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PubMed2006

A comparison of mean partialing and dual-hypothesis testing to evaluate stereotype effects when assessing profile similarity.

Assessing profile similarity is an important task in research and clinical practice, but conclusions about profile similarity may be confounded by stereotype effects that create artificially similar profiles. In this article, we review the impact of stereotype effects on profile similarity and a conventional approach to addressing this confound (i.e., mean partialing). We argue that a dual-hypothesis testing approach distinguishing the no-effect null hypothesis (i.e., is the observed similarity different from zero?) from the chance-effect null hypothesis (i.e., is the observed similarity different from chance given the distribution of profile elements?) can provide a more nuanced understanding of profile similarity. To compare results from these 2 perspectives, we analyzed data from 2 samples using within-persons correlations as indexes of similar profile shapes. Results indicated that a dual-hypothesis testing approach led to more conservative conclusions about profile similarity (i.e., fewer Type 1 errors) than mean partialing and may be especially valuable when dealing with moderate-sized stereotype effects. Both approaches led to identical conclusions when stereotype effects were largest. Conclusions emphasize the relative merits and limitations of the dual-hypothesis testing approach as well as potential future applications in the personality assessment domain.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Detecting complex patterns in interpersonal profiles.

The assessment of interpersonal problems has advanced in recent years with the development of new methods for analysing individual profiles. These new methods assume that each profile can be modelled by a mathematical function that reflects the person's single prevailing interpersonal theme. However, some profiles may contain more complex patterns, with two or more distinct themes. Such complexities in a person's interpersonal profile might be clinically important, perhaps reflecting an interpersonal style that is conflictual. In an effort to detect complex patterns, Fourier analysis was applied to profiles of 200 psychotherapy out-patients and 200 undergraduates, using the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems. Although many profiles did not clearly manifest a single prevailing interpersonal theme, having two distinct profile peaks, their apparent complexity generally resulted from measurement error. Systematically complex or conflictual patterns were rarely detectable. Profiles of interpersonal problems may contain complex patterns, but simple patterns reflecting the prevailing interpersonal theme are apt to be more clinically informative.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Photogrammetric assessment of the soft tissue profile in unilateral cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the soft tissue profile of children with unilateral cleft lip and palate from profile photographs and assess the reliability of this method. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. SETTING: A national study in the United Kingdom. SUBJECTS: Caucasian children born in the United Kingdom between April 1, 1982, and March 31, 1984, and aged between 12 and 14 years at data collection. A cleft side and noncleft side profile photograph was available for each of 175 children. METHOD: Seven angular measurements were made using Dentofacial Planner Plus software, and the profile appearance was rated by an expert panel. RESULTS: Reliability for repeated measurement of the same photograph was acceptable for all but li-sm(s)-pg(s) (labiomental fold). Similar levels of reliability were found when comparing measurements from the cleft side and non-cleft side photograph. Logistic regression showed that the variables nst-sn-ls (nasolabial angle), ss(s)-n(s)-pg(s) (maxillary prominence), and g(s)-prn-pg(s) (facial convexity) were associated with the profile score. CONCLUSIONS: Soft tissue profile analysis from photographs is reliable and robust under a range of conditions. Soft tissue profile measurements are associated with panel ratings of profile.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

First lactation ovarian function in dairy heifers in relation to prepubertal metabolic profiles.

