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PubMedDate not supplied

Lack of relationship between acceptance and knowledge of asthma in school-age children and early adolescents.

ISSUES AND PURPOSE: Early adolescents diagnosed with asthma have difficulty accepting their condition. This study is part of an ongoing program of research designed to increase understanding of the adolescent process of coming to acceptance. The purpose was to explore relationships among variables in the Acceptance of Asthma Model. DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, theory-testing design with a sample of 94 students ages 9 to 14 years. RESULTS: Acceptance was dependent on psychosocial influences and disease characteristics rather than knowledge of asthma. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Psychosocial interventions are needed to facilitate acceptance.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Perception and acceptance of technological and environmental risks: why are poor countries less concerned?

The research has been aimed at answering two questions: (1) What factors impact perception and acceptance of technological and environmental hazards? (2) Why are rich societies involved more in protecting their environment and health than poor societies? Data has been collected from representative samples of two countries--Poland and Sweden. The results indicate that (1) contrary to earlier findings, the inverse relations between perceived benefits and dangers of hazards has not been observed, (2) acceptance of a risk has been mostly influenced by perceived benefits, (3) rejection of a risk has been mostly influenced by its perceived harmful consequences. Concerning the second question, it has been found that: (1) perceived hazard's danger and benefit is not the only factor that impacts its acceptance, and (2) a broader economic context can impact acceptance (tolerance) of hazards. It has been found that being aware of high dangers and not very high benefits of hazardous activities, Poles still have accepted them. Thus, Poles seem to follow an old proverb: "When one does not have what one likes, one has to like what one has."

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Flood risk acceptability and economic value of evacuation.

The economic value of evacuation and its relationship with flood risk acceptability in Japan were studied by applying the contingent valuation method (CVM). Flood risk acceptability here refers to the extent to which people accept the occurrence of floods, in terms of scale and frequency. The economic value of evacuation refers to people's willingness to pay (WTP) for avoiding evacuation inconvenience because of its inconvenience and the potential for certain losses as a result of evacuation. Our main finding was that over half of the people (56%) who actually evacuated in a real flood situation reported inconvenience. The greatest inconveniences were the shortages of information and food. Evacuation inconvenience can be regarded as an important factor causing the low rate of evacuation in Japan. The WTP for avoiding current inconvenience was approximately half of the estimated economic value of evacuation, implying that the current budget for evacuation is too small and should be increased to improve the conditions of evacuation sites. The economic value of evacuation can be taken into consideration in the risk assessment process in order to evaluate the efficiency of risk reduction measures. Flood risk acceptability and home ownership are two major statistically significantly determinants of the WTP. Considering that those who accept flood risk have a lower WTP for flood risk control (ex ante measures) than those who reject it, it is reasonable to think that there may be a tradeoff between the public WTPs for ex ante or ex post measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Home observation for asymptomatic coin ingestion: acceptance and outcomes. The New York State Poison Control Center Coin Ingestion Study Group.

OBJECTIVES: To obtain preliminary estimates of the acceptance rate and the frequency of adverse outcomes, and to identify issues related to acceptance, associated with management of asymptomatic pediatric coin ingestion by home observation, in preparation for a large-scale prospective study. METHODS: Scripted telephone follow-up of callers who had reported asymptomatic pediatric coin ingestions to one of five poison control centers six to 36 months previously, which had been managed by home observation. RESULTS: Of the 67 callers enrolled, 41 (67%) reported contacting a physician regarding the coin ingestion, despite home observation instruction by poison control center personnel. Those who did not recall being instructed in home observation were more likely to have contacted a physician than those who did. Nearly all, however, were satisfied with the advice they had been given. One child developed subsequent symptoms; as per the instructions that had been given by poison control center personnel, his parent sought physician evaluation, revealing an esophageal coin, which was removed uneventfully. No other child developed complications. CONCLUSIONS: Although all of the 67 children managed by home observation did well, most of their caretakers had not accepted this management strategy. Acceptance, while unrelated to satisfaction, may be related to comprehension of the instructions caregivers are given. A prospective study of home observation for asymptomatic pediatric coin ingestion would be safe and would allow further examination of factors affecting acceptance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Acceptability of emergency department-based screening and brief intervention for alcohol problems.

