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PubMed1997

Cholinergic innervation of the song control nuclei by the ventral paleostriatum in the zebra finch: a double-labeling study with retrograde fluorescent tracers and choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry.

During the sensitive period of song learning, the content of acetylcholine and the enzyme activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) increase remarkably in the song control nuclei of a young male zebra finch. Cholinergic fibers innervate the two main song control nuclei of the forebrain: the higher vocal center (HVC) and the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA). The present study combines the retrograde tracer, Fluoro-Red (FRe), with ChAT immunohistochemistry. The results indicate that the cholinergic fibers which innervate the RA and HVC originate from the ventral paleostriatum (VP) in the basal forebrain, and that there is an anterior-posterior topography in the location of the cholinergic neurons in the VP that project to the HVC and RA, although there are a few neurons which project to both nuclei. These findings suggest that the VP is homologous to the nucleus basalis of Meynert of the basal forebrain cholinergic system of mammals which is associated with learning and memory processes, and that the cholinergic neurons in the VP play an important role in avian song learning.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

An immunohistochemical method for the detection of proteins in the vertebrate lens.

Fluorescence immunohistochemistry has traditionally been difficult or impossible to perform on the vertebrate lens because of its extremely high protein content. Described here is a robust and rapid method for preparing and labeling vertebrate eyes for confocal microscopy. This technique has successfully been applied to localize proteins in the lens epithelium and capsule, as well as the primary and secondary fibers. This technique preserves tissue morphology and coupled with double and triple labeling, has allowed localization of proteins bound to plasma membrane, basement membrane, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum as well as sub-nuclear compartments. In addition, the present technique has proven useful for fluorescent immunohistochemical analysis of diverse tissues including whole embryos, adult muscle, pancreas, and liver. This procedure allowed us to successfully localize a wide variety of antigens on diverse vertebrate tissues including the more challenging vertebrate lens.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Subtotal reconstruction of the nasal septum using a conchal reshaped graft.

The caudalmost section of the cartilaginous nasal septum performs the important function of supporting the middle and lower third of the nose. Its absence leads inevitably to deformation of the nasal pyramid and collapse of the internal nasal valve. The most frequent causes of its loss are iatrogenic and traumatic, and the mucoperichondrial lining remains intact in most cases. A graft of conchal cartilage constitutes the preferred method of reconstruction due to the capacity of the transplanted tissue to acquire characteristics of shape, elasticity, and strength closely resembling those of the original tissue to be replaced. The auricular concha differs in anatomic shape from the nasal septum and tends, when deformed, to return to its initial appearance due to cartilaginous memory. The auricular cartilage is also less robust than the quadrangular. The paper describes a surgical technique for reshaping of the conchal cartilage that makes it possible to obtain a practically straight conchal graft that will retain its stability over time with no risk of subsequent modification. The technique involves a double figure-of-8 suture together with incisions on the concave side of the graft for straightening purposes. The simultaneous use of 2 spreader grafts taken from and attached to the concha itself helps to maintain straightness and reinforce the structure. The graft is then placed in position via open access and secured between the 2 mucoperichondrial flaps after these have been carefully detached. The tissue and technique used make it possible to restore the original condition in anatomic and physiological terms, eliminating the esthetic impairment and regaining respiratory functionality.

Ear Cartilage↗

PubMed2004

HPTLC method for guggulsterone. I. Quantitative determination of E- and Z-guggulsterone in herbal extract and pharmaceutical dosage form.

