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PubMed1980

Diagnosis of urinary bladder dysfunction in diabetes mellitus.

During the past decade the ability to assess urinary bladder function in diabetes mellitus has improved considerably because of changed concepts of urinary bladder function, imporved methods for evaluation, and increased capability for treatment. Evaluation of patients with urinary bladder dysfunction and diabetes mellitus has shown that peripheral visceral afferent pathways are first affected, followed by detrusor reflex decompensation.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1999

Magnetic stimulation: a novel method for inducing evacuation of the neuropathic rectum and urinary bladder in a canine model.

OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of sacral magnetic stimulation (MS) on the neuropathic rectum and urinary bladder in dogs. It has been demonstrated in a canine model and in humans that sacral MS of both the empty and full rectum effected a significant increase in rectal and vesical pressures. Evacuation of the full rectum, as well as balloon expulsion, were achieved. METHODS: In 15 dogs, bilateral pelvic ganglionectomy was carried out, and rectal and vesical denervation was confirmed by bethanechol and atropine testing. Sacral MS of the empty and full rectum and urinary bladder were performed by means of a magnetic stimulator and coil. The electromyographic (EMG) response of the rectus abdominus muscles to sacral MS was recorded. RESULTS: After pelvic ganglionectomy, the rectal, vesical, anal, and urethral pressures revealed a significant decrease (all P <0.05). On sacral MS of the empty rectum and urinary bladder, rectal and vesical pressures increased (both P <0.001) and anal and urethral pressures did not change (both P >0.05). Atropine injection abolished the rectal and vesical response to sacral MS; bethanechol did not. During sacral MS, no EMG activity of the rectus abdominus muscles was recorded. Intermittent sacral MS of the full rectum and urinary bladder raised rectal and vesical pressures (both P <0.001) and effected evacuation. CONCLUSIONS: Sacral MS causes evacuation of the neuropathic rectum and urinary bladder in a canine model. The technique is simple, noninvasive, nonradiologic, and cost-effective and has no adverse effects. It is suggested that it be used for evacuation of the neuropathic rectum and urinary bladder in patients with spinal cord injury.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[A new method of measurement of the urinary bladder blood flow in patients with low compliant bladder].

Laser-doppler blood flowmetry, a new instrument for measurement of tissue blood flow, was used to evaluate the changes occurring in the bladder blood flow and the intravesical pressure during bladder distension in 4 patients with normal detrusor function, 4 patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction and one patient with non-neurogenic contracted bladder. In patients with normal detrusor function and normal compliance, the bladder blood flow relatively decreased, but the intravesical pressure was not affected by the bladder distension. On the other hand, the bladder distension in patients with low compliant bladder caused a significant decrease of the bladder blood flow and marked increase of the intravesical pressure. These observations suggest that the reduction of the bladder compliance is related to the decrease of the bladder blood flow. Furthermore, the bladder over distension and the high intravesical pressure in patients with low compliant bladder are thought to induce deterioration of bladder compliance and upper urinary tract.

Atrophy↗
PubMed1990

Muscarinic supersensitivity in the rat urinary bladder after capsaicin pretreatment.

The effects of capsaicin on urinary bladder function have been investigated in adult rats. Ten days after capsaicin treatment immunocytochemical investigations showed a nearly complete disappearance of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in all parts of the bladder. Recordings of micturition patterns and cytometrical investigations in conscious animals revealed no functional effects of capsaicin treatment. In-vitro experiments showed that the contractile response to substance P was similar before and after capsaicin treatment and CGRP exerted no contractile effects on the urinary bladder in either group of rats. The concentration-response curve to carbachol as well as the frequency-response curve to electrical stimulation were significantly shifted to the left in bladder muscle after capsaicin treatment. However, the maximal responses were similar in control and capsaicin-treated bladders. In the presence of scopolamine the maximal response to electrical stimulation was clearly lower in bladders subjected to capsaicin treatment than in controls. In conclusion, depletion of substance P and CGRP in the rat urinary bladder by capsaicin induced no supersensitivity to these peptides. However, the increased sensitivity to carbachol and to electrical stimulation seen after capsaicin treatment indicates the development of a supersensitivity to muscarinic receptor stimulation. Despite this supersensitivity in vitro no functional effects of capsaicin treatment were found in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Distribution of capsaicin-sensitive urinary bladder afferents in the rat spinal cord.