OBJECTIVES: To adapt screening and brief intervention for alcohol problems (SBI) to a high-volume emergency department (ED) setting and evaluate its acceptability to patients. METHODS: Patients at a large public-hospital ED were screened with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Screen-positive drinkers (AUDIT score >/= 6) were provided brief, on-site counseling and referral as needed. Three months later, project staff blinded to baseline measures reassessed alcohol intake, alcohol-related harm, alcohol dependence symptoms, and readiness to change. RESULTS: Of 1, 034 patients approached, 78.3% (810) consented to participate (95% CI = 75.5% to 81.2%), and 21.2% (172) screened positive (95% CI = 18.4% to 24.0%). Of 88 patients with complete intervention data, 94.3% (83) accepted an intervention (95% CI = 89.5% to 99.2%), with acceptance rates ranging from 93% to 100% across four alcohol-problem-severity levels (p = 0.7). A majority (59.0%) set goals to decrease or stop drinking (95% CI = 48.4% to 69.6%). The group recontacted (n = 23) experienced statistically significant decreases in alcohol intake, alcohol-related harm, and dependence symptoms, with measures decreasing for 68%, 52%, and 61% of the patients. Readiness to change also showed statistically significant improvement, with scores increasing for 43% of the patients. Moreover, two-thirds of the patients (15/23) reported at follow-up that SBI was a helpful part of their ED visit. CONCLUSIONS: High rates of consent and acceptance of counseling for alcohol problems by patients across a wide range of problem severity indicate that this protocol was acceptable to at-risk patients in a public-hospital ED. Improvements in alcohol-related outcome measures at follow-up were strong enough to warrant controlled studies of intervention efficacy.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Effects of experience on the modification of food acceptance patterns.

Parallels have been drawn between persons at the two extremes of the life span: the very young and the very old. Some of these purported similarities, including referring to the latter portion of the life span as a "second childhood," are clearly unsupported by the data. The view presented above, however, suggests that experience with food continues to modify food acceptance patterns across the life span through associative conditioning. To the extent that the young and old have similar experiences with food, we can expect similar patterns of change in food acceptance to emerge. Research has been reviewed on the effects of experience on the development and modification of food acceptance patterns in children. Two aspects of this research--the associative conditioning of food cues to consequences and the effects of exposure on preference for novel foods--are particularly relevant to developing hypotheses regarding how experience with food could shape food acceptance patterns in the elderly. Research should be directed to exploring the social contexts and consequences of eating as possible contributors to reduced food acceptance among the elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Auditory evoked potentials in females with high and low acceptance of background noise when listening to speech.

Acceptable noise level (ANL) is a measure of a listener's acceptance of background noise when listening to speech. A consistent finding in research on ANL is large intersubject variability in the acceptance of background noise. This variability is not related to age, gender, hearing sensitivity, type of background noise, speech perception in noise performance, cochlear responses, or efferent activity of the medial olivocochlear pathway. In the present study, auditory evoked potentials were examined in 21 young females with normal hearing with low and high acceptance of background noise to determine whether differences in judgments of background noise are related to differences measured in aggregate physiological responses from the auditory nervous system. Group differences in the auditory brainstem response, auditory middle latency response, and cortical, auditory late latency response indicate that differences in more central regions of the nervous system account for, at least in part, the variability in listeners' willingness to accept background noise when listening to speech.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Randomisation in trials: do potential trial participants understand it and find it acceptable?

OBJECTIVE: To examine lay persons' ability to identify methods of random allocation and their acceptability of using methods of random allocation in a clinical trial context. DESIGN: Leaflets containing hypothetical medical, non-medical, and clinical trial scenarios involving random allocation, using material from guidelines for trial information leaflets. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Adults attending further education colleges (n = 130), covering a wide range of ages, occupations, and levels of education. MAIN MEASURES: Judgements of whether each of five methods of allocation to two groups was random in a medical or non-medical scenario. Judgements of whether these allocation methods were acceptable in a randomised clinical trial scenario, with or without a scientific justification for randomisation. RESULTS: The majority of our group of participants judged correctly that allowing people their preference was not random, and that the following were random: using a computer with no information about the individual (recommended wording for MREC trial leaflets), tossing a coin, drawing a name out of a hat. Judgements were split over allocating people in turn (not a random allocation method but shares features with randomisation). Judgements were no different in medical and non-medical scenarios. Few of the correctly identified random methods were judged to be acceptable in a clinical trial scenario. Inclusion of a scientific justification for randomising significantly increased the acceptability of only one random method: allocation by computer. CONCLUSIONS: Current UK guidelines' recommended description of random allocation by computer seems warranted. However, while potential trial participants may understand what random allocation means, they may find it unacceptable unless offered an acceptable justification for its use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Do French lay people and health professionals find it acceptable to breach confidentiality to protect a patient's wife from a sexually transmitted disease?