The aim of this study was to determine whether any differences in the GH-IGF-I axis in juvenile calves were predictive of fertility problems as adult cows. Endogenous metabolic hormone profiles before and after feeding and the response to a GH-releasing factor (GRF) challenge were measured in prepubertal (6 month) dairy calves. These metabolic parameters were subsequently related to physical characteristics at puberty and to ovarian function during the first lactation. Milk progesterone analysis was used to categorize the animals into those with normal progesterone profiles following calving (n=17) and those that developed delayed ovulation (DOV1, n=9) or persistent corpus luteum (PCL1, n=6) profiles. There were associations between prepubertal GH parameters, glucose and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations and the body condition score at which the animals attained puberty. The calves which subsequently developed DOV1 profiles as cows tended to have a higher GH pulse amplitude during fasting than normal profile animals, they did not show the anticipated decrease in circulating glucose concentrations following a post-prandial rise in insulin and they also had the lowest IGF-I concentrations. The calves that later developed PCL1 had a significantly larger GH pulse amplitude and pulse area than normal profile animals in the fed period and had the highest IGF-I concentrations. There were no differences in prepubertal insulin or NEFA concentrations or in the GH response to a GRF challenge between the different progesterone profile categories. Plasma IGF-I concentrations in prepubertal animals were positively correlated with their post-calving concentrations, whereas glucose concentrations had a negative correlation between these time-periods. These results suggested that the different juvenile endocrine profiles of the DOV1 cows may predispose them to a higher rate of tIssue mobilization during lactation and a consequent reduction in fertility, while altered GH and IGF-I levels in PCL1 cows may later contribute to the maintenance of the persistent corpus luteum. Therefore metabolic differences in prepubertal calves were later reflected by altered reproductive function during the first lactation.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Assessment of radial and ulnar torsion profiles with cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging. A study of volunteers.

BACKGROUND: We determined whether the torsion profiles of the radius and ulna could be reliably assessed with cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging and whether these torsion profiles were comparable on the two sides of volunteers. METHODS: We assessed magnetic resonance imaging cross sections of the left and right forearms of twenty-four asymptomatic volunteers. The torsion profile of the ulna was defined as the angle formed between a line tangential to the volar cortical surface of the distal part of the humerus and a line connecting the center of the ulnar head and the center of the ulnar styloid. Use of paired proximal and distal landmarks resulted in five different methods of assessment of the radial torsion profile. Intrarater and interrater reliabilities and side-to-side variability were assessed. RESULTS: This method of assessment of the ulnar torsion profile had intraclass and interclass coefficients of 0.95 and 0.91, respectively. A method previously described by Bindra et al. had the best combined intrarater and interrater reliabilities for assessment of the radius. The mean differences between the right and left sides of the volunteers were the lowest with the use of these two methods; nevertheless, the maximum side-to-side difference was > 30 degrees with techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Torsion-profile assessment with cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging had high intrarater and interrater reliabilities. However, individual side-to-side variations in the radial and ulnar profiles are important considerations. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging is currently the only available method to quantify rotational malunion of the radius and ulna. Its low side-to-side reliability warrants comparison between the imaging results and the clinical findings. A side-to-side difference in the rotation profile may serve as a reason to perform an axial osteotomy when the results of the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging assessments are consistent with each other.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

A double absorption-phase model adequately describes mycophenolic acid plasma profiles in de novo renal transplant recipients given oral mycophenolate mofetil.

BACKGROUND: Mycophenolic acid (MPA) shows complex plasma concentration-time profiles, particularly in the immediate (first month) post-transplantation phase for which no relevant pharmacokinetic model has been proposed thus far. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a model to accurately describe the time profile of plasma MPA concentrations after oral administration of mycophenolate mofetil in adult kidney transplant patients, in any post-transplantation period. METHOD: Full interdose pharmacokinetic profiles were collected in 45 adult renal transplant patients who were orally administered mycophenolate mofetil and ciclosporin; 25 patients were de novo transplant patients for whom individual pharmacokinetics were assessed at three post-transplantation periods (days 3, 7 and 30) and 20 patients were stable transplant patients (>3 months post-transplantation). MPA was determined in plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Models combining a single- or double-input (described as single or double gamma distributions) with one- or two-compartments were developed using in-house software and fitted to the individual profiles by nonlinear regression. RESULTS: Visual inspection of the pharmacokinetic profiles showed highly variable absorption profiles and secondary peaks of various intensity. The pharmacokinetic models including a double gamma distribution best fitted these various profiles in the immediate post-transplantation period (mean bias and precision of -0.92% and 20.19%; -1.5% and 18.02%, on day 7 and day 30, respectively), while in the stable post-grafting phase (beyond 3 months), the single- and double-absorption models performed similarly (mean bias and precision of -3.37% and 17.64%; -3.12% and 18.44%, on day 7 and day 30, respectively). CONCLUSION: The proposed pharmacokinetic models adequately describe the concentration-time profiles of MPA in renal transplant patients and could be helpful in the development of tools for MPA monitoring.

