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PubMed2004

Personal and social bases of children's self-concepts about physical movement.

This project examined the personal and social bases of children's self-concepts about physical movement. Children completed the Movement Assessment Battery, ASK-KIDS self-concept inventory, personal and social self-categorizations. Participants were girls and boys from 5 to 12 years old. Study 1 (N=242) confirmed that the ASK-KIDS self-concept inventory could be extended to physical movement for younger and older girls and boys. In Study 2 (N=42), self-concepts about movement were not necessarily associated with actual performance and personal self-categorizations about oneself as a 'bookish' or 'sporty' person. In contrast, self-concepts about physical movement were associated with social self-categorizations regarding age and sex. Study 3 (N=70) confirmed the social basis of children's self-concepts about movement. Self-concepts about physical movement were associated with children's sense of belonging and not with a sense of individuality. The findings have implications for the design of programs that motivate children to participate in physical activities.

Attitude↗
PubMed1990

Academic self-concept as a predictor of achievement for a sample of elementary school students.

This study examined the relationship of academic self-concept scores of 122 children with their achievement in Grade 6 as compared to general self-concept and locus of control. Academic self-concept correlated significantly higher with teachers' grades and standardized measures of achievement than either general self-concept or locus of control. A multiple regression analysis also confirmed the potential usefulness of academic self-concept for predicting students' achievement. Academic self-concept may be a more useful construct in helping understand students' achievement than frequently administered measures of general self-concept.

Achievement↗
PubMed1992

Correlates of self-care among the independent elderly: self-concept affects well-being.

There was a significant positive correlation between self-care and self-concept, suggesting that psychosocial interventions that enhance an older person's self-concept may be expected to improve self-care and, conversely, that participation in self-care activities may be expected to strengthen self-concept. Although functional health status was not significantly correlated with self-care, it was related to self-concept, suggesting either that functional health has a role in maintaining self-concept among older persons or that self-concept positively contributes to functional health status. Self-concept and self-care can be enhanced in older persons by communicating respect and demonstrating caring behaviors, reinforcing health-promoting behaviors, encouraging activities of daily living that contribute to independence, and by avoiding a focus on self-care deficits.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

A comparison of role conceptions and role deprivation of baccalaureate students in nursing participating in a preceptorship or a traditional clinical program.

In this study, the professional and bureaucratic role conceptions and role deprivation of students participating in a preceptorship program were compared to those in a traditional faculty-supervised clinical group. The role conceptions and role deprivation of nursing faculty and preceptors were also examined. One hundred eighteen students in a two-year upper division baccalaureate program participated in this study. The Corwin Nursing Role Conception tool was administered. Results indicated no differences in role conceptions or role deprivation in students participating in the preceptorship program and those who did not. There were no differences in the developmental pattern of role conception and role deprivation during two years of nursing education. Also, nursing faculty had a significantly higher professional role conception and a significantly lower bureaucratic role conception than preceptors but there were no differences in role deprivation between the two groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Concept maps: a strategy to teach and evaluate critical thinking.

The purpose of this article is to describe a study that implemented concept maps as a methodology to teach and evaluate critical thinking. Students in six senior clinical groups were taught to use concept maps. Students created three concept maps over the course of the semester. Data analysis demonstrated a group mean score of 40.38 on the first concept map and 135.55 on the final concept map, for a difference of 98.16. The paired t value comparing the first concept map to the final concept map was -5.69. The data indicated a statistically significant difference between the first and final maps. This difference is indicative of the students' increase in conceptual and critical thinking.

Achievement↗
PubMed1999

Association between self-concept and body weight, gender, and pubertal development among male and female adolescents.

This study examined the effects and interactions of gender, pubertal status, and body weight on the self-concept of 462 young adolescent Australian students from two different schools. All students enrolled in Years 7 and 8 completed the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents, which includes several self-concept subscales and ratings of the importance of each subscale. The self-concept subscales ranked as most important by male and female students were Close Friendship, Scholastic Competence, and Job Competence. Females rated their ability to form close friendships significantly higher and of greater importance than did males. Standard body weight was related to students' Physical Appearance subscale scores, with higher weight students having lower self-concept, and postmenarcheal females having the poorest opinion of their physical appearance. Higher body weight males had lower scores on Athletic Competence, Job Competence, and Behavioral Conduct than did other males. Overweight females and normal weight males considered athletic competence to be more important than did other students. Pubertal status was related to students' scores on Athletic Competence, with postpubertal males who were not overweight scoring highest, and on Physical Appearance, with postmenarcheal females having the lowest opinion of their appearance. The mean self-concept score was significantly related to students' standard body weight, and there was an interaction between gender and puberty, with postpubertal males having the highest and postmenarcheal females the lowest self-concept score. The discrepancy score suggested that females felt they had failed to meet their ideal self-concept significantly more than did males. The results suggest that school programs should be implemented to provide exercise and job skill training suitable for all students, especially those who are overweight. These programs, while taking into account students' pubertal status, should aim to improve self-image without resulting in feelings of failure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Aspects of self-concept and their relationship to language performance and verbal reasoning ability.