The capsaicin-sensitive afferent innervation of the urinary bladder and the central nervous system distribution of urinary bladder afferents have been studied in the rat. Capsaicin-sensitive primary sensory neurones supplying the urinary bladder have been found in two groups of spinal ganglia located in the Th13-L2 and L6-S1 segments. Capsaicin-sensitive primary sensory afferents from the bladder terminate within Rexed's laminae I, V and X, and in the dorsal gray commissure of the lumbosacral spinal cord. In addition, the results point to a possible vagal sensory innervation of the urinary bladder.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMedDate not supplied

H-ras immunohistochemical expression and molecular analysis of urinary bladder lesions in grazing adult cattle exposed to bracken fern.

Chronic ingestion of bracken fern (Pteridium spp.) by cattle produces upper alimentary tract and urinary bladder tumours causing a syndrome called bovine enzootic haematuria (BEH). Previous studies demonstrated ptaquiloside-DNA adducts and mutations in the h-ras gene in ileal epithelial cells of bracken fern-fed calves. Systematic inspection of the bladder mucosa of grazing cattle (n=126) from bracken-fern areas was carried out in a slaughterhouse. Of the 126 slaughterhouse cattle, 46 showed macroscopical lesions of the bladder. These bladders, together with six others known to have BEH, were examined histopathologically and by H-ras immunohistochemistry. Thirteen affected bladders were also examined by H-ras molecular analysis to detect mutations. Macroscopical and histological study of urinary bladder lesions found at the slaughterhouse revealed chronic cystitis (34.1%) and tumours (2.4%). There was significantly increased immunohistochemical expression of H-ras (P<0.05) in chronic cystitis (H-ras=53.24%) and bladder tumours (H-ras=63.60%) as compared with normal urinary bladders (H-ras=4.32%). A silent mutation (D38D) was detected in one animal with a mixed bladder tumour. The prevalence of urinary bladder lesions (chronic cystitis and tumours) obtained at the slaughterhouse was higher than expected. This study demonstrates that close inspection of urinary bladders of adult grazing cows is necessary to prevent possible human exposure to bracken-fern carcinogens. The absence of mutations in the codons of h-ras studied did not exclude the presence of polymorphisms in other regions of the gene (promoter or regulation sequences) or in other genes (belonging or not to the ras family) that significantly affect the H-ras protein.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Temperature measurement in intensive care patients: comparison of urinary bladder, oesophageal, rectal, axillary, and inguinal methods versus pulmonary artery core method.

OBJECTIVE: Comparisons of urinary bladder, oesophageal, rectal, axillary, and inguinal temperatures versus pulmonary artery temperature. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Intensive Care Unit of a University-Hospital. PATIENTS: Forty-two intensive care patients requiring a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC). INTERVENTION: Patients requiring PAC and without oesophageal, urinary bladder, and/or rectal disease or recent surgery were included in the study. Temperature was simultaneously monitored with PAC, urinary, oesophageal, and rectal electronic thermometers and with axillary and inguinal gallium-in-glass thermometers. Comparisons used a Bland and Altman method. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The pulmonary arterial temperature ranged from 33.7 degrees C to 40.2 degrees C. Urinary bladder temperature was assessed in the last 22 patients. A total of 529 temperature measurement comparisons were carried out (252 comparisons of esophageal, rectal, inguinal, axillary, and pulmonary artery temperature measurements in the first 20 patients, and 277 comparisons with overall methods in the last patients). Nine to 18 temperature measurement comparisons were carried out per patient (median = 13). The mean differences between pulmonary artery temperatures and those of the different methods studied were: oesophageal (0.11+/-0.30 degrees C), rectal (-0.07+/-0.40 degrees C), axillary (0.27+/-0.45 degrees C), inguinal (0.17+/-0.48 degrees C), urinary bladder (-0.21+/-0.20 degrees C). CONCLUSION: In critically ill patients, urinary bladder and oesophageal electronic thermometers are more reliable than the electronic rectal thermometer which is better than inguinal and axillary gallium-in-glass thermometers to measure core temperature.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Mapping of the urinary bladder: its impact on the concepts of bladder cancer.