OBJECTIVE: To determine under what conditions lay people and health professionals find it acceptable for a physician to breach confidentiality to protect the wife of a patient with a sexually transmitted disease (STD). METHODS: In a study in France, breaching confidentiality in 48 scenarios were accepted by 144 lay people, 10 psychologists and 7 physicians. The scenarios were all possible combinations of five factors: severity of the disease (severe, lethal); time taken to discuss this with (little time, much time); intent to inform the spouse about the disease (none, one of these days, immediately); intent to adopt protective behaviours (no intent, intent); and decision to consult an expert in STDs (yes, no), 2 x 2 x 3 x 2 x 2. The importance and interactions of each factor were determined, at the group level, by performing analyses of variance and constructing graphs. RESULTS: The concept of breaching confidentiality to protect a wife from her husband's STD was favoured much more by lay people and psychologists than by physicians (mean ratings 11.76, 9.28 and 2.90, respectively, on a scale of 0-22). The patient's stated intentions to protect his wife and to inform her of the disease had the greatest impact on acceptability. A cluster analysis showed groups of lay participants who found breaching confidentiality "always acceptable" (n = 14), "depending on the many circumstances" (n = 87), requiring "consultation with an expert" (n = 30) and "never acceptable (n = 13)". CONCLUSIONS: Most people in France are influenced by situational factors when deciding if a physician should breach confidentiality to protect the spouse of a patient infected with STD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

When is physician assisted suicide or euthanasia acceptable?

OBJECTIVES: To discover what factors affect lay people's judgments of the acceptability of physician assisted suicide and euthanasia and how these factors interact. DESIGN: Participants rated the acceptability of either physician assisted suicide or euthanasia for 72 patient vignettes with a five factor design--that is, all combinations of patient's age (three levels); curability of illness (two levels); degree of suffering (two levels); patient's mental status (two levels), and extent of patient's requests for the procedure (three levels). PARTICIPANTS: Convenience sample of 66 young adults, 62 middle aged adults, and 66 older adults living in western France. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: In accordance with the functional theory of cognition of N H Anderson, main effects, and interactions among patient factors and participants' characteristics were investigated by means of both graphs and ANOVA. RESULTS: Patient requests were the most potent determinant of acceptability. Euthanasia was generally less acceptable than physician assisted suicide, but this difference disappeared when requests were repetitive. As their own age increased, participants placed more weight on patient age as a criterion of acceptability. CONCLUSIONS: People's judgments concur with legislation to require a repetition of patients' requests for a life ending act. Younger people, who frequently are decision makers for elderly relatives, place less emphasis on patient's age itself than do older people.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Tobacco industry consumer research on socially acceptable cigarettes.

OBJECTIVE: To describe tobacco industry consumer research to inform the development of more "socially acceptable" cigarette products since the 1970s. METHODS: Analysis of previously secret tobacco industry documents. RESULTS: 28 projects to develop more socially acceptable cigarettes were identified from Philip Morris, RJ Reynolds, British American Tobacco, and Lorillard tobacco companies. Consumer research and concept testing consistently demonstrated that many smokers feel strong social pressure not to smoke, and this pressure increased with exposure to smoking restrictions. Tobacco companies attempted to develop more socially acceptable cigarettes with less visible sidestream smoke or less odour. When presented in theory, these product concepts were very attractive to important segments of the smoking population. However, almost every product developed was unacceptable in actual product tests or test markets. Smokers reported the complete elimination of secondhand smoke was necessary to satisfy non-smokers. Smokers have also been generally unwilling to sacrifice their own smoking satisfaction for the benefit of others. Many smokers prefer smoke-free environments to cigarettes that produce less secondhand smoke. CONCLUSIONS: Concerns about secondhand smoke and clean indoor air policies have a powerful effect on the social acceptability of smoking. Historically, the tobacco industry has been unable to counter these effects by developing more socially acceptable cigarettes. These data suggest that educating smokers about the health dangers of secondhand smoke and promoting clean indoor air policies has been difficult for the tobacco industry to counter with new products, and that every effort should be made to pursue these strategies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Acceptance of minerals and other compounds by calcium-deprived rats: 24-h tests.