A sensitive, selective, precise and robust high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method of analysis of E and Z stereoisomers of guggulsterone (the hypolipidemic agent in the gum-resin exudates of Commiphora mukul) both as a bulk drug and in formulations was developed and validated. The method employed TLC aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60F-254 as the stationary phase. The solvent system consisted of toluene-acetone (9:1, v/v). Densitometric analysis of guggulsterone was carried out in the absorbance mode at 250 nm. This system was found to give compact spots for E- and Z-guggulsterone (Rf value of 0.38 +/- 0.02 and 0.46 +/- 0.02, respectively) following double development of chromatoplates with the same mobile phase. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots for E- and Z-guggulsterone showed good linear relationship with r2 = 0.9977 +/- 0.054 and 0.9975 +/- 0.068, respectively, in the concentration range of 100-6000 ng/spot. The mean value of slope and intercept were 0.11 +/- 0.006 and 0.11 +/- 0.005, 14.26 +/- 0.56 and 10.92 +/- 0.76, respectively, for E- and Z-guggulsterone. The method was validated for precision, robustness and recovery. The limit of detection and quantitation were 12, 10 and 24, 20 ng/spot, respectively, for E- and Z-guggulsterone. Statistical analysis proves that the method is repeatable and selective for the estimation of the said drug. Since the proposed mobile phase effectively resolves the E- and Z-isomers of guggulsterone, this HPTLC method can be applied for identification and quantitation of these isomers in herbal extracts and pharmaceutical dosage form.

Calibration↗

PubMed2005

Double-wavelength technique for surface plasmon resonance measurements: basic concept and applications for single sensors and two-dimensional sensor arrays.

A new technique for on-line monitoring of analyte binding to sensor surfaces by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) detection is described. It is based on differential measurements using two wavelengths provided by two diode lasers. The technique is as simple and robust as the conventional SPR detection measuring the reflected radiation at fixed incidence angle, but it has the advantage of being nonsensitive to variations of the resonance width and providing essentially higher signal/noise ratios. The paper presents the first four channel prototype system for parallel 2D-monitoring at four different spots. One channel is always used as a reference to compensate temperature fluctuations and nonspecific adsorptions. Calibration with sucrose solutions revealed an absolute sensitivity of Deltan approximately 5 x 10(-6). The new technique is tested with a biotin-streptavidin binding and with hybridization/denaturation of DNA. Biotin binding to a streptavidin monolayer is detected with a signal/noise ratio of about 5, which demonstrates the high potential of the new technique for applications in drug discovery. Applications to gene analysis are tested with short oligonucleotides of the sequences used for genotyping human hepatitis C viruses. A selective response to complementary oligonucleotides is observed. The high reproducibility in subsequent cycles of hybridization/denaturation (by formamide or by heating) points out potential applications of the technique in medical diagnostics, food industry, genomics, and proteomics too.

Biosensing Techniques↗

PubMed1992

Fluoxetine in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. A multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Fluoxetine Bulimia Nervosa Collaborative Study Group.

Bulimia nervosa represents a serious public health problem in the United States. We performed an 8-week, double-blind trial comparing fluoxetine hydrochloride (60 and 20 mg/d) with placebo in 387 bulimic women treated on an outpatient basis. Fluoxetine at 60 mg/d proved superior to placebo in decreasing the frequency of weekly binge-eating and vomiting episodes at end point. Fluoxetine at 20 mg/d produced an effect between that of the 60-mg/d dosage and that of placebo. Depression, carbohydrate craving, and pathologic eating attitudes and behaviors also improved significantly with fluoxetine, with the higher dosage again showing a more robust effect than the lower dosage. Several adverse events (ie, insomnia, nausea, asthenia, and tremor) occurred significantly more frequently with fluoxetine (60 or 20 mg/d) than with placebo. However, there was no statistically significant difference among treatment groups in the proportion of patients discontinuing the study because of adverse events.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

A small viral protein suppresses immune amplification by two distinct mechanisms.