The results of mapping of the urinary bladder are reported and discussed. It has been shown that Brunn's nests, cystitis cystica, and the vaginal type of squamous metaplasia are commonly found in normal bladders and thus cannot be considered as precancerous lesions. Mapping of cancerous bladders and related histologic and clinical observations strongly suggests that there are two distinct pathways in bladder neoplasia: the papillary pathway and the nonpapillary pathway. Papillary tumors with thin stalks must be considered as a focal expression of the proliferative potential of the urothelium. They are per se quite harmless but may be followed by other manifestations of neoplasia. Broad based papillary tumors, regardless of grade, may have "pushy borders," which extend into the lamina propria but rarely invade the muscularis. Nonpapillary flat lesions, notably atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ, appear to be the principal source of invasive and metastasizing bladder cancer. The presence of the flat lesions puts the patient at high risk for the development of invasive carcinoma. Methods of assessment of the cancerous bladder are suggested and discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Experimental reconstruction of the urinary bladder using atelocollagen sponge].

An experimental reconstruction of the urinary bladder using specially designed bovine cross linked atelocollagen sponge was performed after partial cystectomy in 12 male rabbits. Bladder reconstruction with hybrid type biomaterials using both atelocollage sponge and cultured autologous cells were performed in 5 rabbits (the 1st group). The autologous cells were collected from the mucosa and muscular layer of the urinary bladder and were seeded on the atelocollagen sponge before reconstruction. Reconstruction using atelocollagen sponge without autologous cells were performed in the other 7 rabbits (the 2nd group). In 9 of these 12 rabbits, atelocollagen sponge was successfully implanted in the native urinary bladder. Histopathological findings revealed that seeded autologous cells and growth of surrounding host cells could be seen similarly in the atelocollagen sponge but these could not be differentiated by these could not be differentiated by routine histopathological techniques. In conclusion, these results showed a possibility of construction of artificial urinary tract using both atelocollagen sponge and autologous cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Laparoscopic partial cystectomy for schwannoma of urinary bladder: case report.

Primary schwannomas of the urinary bladder are extremely rare. They arise from Schwann's cells in nerve sheaths and are often associated with von Recklinghausen's disease. In these cases, open partial cystectomy has been the choice of treatment. We performed laparoscopic partial cystectomy in a 35-year-old man who showed a 3.5-cm solid bladder mass on pelvic CT. The lesion was found to be a primary schwannoma of the urinary bladder without evidence of von Recklinghausen disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Cell proliferation induced by uracil-calculi and subsequent development of reversible papillomatosis in the rat urinary bladder.

