into account. At adolescence, the individual with a cleft or craniofacial condition may be at risk for adjustment problems due to earlier developmental events, which may affect language, behavior, and self-esteem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Violence and illegal drug use among adolescents: evidence from the U.S. National Adolescent Student Health Survey.

The relationships between violence, drug use, and victimization were examined in a representative sample of American adolescents. The commonly used illegal drugs (marijuana, amyl/butyl nitrites, psychedelics, amphetamines, and cocaine) and alcohol were considered. Drug users, compared to nonusers, fought more, took more risks which predisposed them to assault, and were assaulted more both at school and outside school supervision. Adolescents who were victims at school were also more likely to be victimized outside of school supervision. This study clearly demonstrates that the aggressor may also be the victim, and that illegal drug/alcohol use is related to victimization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

American Association for Partial Hospitalization Child and Adolescent Special Interest Group: standards for child and adolescent partial hospitalization programs.

This article describes standards and guidelines for the treatment of children and/or adolescents in partial hospitalization programs. Developed through the Child and Adolescent Special Interest Group of the American Association of Partial Hospitalization, they are intended to aid in the establishment of quality treatment programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Older adolescents' positive attitudes toward younger adolescents as sexual partners.

The prevalence of older adolescents' positive attitudes toward younger sexual partners was investigated through three measures of self-reported hypothetical likelihood of having sex with preadolescents and younger adolescents (LSA), using a school-based cluster sample of 710 Norwegian 18- to 19-year-olds attending nonvocational high schools in Oslo. Some likelihood of having sex with a preadolescent (less than 12 years of age) was reported by 5.9% of the males. The 19.1% of the males who indicated some likelihood of having sex with a 13- to 14-year old, compared to those who did not, reported more high-frequency drinking, more alcohol-related problems, earlier sexual initiation, more conduct problems, and poorer psychosocial adjustment. This subgroup also reported more high-frequency use of pornography, having more friends with an interest in child pornography and violent pornography, and greater use of coercion to obtain sexual favors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Adolescent health: collaborative effort between school health services, medical practitioners and adolescents or specialized clinics].

Adolescents have complex health needs, that require consistent answers between the health and education sectors. This article describes the existing structures and collaborations in Geneva, between medical practitioners, specialized clinics and school health. School health doesn't make any routine health screening, but strengthens its role for guidance of adolescents. Priority health activities for school health include protection of victims of abuse, integration of youth living with a chronic condition, and mediation for students with repeated absences. In any of these cases, collaboration between health services and school health services is essential. In the case of drug abuse, collaboration with teachers is necessary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Standardization of definitions concerning smoking behavior among Japanese adolescents--results from the Japan Adolescent Smoking Survey (JASS)].

The aim of the Japan Adolescent Smoking Survey (JASS) is to standardize the definitions of smoking behavior among Japanese adolescents together with measurement methods and questionnaires concerned. A study of 9921 school children aged 9 to 18 years in 17 elementary schools, 16 junior high schools and 18 senior high schools in 9 prefectures, was conducted between June and July of 1989, to determine the relationship between actual smoking behavior during the past month or year and the "self-referent label" concerning their smoking status. The main results were as follows: 1) The percentage of those who smoked at least one cigarette during the past month showed a high degree of similarity to the percentage of those who referred to themselves as "regular smokers" or "occasional smokers". 2) Less than 10% of students who identified themselves as "never smokers" or "ex-smokers" smoked at least one cigarette during the past month, while more than 80% of students who referred to themselves as "regular smokers" or "occasional smokers" smoked during the past month. 3) On the whole, those who smoked 20 or more cigarettes during the past month referred to themselves as "regular smokers"; those who smoked between 2 and 19 cigarettes as "occasional smokers"; those who smoked 1 cigarette as "ex-smokers"; those who did not smoke during the past month as "never smokers". 4) The definition where students who smoked one cigarette during the past month are classified as a category of smoker, displayed a high level of sensitivity and specificity for all school-level groups and for both sexes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Homicides by adolescents and young adults from the viewpoint of the adolescent psychiatry expert].

From 1966 to 1986, the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry of the Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Heidelberg gave expert opinions at the request of criminal courts in 37 cases involving homicide and 8 attempted homicide. Eighteen of the offenders were between 14 and 17 years old ("Jugendliche" under German law), 17 between 18 and 20 ("Heranwachsende") and 2 over 20. The largest group (N = 18) consisted of maladjusted male adolescents who had grown up in disadvantageous surroundings, had limited education and, not infrequently following the example of other members of their families, tended to show aggressive behaviour, intolerance to frustration, emotional instability and uncontrolled drinking. The questions the expert was asked by the court were mainly concerned with: liability for crime (section 3 JGG), applicability of juvenile law to offenders aged 18 to 20 years (section 105 JGG) penal responsibility (section 20 and 21 StBG or section 51, Section 1 and 2 StGB a.F.), and measures under section 63 StGB. The court took the expert's position in 28 of the 33 decisions which we were able to obtain for examination; 2 other proceedings were quashed. The juridical classification of the homicides was attempted or completed first-degree murder in 17 and attempted or completed second-degree murder in 6 cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Compliance to a gluten-free diet in adolescents, or "what do 300 coeliac adolescents eat every day?".

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Compliance to a gluten-free diet is currently an important issue in the care of both adolescent and adult coeliac patients. The aim of this study was evaluate the compliance to a gluten-free diet and the dietary habits in general of coeliac teenagers and young adults. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 306 adolescents and young adults were followed in a coeliac clinic. They were grouped on the basis of: strict compliance to a gluten-free dietary regimen (n = 223, 73%); dietary transgressions 2-3 times/month (n = 46, 15%); and frequent transgressions or a full gluten-containing diet (n = 37, 12%). RESULTS: The physical growth status was optimal in the male patients, and less so in the females, but was not related to compliance. Symptoms were very rare in all groups. Compliance to the diet was related to sex (females better than males), age (younger better than older), good school grades, and good self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS: The teen-agers studied consumed an average of about 11.32 kg/month of gluten-free products provided by the Italian Health System. Gluten-free pasta and bread were the daily choices. The mean cost for each patient was estimated to be Italian Lire 242,640 (ECU 124) per month or ECU 1,490/year.

Adolescent↗