Diverse viral suppressors of RNA interference (RNAi) and RNA silencing (VSRs) interact directly with core protein and/or RNA components of the host RNAi pathway. However, the specific counter-defense function of any VSR biochemical activity is fully validated only when it is shown as essential for viral infection in the wild-type but not mutant hosts defective in antiviral RNAi. Here, we investigated the role of VSR activities for direct binding to small-interfering RNA duplexes (siRNA), long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), or RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 (RDR1) during plant infection by wild-type and mutant cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), a positive-strand RNA virus expressing the 110-residue 2b protein as its VSR. We demonstrate that a C-terminally truncated 2b mutant (2b1-93) active in direct binding to siRNA and dsRNA, but not RDR1, was able to suppress the amplification of virus-derived siRNAs (vsiRNA) and antiviral RNAi mediated by RDR6, but not RDR1. By contrast, an N-terminally truncated 2b mutant (2b18-110) inactive in direct binding to siRNA or dsRNA was able to suppress vsiRNA amplification and antiviral RNAi mediated by RDR1, but not RDR6, and was less effective to promote systemic CMV infection and disease development than 2b1-93. Together, our results show that whereas RDR1 suppression requires direct binding of VSR-2b to RDR1, but not siRNA or dsRNA, RDR6 suppression depends on direct binding to siRNA and dsRNA, but not RDR1. Therefore, CMV, through its VSR-2b, suppresses two parallel vsiRNA amplification pathways by distinct molecular mechanisms, and this unique property may account for the unusually wide host range of CMV.IMPORTANCEHost amplification of antiviral immunity is essential for robust control of viral infections. However, little is known about the mechanisms that viruses have evolved to suppress immune amplification in plants. Here, we characterized whole plant infection by cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) with its viral suppressor of RNA interference (RNAi) mutated to become inactive in direct binding to small-interfering RNA duplexes (siRNA), long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), or RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 (RDR1). We demonstrate maximal suppression of both RDR1- and RDR6-mediated antiviral RNAi amplification by the CMV 2b protein, a viral suppressor of RNAi (VSR). Notably, whereas RDR1 suppression requires direct binding of 2b to RDR1 but not siRNA or dsRNA, RDR6 suppression depends on direct binding to siRNA and dsRNA, but not RDR1. Our findings reveal a novel counter-defense strategy evolved by a wide host range positive-strand RNA virus to suppress two pathways of immune amplification by distinct mechanisms.

Cucumovirus↗

PubMed2006

Single dose glucagon (0.5 mg IV bolus) administration in healthy human volunteers is a robust model for assessment of glycogenolysis: characterisation of the glucose excursion after glucagon challenge.

INTRODUCTION: In the assessment of potential new treatments for Type 2 diabetes, robust pharmacological methods are helpful in assessing efficacy, defining dose response, duration of effect and ultimately in deciding whether to progress compounds to the next phase of drug development. Hepatic glucose handling is abnormal in Type 2 diabetes. We evaluated glucagon challenge as a way of assessing effects on the glycogenolytic pathway. METHODS: In each of 2 studies healthy subjects received glucagon as an IV bolus of 0.5 mg studied after an overnight fast and plasma glucose was monitored before and for 180 min after glucagon challenge. Study 1 was a double-blind placebo controlled study comparing glucagon administered twice with saline placebo. In study 2, subjects were studied on a single occasion and the glucagon challenge was carried out in the morning and then repeated 7 h later. In study 2, insulin concentrations were also monitored before and after the glucagon challenge. RESULTS: In study 1, glucose rose in a reproducible manner with a peak glucose 20 min after challenge falling to baseline values by 120 min and then fell below values for saline challenge between 120 and 180 min. Analysis of the data showed that the corrected AUC(0-20) min was the most robust variable and could be expected to detect clinically relevant changes in small numbers (<10) of subjects. In study 2, we demonstrated that when glucagon challenge was repeated 7 h after the first challenge, the glucose excursion was highly variable. The plasma insulin response was robust following the initial challenge but variable following the second challenge. DISCUSSION: We have demonstrated that an IV bolus glucagon challenge (0.5 mg) results in a reproducible rise in glucose in healthy volunteers and can be repeated within a week but when repeated on the same day gave a poorly reproducible rise in glucose. Glucagon challenge may be useful in studying novel drugs that affect glycogen handling in the liver.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A double-label technique that monitors sulfur mustard damage to nuclei and mitochondria of normal human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro.