Absorption↗

PubMed1993

MMPI-2 schizophrenia spectrum profiles among schizotypal college students and college students who seek psychological treatment.

The MMPI-2 schizophrenia spectrum profiles of 25 college students with extreme scores on the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation Scales were compared to those of 27 students who requested psychological treatment at a university psychology clinic. Moldin, Gottesman, and Erlenmeyer-Kimling's 1987 classification strategy for schizophrenia spectrum disorders identified 66% of the students who did not seek psychological treatment and had high scores on the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation Scales as having an 8-6, 8-9, or a 9-8 MMPI-2 profile. Of the students who requested psychological treatment, 25% produced MMPI-2 schizophrenia spectrum profiles. Of these, 63% produced a 2-7-8 code profile. Additional analyses showed that only some of the students who requested psychological treatment and produced a 2-7-8 MMPI-2 profile exhibited schizotypal features and that this group stayed in therapy longer than students without schizophrenia spectrum profiles. These results suggest that only a subset of the students with high scores on the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation Scales produce schizophrenia spectrum MMPI-2 profiles and that these profiles are substantially different from those produced by students with high scores on the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale and from schizotypal college students who seek psychological treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Analysis of pain behavior profiles and functional disability in outpatient physical therapy clinics.

STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive, ex post facto. OBJECTIVES: To determine the proportion of physical therapy outpatients with pain who exhibit various pain behavior profiles, and to determine whether there are differences in functional disability across the profiles. BACKGROUND: Physical therapists treat many patients who have chronic pain. Research suggests that early identification and multidisciplinary treatment are effective and economical for these patients. The Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) and the Pain Disability Index (PDI) are potential screening tools that could be used in physical therapy clinics to determine which patients should be referred for multidisciplinary treatment. METHODS AND MEASURES: MPI and PDI data were gathered on 57 physical therapy outpatients (mean age 44.3 +/- 14.5 years, 22 men and 35 women) with pain of 3 or more months duration. ANOVA was used to analyze differences in mean PDI scores across the MPI profiles. RESULTS: Of all patients, 42.1% fit the Adaptive Coper profile, 29.8% fit the Interpersonally Distressed profile, and 28.1% fit the Dysfunctional profile. There were significant differences in PDI scores among profile groups. Post hoc analysis showed that the PDI scores of the Adaptive Coper and Interpersonally Distressed groups were different from the Dysfunctional group, but that there was no difference between the Adaptive Coper and Interpersonally Distressed groups. CONCLUSIONS: Many patients in outpatient physical therapy settings exhibit behavioral, affective, and cognitive characteristics associated with chronic pain. Thirty-three patients (57.9%) had MPI profiles (interpersonally distressed and dysfunctional) that suggest they might benefit from multidisciplinary treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Prediction of soft tissue profiles in orthodontic surgery with the Dentofacial Planner.

Since the early 1990s, there have been continuous improvements in the software available for planning orthognathic surgery. This study investigates the precision of profile prediction by version 1.51 of the Dentofacial Planner (DFP). Orthognathic operations in 40 patients with different types of dysgnathia were evaluated. The preoperative and postoperative lateral cephalograms were analyzed in the DFP. The computer profiles were simulated on the basis of the skeletal alterations of the jaws observed postoperatively. The predicted soft tissue profiles were compared with the postoperative profile lines and evaluated statistically. The quality of the soft tissue prediction varied from one profile region to another. Significant differences were shown in various operation categories. Appreciable prediction errors were observed in the lip region. In particular, the upper lip revealed inadequate protrusion in bimaxillary operations. The smallest number of significant errors was found in single-jaw operations on the mandible. Significant features were not shown in the chin prediction profile, especially caudal to the superior labiomental furrow. The DFP version tested in the investigation shows some improvements in the convenience of the application compared to the previous versions. The profile prognosis is satisfactory, even in complicated bimaxillary operations. Results continue to be unsatisfactory in the lip profile prognosis. Further development of the software is necessary.