We measured 24-h spontaneous intake of four to eight concentrations of 31 different solutions by groups of rats fed control or low-calcium diets. Relative to controls, those fed low-calcium diet had increased acceptance of one or more concentrations of sodium chloride, sodium acetate, and sodium bicarbonate, but not sodium gluconate. Differences in palatability between these sodium salts were unimportant because the rats fed low-calcium diet consumed more sodium chloride even if this was made less acceptable by adulteration with citric acid. The possibility that calcium-deprived rats have an enhanced general cation or mineral appetite was supported by findings of increased acceptance of one or more concentrations of nine of ten chloride minerals tested (aluminum chloride, ammonium chloride, ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, strontium chloride, zinc chloride). However, there were no differences in acceptance of any concentration of cesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, or lead acetate. Moreover, calcium-deprived rats drank more hydrochloric acid and malic acid than did controls. Thus the effect of calcium deficiency on intake was not confined to minerals. Acidity or bitterness did not appear important because there was no difference between the groups in intake of sulfuric acid, citric acid, or quinine hydrochloride. Consistent with the exacerbating effects of phosphates on calcium deprivation, deprived rats had decreased intakes of phosphates (sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate). However, they also had decreased intakes of sucrose and saccharin. It is clear that calcium deprivation does not induce a general increase in acceptance of all taste solutions, but there appears to be no simple explanation for what these animals consume.

Acids↗
PubMed2000

CD4(+) Valpha14 natural killer T cells are essential for acceptance of rat islet xenografts in mice.

Pancreatic islet transplantation represents a potential treatment for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. However, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms of the immune reactions against allogeneic and xenogeneic transplanted islets remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that CD4(+) Valpha14 natural killer T (NKT) cells, a recently identified lymphoid cell lineage, are required for the acceptance of intrahepatic rat islet xenografts. An anti-CD4 mAb, administrated after transplantation, allowed islet xenografts to be accepted by C57BL/6 mice, with no need for immunosuppressive drugs. The dose of anti-CD4 mAb was critical, and the beneficial effect appeared to be associated with the reappearance of CD4(+) NKT cells at around 14 days after transplantation. Interestingly, rat islet xenografts were rejected, despite the anti-CD4 mAb treatment, in Valpha14 NKT cell-deficient mice, which exhibit the normal complement of conventional lymphoid cells; adoptive transfer of Valpha14 NKT cells into Valpha14 NKT cell-deficient mice restored the acceptance of rat islet xenografts. In addition, rat islet xenografts were accepted by Valpha14 NKT mice having only Valpha14 NKT cells and no other lymphoid cells. These results indicate that Valpha14 NKT cells play a crucial role in the acceptance of rat islet xenografts in mice treated with anti-CD4 antibody, probably by serving as immunosuppressive regulatory cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Further studies of psychophysically determined maximum acceptable weights and forces.

The effects of lifting boxes without handles, pulling long distances, carrying different size boxes, combining three handling tasks, and lifting with extended horizontal reach were studied using a psychophysical methodology. Six male industrial workers performed 42 variations of lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling, and carrying tasks. Lifting boxes without handles produced consistent decreases (median, 16%) in maximum acceptable weights when compared with lifting boxes with handles. Lifting with extended horizontal reach (approximately 48 cm) produced consistent decreases (median, 48%) in maximum acceptable weights when compared with lifting close to the body (approximately 17 cm). No significant heart rate or oxygen consumption differences occurred in either of these variables. No significant differences in maximum acceptable weight of carry were observed among box sizes; however, the maximum acceptable force of pulling was lower for longer (15.2 m) pulling tasks. The maximum acceptable weight for combination tasks was similar to that of the limiting component.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

For better or worse? Self-esteem and the contingencies of acceptance in marriage.

A longitudinal daily diary study examined the origins and consequences of perceiving a partner's acceptance and love as contingent on professional success. Both members of 154 couples completed a diary for 21 days. Multilevel analyses revealed that low self-esteem men and women felt more accepted and loved by their partner on days when their professional lives were marked by success, and low self-esteem women felt less accepted and loved on days when their professional lives were marked by failure. No such spillover effects between people's professional and relationship lives emerged for people high in chronic selfesteem. A 1-year longitudinal follow-up revealed that people who initially felt less accepted across days reported decreased satisfaction. Men also became especially distressed when their wives felt less accepted initially and (incorrectly) perceived their husbands' regard as contingent.