Sulfur mustard and 2-chloro ethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES, a sulfur mustard analog) is known to have immediate (minutes), long-term (hours to days), and toxic effects on human skin. Research was directed toward developing a single in vitro assay that might reflect both these short-term and long-term effects of this vesicating agent on normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) in vitro. Such an assay system would be useful in identifying and developing sulfur mustard therapeutic agents. NHEK were exposed to the monofunctional sulfur mustard analog 2-chloro ethyl ethyl sulfide for a variety of times. The effects of CEES on NHEK nuclei were assessed using the membrane-permeable SYTO nuclear stains, whereas the effects of CEES on NHEK metabolism were determined by using the nontoxic mitochondria dye Alamar blue. CEES enhanced SYTO binding in a concentration-dependent manner to the nucleus immediately subsequent to a 2-hr exposure, whereas CEES had relatively little effect on metabolic activity at this time. Fifteen to 36 hr subsequent to CEES exposure, however, Alamar blue revealed a robust, sulfur mustard-dependent effect on mitochondrial activity. To determine if both these indicator dyes could be used simultaneously, NHEK were exposed to CEES and stained with the SYTO nuclear stain 2 hr subsequent to exposure. This procedure was followed by assay of the same cell cultures with Alamar blue at 36 hr subsequent to initial CEES exposure. The data indicate that this nuclear/mitochondrial double-label technique can be used to monitor the short- and long-term effects of sulfur mustard on the same culture of NHEK.

Cell Nucleus↗

PubMed2006

Anterior cruciate ligament revision: double-bundle augmentation of primary vertical graft.

A variety of factors contribute to the failure of primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction; most commonly, it is technical error related to tunnel placement. Recently, the increasing popularity of the all-endoscopic ACL reconstruction and concern about graft impingement may have led to more posterior placement of the tibial tunnel by surgeons. Working through a tibial tunnel placed too posterior makes it more difficult to recognize the correct starting position on the femur, and more likely to start the femoral tunnel in a central 12 o'clock position. The combination of subtle posterior placement of the tibial tunnel and central placement of the femoral tunnel results in a graft that is malpositioned in both the sagittal and coronal planes--a "vertical graft." We present a novel method of ACL revision surgery applicable to a specific subset of ACL revision patients with an intact "vertical graft" and instability that is rotational more than translational. In these patients, a double-bundle revision ACL augmentation technique can be used, leaving the original graft in place. A new tibial tunnel is placed anterior to the original and a new femoral tunnel lateral to the original. Reconstruction is performed with allograft and the combined ACL construct provides robust translational and rotational stability to the tibiofemoral joint.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament↗

PubMed2004

Establishment and characterization of a goat synovial membrane cell line susceptible to small ruminant lentivirus infection.

Primary goat synovial membrane (GSM) cells are widely used to study small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), i.e. maedi visna virus (MVV) and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV), but their limited life-span of 15-20 passages in vitro is problematic. Here, we report that ectopic expression of the catalytic subunit of human telomerase (hTERT) was sufficient to immortalize primary GSM cells. Cultures of hTERT-transfected GSM cells have been passaged for 2 years without showing any phenotypic difference from the original primary GSM cells. The hTERT-transfected cells continued to grow beyond a population doubling number of 250, while no net telomere lengthening was observed for these cells. Moreover, the immortalized GSM cells were susceptible to infection by both CAEV and MVV and were able to propagate theses viruses. Such cell line provides a useful source of standard and robust cells for both research and veterinary purposes.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Subpopulations of neurons in rat substantia nigra display GABA(B)R2 receptor immunoreactivity.