Computer Graphics↗

PubMed2002

Polychlorinated biphenyl source attribution in Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA, using multivariate similarity among congener profiles in sediment samples.

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener concentrations measured in 1,189 sediment samples from Green Bay (MI/WI, USA), Lake Michigan (MI/WI, USA), and the Fox River (WI, USA) were analyzed statistically to evaluate whether PCB congener profiles in outer Green Bay are more similar to those observed in inner Green Bay or Lake Michigan. Similarities among PCB profiles were assessed with complementary multivariate analysis techniques: Principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, and classification trees. The PCA indicated that profiles in outer Green Bay are distinct from those of inner Green Bay or Lake Michigan but are more similar to those of inner Green Bay. The outer bay profiles are dissimilar to profiles that would result from a simple process of mixing contaminated sediments from the inner bay with Lake Michigan sediments and, therefore, support the conclusion that contaminants in outer Green Bay come from discharges of the Fox River. Several classification trees based on small sets of congener proportions defined simple rules that consistently distinguished the regional profiles. Application of these rules to classify the outer bay samples suggests that the profiles of less than 7% of outer bay samples are similar to Lake Michigan profiles. These results are interpreted with respect to physical transport and chemical weathering processes that may account for the observed differences.

Environmental Monitoring↗

PubMed1992

Three-dimensional profiles for analysing protein sequence-structure relationships.

In the method of 3D (three-dimensional) profiles, each residue position in a protein is characterized by its environment and is represented by a row of 20 numbers in a table, the profile. These numbers are the statistical preferences (called 3D-1D scores) of each of the 20 amino acids for this environment. A profile is computed from the coordinates of a protein model, and it gives a score S for any amino acid sequence folded as the model. To date 3D profiles have found three applications. The first is to identify other protein sequences which are folded in the same general pattern as the structure from which the profile was prepared. These are sequences which have high scores for the profile computed from the model. The second is to assess the validity of protein models, however determined. Correct models are found to give profiles that have high scores for their own amino acid sequences, and incorrect models are found to have lower scores. The example of the X-ray structure determination of diphtheria toxin is discussed. The third application is to assess which is the stable oligomeric state of a folded protein. Several examples suggest that the highest profile score for a sequence is achieved when the protein is aggregated into its most stable oligomeric state.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1994

Modal profiles for the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery.

Modal Profile Analysis was used to cluster subjects on the clinical scales of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery, Form I (LNNB). The analysis produced 22 modal profile types, of which seven were replicated in multiple samples of subjects with single criterion diagnoses. Subjects who had been assigned to modal types according to their correlations with the modal profiles were more similar to the modal profile of their assigned groups than to other modal profiles. Assigned subjects were more likely to belong to their assigned group than to other groups and were more similar to other subjects who had been assigned to the same group than to subjects assigned to other groups. Eighty-two percent of subjects in the derivation sample were assigned empirically to a modal profile group; 77% of subjects in a cross-validation sample were assigned to a modal profile group. The discussion focuses on the potential research and clinical use of the modal LNNB profiles.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of antibiotic susceptibility tests, plasmid profiles and restriction enzyme analysis of plasmid DNA of methicillin susceptible and resistant-Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from intensive care units.