Achievement↗
PubMed2006

Acceptability of unsupervised HPV self-sampling using written instructions.

OBJECTIVES: The study measured the acceptability of self-sampling for human papillomavirus (HPV) testing in the context of cervical cancer screening. Women carried out self-sampling unsupervised, using a written instruction sheet. SETTING: Participants were women attending either a family planning clinic or a primary care trust for routine cervical screening. METHODS: Women (n = 902) carried out self-sampling for HPV testing and then a clinician did a routine cervical smear and HPV test. Immediately after having the two tests, participants completed a measure of acceptability for both tests, and answered questions about ease of using the instruction sheet and willingness to use self-sampling in the future. RESULTS: The majority of women found self-sampling more acceptable than the clinician-administered test, but there was a lack of confidence that the test had been done correctly. Significant demographic differences in attitudes were found, with married women having more favourable attitudes towards self-sampling than single women, and Asian women having more negative attitudes than women in other ethnic groups. Intention to use self-sampling in the future was very high across all demographic groups. CONCLUSION: Self-sampling for HPV testing was highly acceptable in this large and demographically diverse sample, and women were able to carry out the test alone, using simple written instructions. Consistent with previous studies, women were concerned about doing the test properly and this issue will need to be addressed if self-sampling is introduced. More work is needed to see whether the demographic differences we found are robust and to identify reasons for lower acceptability among single women and those from Asian background.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Classification of outcomes events in the Dutch TIA trial: prognostic value of accepted and rejected events.

OBJECTIVE: In large multicentre clinical trials adjudication of outcome events most often is done centrally. Some of these events would eventually be judged not to meet the criteria and hence would be rejected. If the classification procedures work correctly one would expect a higher risk of future vascular events after an 'accepted' rather than after a 'rejected event. In the present study we aimed at testing the adequacy of a classification procedure in a trial of patients with a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor ischemic stroke by comparing the further outcome between patients in whom a possible event was either rejected or accepted for the final analysis in this trial. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The vascular outcome events were analysed in 3150 patients with TIA or minor stroke who participated in the Dutch TIA trial. We identified the patients with a first 'accepted' or 'rejected' non-fatal stroke or myocardial infarction (MI). In these two groups of patients we determined the occurrence of the subsequent vascular events (vascular death, stroke or MI). The incidence was compared with survival analysis techniques. RESULTS: Among 308 patients with a first nonfatal 'accepted' event in 81 (26.3%) a new vascular event occurred; among the 51 patients with a 'rejected' event there were 12 (23.5%) such events. The hazard ratio for new vascular events was 1.22 (95% CI 0.67-2.22). After multivariate adjustment for age, type of qualifying event, history of smoking, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and Rankin score > or = 3, the hazard ratio was 1.49 (95% CI 0.78-2.84). CONCLUSION: our study suggested that the adjudication process of outcome events in the Dutch TIA trial was done correctly because a trend towards a higher recurrence rate of vascular events among patients with 'accepted' outcome events was found.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Social acceptability of treatments for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: There are no data on social acceptability of scoliosis. Aim. To elicit evidence-based opinions on therapeutic strategies for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in a sample of families with not affected children, so to understand the social perception of this issue. METHODS: Design. Cross-sectional study. Setting. Secondary schools in 4 northern Italian regions. Participants. Parents of children in the age group at risk of and not affected by scoliosis (Pre-test group = 100, Study group = 3,162). Interventions. Questionnaire: five specific and evidence-based questions regarding scoliosis treatment options and a socio-demographic section. Methodology. "Role-playing" in which it was required to normal people to answer what they would have chosen if they had been in the situation proposed. Main outcome measures. Perception of acceptability of treatments for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in the general population (social acceptability). RESULTS: The families support the use of screening (94.8%) at school, immediate bracing (76.4%) for scoliosis with a 60% risk of progression, but also therapeutic exercises (86.9%) in cases with a 25% risk of progression. CONCLUSION: There is a growing tendency to consider not only the efficacy, effectiveness and efficiency of treatments, but also their acceptability. This patient-centred aspect is especially more important in areas (like adolescent idiopathic scoliosis) in which there is some evidence on the efficacy of treatments, but not strong and definitive (RCTs). Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis treatments should thus be carefully considered also in the light of their social acceptability.

Journal Article↗