A functional gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor is the first metabotropic receptor known to be composed of two heteromeric subunits, GABA(B)R1 and GABA(B)R2. Our previous report [Neuroscience 99 (2000) 65] has demonstrated that subpopulations of neurons in the rat substantia nigra display distinct patterns of distribution of GABA(B)R1 receptor immunoreactivity. A robust level of GABA(B)R1 receptor is only found in the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The objective of the present study was to determine the precise cellular localization of GABA(B)R2 subunit in the rat substantia nigra using double immunofluorescence. Neuropilar elements in the SNc and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) were found to display GABA(B)R2 immunoreactivity. In addition, the tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive dopaminergic neurons and the parvalbumin-immunoreactive GABAergic neurons in the SNr were also found to display GABA(B)R2 immunoreactivity. The present results thus demonstrate that a functional GABA(B) receptor may be expressed by the dopaminergic neurons in the SNc. It is less clear whether neurons in the SNr express a functional GABA(B) receptor. The present findings have important functional implications in GABA neurotransmission in the substantia nigra.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

The complementarity of teen smoking and drinking.

Teen drinkers are over twice as likely as abstainers to smoke cigarettes. This empirical study provides evidence of a robust complementarity between these health behaviors by exploiting the "cross-price" effects. The results indicate that the movement away from minimum legal drinking ages of 18 reduced teen smoking participation by 3 to 5%. The corresponding instrumental variable estimates suggest that teen drinking roughly doubles the mean probability of smoking participation. Similarly, higher cigarette taxes and reductions in teen smoking are associated with a lower prevalence of teen drinking. However, the results which rely on cigarette taxes for identification are estimated imprecisely.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

FGFR-related gene nou-darake restricts brain tissues to the head region of planarians.

The study of planarian regeneration may help us to understand how we can rebuild organs and tissues after injury, disease or ageing. The robust regenerative abilities of planarians are based upon a population of totipotent stem cells (neoblasts), and among the organs regenerated by these animals is a well-organized central nervous system. In recent years, methodologies such as whole-mount in situ hybridizations and double-stranded RNA have been extended to planarians with the aim of unravelling the molecular basis of their regenerative capacities. Here we report the identification and characterization of nou-darake (ndk), a gene encoding a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-like molecule specifically expressed in the head region of the planarian Dugesia japonica. Loss of function of ndk by RNA interference results in the induction of ectopic brain tissues throughout the body. This ectopic brain formation was suppressed by inhibition of two planarian FGFR homologues (FGFR1 and FGFR2). Additionally, ndk inhibits FGF signalling in Xenopus embryos. The data suggest that ndk may modulate FGF signalling in stem cells to restrict brain tissues to the head region of planarians.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1988

Effects of transcutaneous scopolamine and depth on diver performance.

Transdermal scopolamine is an effective anti-motion-sickness medication that has less CNS side effects at normal ambient pressure than orally ingested agents. To see whether it has an effect on performance at depth, 24 healthy sport divers were exposed to depths equivalent to 5 m (1.5 ATA) and 36 m (4.8 ATA) in a dry recompression chamber, breathing air and wearing a skin patch containing either scopolamine or inactive placebo. Patches and dive depths were presented in a counterbalanced, double-blind experimental design. Tests of sentence comprehension, simple arithmetic, and manual dexterity were used to evaluate psychometric and cognitive performance. Drug side effects were recorded. The Bennett Hand Tool Dexterity Test was evaluated for its suitability for repeated measures testing, and found to be robust. Manual dexterity and sentence comprehension were significantly impaired at depth whereas arithmetic skills were not. No significant effects on diver performance from transdermal scopolamine were seen. Certain side effects such as blurred vision were more common with scopolamine than with placebo. The use of transdermal scopolamine as an antiemetic during diving operations deserves field evaluation.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed2000