OBJECTIVE: To differentiate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains and detect the source of epidemic strains and prevent their access to patients. METHODS: All the procedures were carried out in the Department of Microbiology, Medical Faculty Hospital, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey from 1996-1998, and antibiotic susceptibility tests continued in the laboratory of King Fahad Hospital, Al-Baha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), from 2001-2004. A total of 81 S. aureus strains (71 MRSA, 10 MSSA) from Turkey were isolated from different sites of patients in Intensive Care Unit's (ICU's), evaluated by plasmid profile, Restriction Endonuclease Analysis of Plasmids (REAP), and antibiotic sensitivity tests. A total of 117 S. aureus strains (24 MRSA, 93 MSSA) from KSA were isolated from different sites of patients in ICU's, evaluated by antibiotic sensitivity tests as recommended by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). RESULTS: Seventy-one MRSA from Turkey were divided into 13 groups by antibiotic sensitivity tests and into 4 groups by plasmid profiles, in which 3rd and 4th groups subdivided into 2 subgroups, and into 5 groups by REAP. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 5th groups were subdivided into 2 subgroups. Ten MSSA were divided into 4 groups by antibiotic sensitivity tests, 3 in plasmid profiles and 2 in REAP tests. Twenty-four MRSA strains from KSA were divided into 9 groups by antibiotic sensitivity tests while 93 MSSA strains were divided into 7 groups. CONCLUSION: In respect to epidemiological survey, plasmids profiles and REAP seems to discriminate more respect to antibiotic sensitivity tests but at the same time neither of them were 100% accurately differential. According to the plasmid profile of the 3rd MSSA (Turkey) group, a multi-drug resistance by antibiotic susceptibility tests were noticed and showed the same plasmid profile in MRSA first subgroup of the 3rd group, but the same groups were different in REAP tests. In order to distinguish the discriminatory power of the strains, where REAP is better than plasmid profile and antibiotic sensitivity tests, we may formulate the statement into the following; REAP > plasmid profile > antibiotic sensitivity tests. For typing and gathering of epidemiological data, it is suggested that all 3 methods should be employed in clinical laboratories as they are cheap, practical and easily interpreted.

DNA, Bacterial↗

PubMed2005

Lipid profiles for antiretroviral-naive patients starting PI- and NNRTI-based therapy in the Swiss HIV cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Blood lipid abnormalities in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have been associated with exposure to protease inhibitors (PIs), particularly ritonavir. First therapy with a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) leads to relatively favourable lipid profiles. We report on medium-term lipid profiles (up to 5 years) for antiretroviral-naive patients starting NNRTI- and PI-based HAART in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. METHODS: Since April 2000, blood samples taken at visits scheduled every 6 months have been analysed for cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. For 1065 antiretroviral-naive patients starting HAART after April 2000, we estimated changes in concentration over time using multivariate linear regression with adjustment for baseline covariates, use of lipid-lowering drugs and whether the sample was taken in a fasting state. RESULTS: Non-high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels increase with increasing exposure to either PI- or NNRTI-based therapy, HDL cholesterol levels increase and triglyceride levels decrease with increasing exposure to NNRTI-based therapy, whereas triglyceride levels increase with increasing exposure to PI-based therapy. Between NNRTI-based therapies, there is a slight difference in triglyceride levels, which tend to increase with increasing exposure to efavirenz and to decrease with increasing exposure to nevirapine. Of the three common PI-based therapies, nelfinavir appears to have a relatively favourable lipid profile, with little change with increasing exposure. Of the other two PI therapies, lopinavir with ritonavir has a more favourable profile than indinavir with ritonavir, with smaller increases in both non-HDL cholesterol and triglycerides and an increase in HDL cholesterol. Increasing exposure to abacavir is associated with a decrease in the level of triglycerides. CONCLUSION: In general, NNRTI-based therapy is associated with a more favourable lipid profile than PI-based therapy, but different PI-based therapies are associated with very different lipid profiles. Nelfinavir appears to have a relatively favourable lipid profile. Of the two boosted PI therapies, lopinavir appears to have a more favourable lipid profile than indinavir.

Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Facial profile-esthetics and acceptance.