The sequence of cellular alterations in urinary bladder epithelium associated with uracil-induced reversible urolithiasis was investigated in male F344 rats. Initial changes were submucosal edema with occasional mucosal erosion or ulceration which appeared on Day 2 of uracil administration. Simple hyperplasia of bladder epithelium was already evident at this time and calculus formation was noted as early as Day 4. Labeling indices in the bladder epithelium assessed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation were about 32% on Day 4 and then gradually decreased to 6% at Week 8 and 4% at Week 25 of chronic treatment. Histologically, a direct progression from simple hyperplasias, through papillary hyperplasias to papillomatosis, accomplished by Week 5, was evident. Dysplastic lesions were also apparent by Week 25. Topographically, papillomatosis was composed of marked interconnecting mucosal ridges of relatively uniform width. No polyp-like protrusions were present and the vascular pattern revealed by resin perfusion casting demonstrated that these mucosal lesions were supported by a uniform plexus of capillary vessels. After withdrawal of uracil from the diet the labeling index dropped dramatically to 0.002% after 1 week and urolithiasis and papillomatosis had disappeared by Weeks 2 and 3, respectively. The findings suggest that papillomatosis associated with uracil-calculi is a hyperplastic rather than a neoplastic response and that induction of putative neoplastic lesions is directly related to prolonged vigorous cell proliferation.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The urinary bladder angiotensin system: response to infusions of angiotensin I and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.

The circulating and urinary bladder tissue concentrations of angiotensin I (ANG I) and angiotensin II [ANG-(1-8)] were examined in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley male rats given an intravenous bolus infusion of either ANG I, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors enalaprilat or ramiprilat, or saline. The mean concentrations of ANG I and ANG-(1-8) were markedly higher in the urinary bladder tissue than in whole blood. There was a significant increase in the concentration of ANG I and ANG-(1-8), both in the urinary bladder tissue and the circulation, after the ANG I infusion. Both ACE inhibitors were associated with an increase in the concentration of whole blood ANG I; however, tissue ANG I levels were significantly increased only following ACE inhibition with ramiprilat but not with enalaprilat. Both plasma and urinary bladder tissue ANG-(1-8) levels decreased significantly following ACE inhibition, but only with ramiprilat. The elevated urinary bladder tissue levels of ANG I and ANG-(1-8) at baseline, compared with circulating levels, and the maintenance of ANG-(1-8) in bladder tissue in the face of inhibition of the circulatory renin-angiotensin system with enalaprilat support the presence of an autocrine/paracrine renin-angiotensin system in the urinary bladder. Under the current experimental conditions, ramiprilat appears to have enhanced bladder activity compared with enalaprilat.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1980

Innervation of the urinary bladder in higher primates.

Stimulating electrodes were placed on the terminal branches of the pelvic nerves to the urinary bladder and the pudendal nerve to the sphincters in seven Rhesus monkeys and two chimpanzees. The proximity of the electrodes to these structures assured organ specificity. Evoked responses produced by stimulation of these terminal nerve branches were recorded in the fascicles and rootlets of the lower thoracic, lumbar, and sacral nerve roots. During identical stimulating and recording conditions, the amplitude as well as presence or absence of the evoked responses recorded was variable within the various roots. The amplitude of the evoked responses or their absence depended on the number of fibers within a particular fascicle which conducted impulses to the urinary bladder or the urethral and anal sphincters. By this method, it was determined that there was segregation or compartmentalization of the nervous innervation to the urinary bladder and sphincters within the spinal roots. In addition, the segmental spinal cord origin of the innervation of the urinary bladder was determined for the Rhesus monkey and chimpanzee. In the Rhesus monkey, the pelvic nerves to the urinary bladder arose from the first and second sacral segments and to a much lesser extent from the seventh lumbar segment. In the chimpanzee, the sacral segments one to four gave rise to innervation of the urinary bladder.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1983

Effect of quercetin on two-stage carcinogenesis of the rat urinary bladder.

The initiating and promoting effects of quercetin on urinary bladder carcinogenesis in male F344 rats were examined histopathologically. No tumor or hyperplasia were observed in rats given 5.0% quercetin as initiator in the diet for 4 weeks followed by 0.001% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BHBN) for 29 weeks. Moreover, administration of 5.0% quercetin diet for 25 weeks after initiation with 0.01% BHBN for 4 weeks did not promote urinary bladder carcinogenesis. Furthermore, no lesions were detected in rats given 5.0% quercetin diet only. These results suggest that quercetin is not carcinogenic to rat urinary bladder.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

A non-nitrergic smooth muscle relaxant factor released from rat urinary bladder by muscarinic receptor stimulation.