A controlled study of nortriptyline in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVES: To study the efficacy and tolerability of nortriptyline (NT) in the treatment of pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODOLOGY: Subjects were outpatient children and adolescents with ADHD ascertained from clinical referrals. Subjects were enrolled in a 6-week open study in which NT was titrated to 2 mg/kg/day as tolerated over 2 weeks. Using either a 30 % reduction in the ADHD rating scale or a score of 1 or 2 on the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale for ADHD improvement, responders to treatment were then randomized into a 3-week, controlled discontinuation phase. During this phase, subjects either continued on their current dose of NT or were tapered to placebo under double-blind conditions. Subjects were monitored for symptoms of ADHD, oppositionality, anxiety, and depression. RESULTS: Of the 35 subjects enrolled in the study, 32 completed the open phase and 23 completed the discontinuation phase. The mean dose of NT was 80 mg (1.8 mg/kg/day), resulting in a serum level of 81 ng/ml. At the conclusion of the open 6-week study, NT was related to a significant reduction in ADHD (p < 0.001) and oppositional symptoms (p < 0.001). At the conclusion of the discontinuation phase, the 12 subjects randomized to NT had significantly lower scores on the DSM-IV ADHD symptom checklist than those 11 subjects randomized to placebo (31 versus 21; t = 2.2; p < 0.04). No significant adverse events were observed, and children were noted to have weight gain during the trial. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that NT is effective in reducing symptoms not only of ADHD but also of oppositionality. This group of children and adolescents tolerated robust dosing of NT well, with few clinical or cardiovascular adverse events.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults.

A history of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mandatory prerequisite for the diagnosis of adult type ADHD, for which no DSM criteria exists. Since the diagnosis must be made retroactively, tentative criteria have been designed to establish the presence of the childhood disorder. In the 1970s, I advanced the hypothesis that "minimal brain dysfunction" (as ADHD was called) might be produced by decreased catecholaminergic function. A total of over 300 ADHD patients have been included in treatment studies, including 224 patients who received stimulants in four double-blind, placebo-controlled trials: three of methylphenidate (N = 176) and one of pemoline (N = 48). An additional 79 patients have been included in open-label trials of pargyline, selegiline, bupropion, levodopa, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. Altogether, these studies have demonstrated the efficacy of methylphenidate, pemoline, and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitors when administered to adult ADHD patients; a robust response was produced in 60% of the patients. Bupropion and selegiline were effective in the open-label studies and should be systematically evaluated. A long-term study is being conducted with methylphenidate maintenance; patients have been followed for as long as 5 years, and little, if any, drug tolerance has been observed. Treatment of adult patients who have ADHD is symptomatic, not curative, but the combination of medication and psychotherapy may offer life-changing opportunities to individuals who suffer from the disorder.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Testosterone supplementation of megestrol therapy does not enhance lean tissue accrual in men with human immunodeficiency virus-associated weight loss: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial.

CONTEXT: Reduced energy intake is a primary factor in HIV-associated wasting. Megestrol acetate (MA) stimulates appetite and weight gain. However, much of the weight gained is fat, possibly as a result of MA-induced hypogonadism. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine whether coadministration of testosterone with MA could enhance lean body mass (LBM) accrual and evaluate the effects of MA, alone or combined with testosterone, on sexual functioning and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. DESIGN: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. SETTING: Fourteen AIDS Clinical Trials Units in the United States participated in the study. SUBJECTS: Seventy-nine HIV-positive men with 5% or more weight loss or body mass index less than 20 kg/m2 took part in the study. INTERVENTION: Subjects were randomized to receive MA (800 mg daily) plus testosterone enanthate (200 mg; MA/TE; n = 41) or placebo (MA/PL; n = 38) biweekly for 12 wk. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Weight, body composition (bioelectric impedance analysis), adrenal and gonadal hormones, and sexual functioning (questionnaire) were measured. RESULTS: Both groups experienced robust increases in weight (median 5.3 and 7.3 kg in MA/TE and MA/PL, respectively), LBM (3.3 and 3.3 kg), and fat (3.0 and 3.8 kg). There were no significant differences between groups in the magnitude or composition of weight gain (P = 0.44, 0.90, and 0.11 for weight, LBM, and fat, respectively). Trough testosterone concentrations decreased to a greater extent in MA/PL (-12.3 vs. -6.1 nmol/liter in MA/TE; P = 0.04). Cortisol levels became nearly undetectable in subjects with plasma MA levels greater than 150 ng/ml. Sexual functioning was preserved with MA/TE but worsened in MA/PL. CONCLUSIONS: MA produced robust weight gain. Coadministration of testosterone preserved sexual functioning but did not enhance LBM accrual.

Adult↗