The human face influences and moulds one's personality and behaviour. The facial profile has become an important field of investigation by sculptors, artists, physiotherapists, orthodontists and maxillo-facial surgeons. The present study was conducted to understand the facial profile acceptance of 55 girls from silhouettee photographs judged by 3 orthodontists, 3 artists and 3 common men. To find out who appreciates the profile change the most, the chi-square test was applied to distribution of 3 professionally different groups for various occlusal categories. It was found that common bases for judging the profile do exist amongst the professionally different groups, however the public is more astute analyst of the face. Two profiles which got all acceptable votes were associated with malocclusion. Attempts were made to find out which areas on the facial outline alter the most between the acceptable and non-acceptable groups. It was concluded that the lip outline and the chin are chiefly responsible for profile acceptance while the nose alone, of its own, does not play important role. The only way by which the nose affects the facial profile is its relative position as compared to the position of the chin. Thus if the lip posture and the chin position can be corrected, a poor facial profile may be converted into a good and pleasing one.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

[The irrigraphic profile, an orienting element in the indications for lumbar sympathectomy].

A retrospective study of 108 case-reports of patients treated by lumbar sympathectomy was conducted to determine irrigraphic parameters possessing possible predictive value for the indication of sympathectomy. The value of the Index 6 (distal irrigation index) must be certainly taken into account; the Index 1 (proximal index) appears to be of interest when analyzing data with a view to sympathectomy in diffuse forms of arteritis. Three profile-types were distinguished; statistical analysis showed no significant difference in these profiles, with respect to the sympathectomy, in relation to the clinical results obtained. Irrigraphic modifications after sympathectomy were analyzed in 72 cases; results confirmed the improved efficacy of sympathectomy at Stage 2 than at Stages 3 and 4, but also showed that at Stage 2 the profile II appeared to react more favorably and that at Stages 3 and 4 the profile I appears to react less well than the other profiles. Also studied were patients with diabetes, who react less favorably to sympathectomy, patients who fail-to respond to sympathectomy, and those with worsening of irrigraphic profiles after sympathectomy, mainly in diabetics with profile I. These findings show that it is not possible to define a precise irrigraphic profile more favorable to sympathectomy, but that they provide interesting elements to be confronted with clinical and arteriographic data when deciding on the need for sympathectomy.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Fine structure of vesiculated nerve profiles in the human lumbar facet joint.

The ultrastructural features of vesiculated nerve profiles were examined within a perivascular plexus of unmyelinated nerve fibres around small arteries and arterioles in the posterior facet joint capsule. Such profiles were exclusively observed in the dense fibrous layer and the adjacent part of the subintimal layer. The ligamentum flavum lacked any type of innervation. The vesiculated nerve profiles were tentatively classified on the basis of the fine structural appearances of their vesicular content. Two major types of nerve profiles could readily be distinguished in the capsular tissue. Both displayed a variable number of mitochondria, neurotubules and neurofilaments. The first type, containing predominantly small vesicles with an electron-dense granule or core, was frequently encountered and considered to be adrenergic in function. Profiles similar in morphology were also observed in the synovial plical tissue. A second type of profile, found in the joint capsule, contained varying proportions of small agranular (clear) vesicles and mitochondria. Some of these profiles exhibited an accumulation of mitochondria and were considered to be sensory in function. Nerve profiles filled with predominantly small flattened vesicles were occasionally encountered.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Determination of Interfacial Tension from the Profile of a Pendant Drop Using Computer-Aided Image Processing

A method of profile optimization for determining the surface and interfacial tension (IFT) of liquid-fluid systems from the profile of a pendant drop is described. A new, versatile routine for estimating the drop shape parameter is introduced. The factors that affect the available accuracy of the method have been analyzed using theoretical simulations. It was found that the tilt of the drop profiles may lead to large errors in the resultant IFT values if the tilt was not corrected before or during the optimization procedure. This effect could be reduced drastically if a profile were averaged between its two sides and the mean profile were used for optimization. The aspect ratio of a drop image (or profile) can be determined reliably by considering it one of the parameters to be optimized. The dependence of the error in the resultant IFT value on the error in the aspect ratio was found to be highly sensitive to drop shape. The available accuracy of IFT determination using this method depends strongly on the precision of the determination of the drop profiles. After error analysis using theoretical simulations a 95% confidence interval of ca. 0.05 and 0.12% was estimated for this method for the profiles determined with maximum statistical error of 3.5 and 7.0 μm, respectively.

Journal Article↗