PURPOSE: To study the possible release of a relaxant factor from isolated rat bladder tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thoracic aortae and urinary bladders were obtained from 55 female Sprague-Dawley rats. The bladder body was used in its original tubular shape as the donor tissue in a co-axial bioassay system, and the aorta served as acceptor tissue. RESULTS: In a co-axial bioassay system with endothelium-free, norepinephrine-contracted, rat aortic preparations mounted within urothelium-intact urinary bladder, carbachol caused a concentration-dependent relaxation, amounting to 64+/-7% (n = 10) of the induced contraction, suggesting release of a relaxing factor. The relaxant effect of carbachol was lost if the urinary bladder segment was removed. However, the relaxation was affected neither by removal of the urothelium, nor by bladder segment inversion. It was resistant to inhibition of the L-arginine/nitric oxide and cyclo-oxygenase pathways, and unaffected by beta-adrenoceptor blockade and K+ channel inhibition. The relaxation was not associated with any significant changes in the intracellular levels of cGMP or cAMP. CONCLUSION: A previously unrecognized non-adrenergic, non-nitrergic, non-prostanoid inhibitory mediator is released from the rat urinary bladder by muscarinic receptor stimulation. The physiological importance of such a factor remains to be established.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Paraffinoma in the urinary bladder: CT findings.

A case of a paraffinoma in the urinary bladder is presented. Plain radiography and intravenous urography showed a low attenuation filling defect in the urinary bladder, and CT demonstrated a lobulated fat-attenuation mass floating in the urinary bladder.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Effect of carboquone (esquinone) on the development of urinary bladder tumors in rats induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine].

The effect of carboquone (CQ) by intraperitoneal administration on the development of urinary bladder tumors in Wistar strain male rats induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN) was studied. Urinary bladder tumors were induced in 9 of 11 rats (81.8%) when they were given 0.05% BBN in drinking water for 8 weeks and then given water without BBN for 12 weeks. When CQ 0.25 mg/kg/day was administered intraperitoneally for 7 days after treatment with 0.05% BBN for 8 weeks, incidence of urinary bladder tumors was 19 of 26 rats (73.1%). When CQ 0.25 mg/kg/weekly was given for 12 weeks after treatment with BBN, incidence of urinary bladder tumors was 17 of 27 rats (63.0%). When CQ 0.5mg/kg. B.W./day was given for 7 days after treatment with BBN, tumors developed in the urinary bladder with low incidence as in 8 of 20 rats (40.0%) (P 0.1). When CQ 0.5mg/kg/weekly was given for 12 weeks after treatment of BBN, urinary bladder tumors were induced in 17 of 22 rats (77.3%). Hematotoxity was not observed in any animals treated with CQ. These results showed that CQ inhibited the development of urinary bladder tumors induced by BBN in rats.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Substance P and neurokinins as stimulants of the human isolated urinary bladder.

Neurokinins are active stimulants of the human isolated urinary bladder. In a preliminary study, performed on bladders taken from four donors, we attempted the characterization of neurokinin receptors. It was shown that neurokinin A is more active than neurokinin B and substance P. Neurokinin receptors selective agonists were also tested and it was found that the most active compound was the NK-A selective agonist, [Nle10]NKA 4-10: A substance P antagonist was able to reduce the effect of neurokinin A but its affinity was rather low. This suggests that the receptor mediating the contraction of the human urinary bladder to neurokinins is of the NK-A (NK2) type. The action of neurokinins on the human urinary bladder appears to be a direct one and mediated by specific receptors different from those of other agents. On the contrary, kinins were found to be active through a new mechanism which was not influenced by either anti-B1 or anti-B2 receptor antagonists.

Adult↗