It has been claimed that self-concept is multidimensional, with dimensions such as mathematical self-concept and self-concept in language. The present study investigated the relationship of academic self-concept in language with performance on school-related language tasks and verbal reasoning ability. A total of 512 students in grades 7, 9, and 11 rated four aspects of their academic self-concept in language: self-perception, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and others' perception of their abilities. Verbal reasoning ability and performance on language tasks were assessed. Path analysis showed that performance on language tasks was influenced strongly by verbal reasoning abilities. Self-esteem and others' perception of one's abilities were affected directly by language performance. No direct relationship was found between academic self-concept in language and verbal reasoning ability. The results suggest that adolescents do not construe their academic self-concept according to their abilities but according to their performance in school and others' response to it.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The effects of identifying objects on a concept-matching task performed by four preschool groups.

Subjects for the present study were 20 retarded, 20 brain-injuried, 20 normal, and 20 disadvantaged children equated for average MA of 4 years 10 months. The study focused on a Concept-Matching task that required subjects to match an index object to one within a multiple-choice array on the basis of function or class. Materials were controlled so that this choice had a conceptual, rather than perceptual, base. Subjects were required to identify objects before proceeding to the Concept-Matching task. It was assumed that Identification responses served as mediators for the Concept-Matching task. Materials consisted of 84 common objects and a duplicate set of drawings. One set of hypotheses predicted that all groups would be hampered by the two-dimensional format for both the Identification and Concept-Matching tasks. A second set of hypotheses pertained to the correlation between Identification and Concept-Matching responses. They predicted (a) significant correlations between Identification and Concept-Matching scores for all groups; (b) a rank order for these correlations as follows: brain-injured greater than normals greater than disadvantaged greater than retardates. Hypotheses dealing with format were confirmed with two exceptions: the retarded and the brain-injured did equally well on the Concept-Matching task in either format. Data concerned with correlations were significant and followed the predicted rank order in the case of three groups: the retarded, disadvantaged, and brain-injured. Results were interpreted in the light of two interrelated theories that emerged from the study: a mediational pattern theory and a coping response theory.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Analysis of the self concept of independently living senior citizens].

The analysis of research on self-concept of the elderly shows a need for more complex methods that measure not only self-esteem and subjective age identity, but also those that reflect the specificity of life in the elderly. The self-concept of 140 elderly living in one community (65-93 years) was analyzed by an age-specific, self-concept interview. Factor-analysis resulted in a 10-factor assessment with the main factor being "bodily competency and purpose of life". Other factors were subjective age identity, composure, social integration, resignation, etc.. The subjects were cluster-analyzed. The first cluster contained almost 50% of the elderly who had a positive self-concept of competency, social integration, mood, and self-esteem; they were younger, often married, and in good health. Some clusters identified elderly with a moderate self-concept and some problems regarding health and activities of daily life. A very negative self-concept was shown by two groups of socially isolated (7.14%) and strongly physically and/or psychologically handicapped (5.71%) elderly, who had a generally negative self-concept and needed psychosocial therapy. Implications for further research are discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

Cross-cultural relationships between self-concept and body image in high school-age boys.

The relationship between self-concept and body image was investigated through a secondary analysis of data from a sample of 1,200 high school male students from 30 language/culture communities (Osgood, May, & Myron, 1975). Subjects rated adjectives pertaining to self-concept and body image using 7-step semantic differential bipolar scales. Adjectives were related to the dimensions of Evaluation, Potency, and Activity. Correlation, factor analysis, and multiple regression were utilized to examine multivariate relationships among self-concept dimensions and body-image dimensions. Significant positive correlations were found between self-concept and body image. In addition, significant positive relationships were found when self-concept factors were regressed on the body-image factor (R2 = .49 to .57, p less than or equal to .001) for Activity and Potency. Results support the existence of a strong positive relationship between self-concept and body image across the 30 cultures involved. Findings have important implications for nursing in assessment and interventions with clients who have deficits in either self-concept or body image.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Attempt at a psychoanalytic approach to "concept art"].

In a short review the development of psychoanalytic explorations in art from "pathography to psychobiography" is given. Chasseguet-Smirgel's critique on a limitation to looking for connections between the biography of the artist and his work is discussed as well as Eissler's proposal of an "endopoetic approach". The characteristic of most of the psychoanalytic publications is their orientation on the psychoanalytic conflict-model. New impulses to psychoanalytic interpretations of art were given by ego-psychology. The author tries to understand the artistic creations of "Concept Art" which appeared in the late Sixties, by the psychoanalytic model. It can be shown that especially in these productions which made their theme the "idea" and which are characterised by a degree of abstractness which had not been known before the ego-psychological approach seems to be the most adequate one. Ego performances manifest themselves in these works of concept art at an extreme intensity while the conflictual material of the id is reduced to a minimum or is totally eliminated. The concept artist is not only showing us a mirror of the pathology of our time, but is also giving us ways to overcome these problems. The hypothesis is formulated that concept art is giving us responses to three main problems of our time which is makes it's theme and by doing so tries to solve: it is dealing with the fear of a common psychic disintegration, especially with the danger of outbreaks of aggressive impulses. Moreover single central ego-functions are demonstrated by the concepts to the recipient and he has (actively) to discover them. Lastly the communicative function of art is formulated in concept art in such a radical way as has not been known before. In some of the artistic concepts the recipient is not only meant to reflect upon them, but is also forced to communicative actions.

Art↗
PubMed1976

Physical attractiveness, physical effectiveness, and self-concept in late adolescents.

The differential role of various body attitudes in predicting the self-concepts of late adolescents (124 males and 218 females), enrolled in introductory psychology courses, was assessed. Subjects rated 24 body characteristics in terms of 1) how physically attractive they assumed these parts of their bodies were, and 2) how physically effective they assumed them to be; subjects also responded to a short self-concept scale. In accordance with the theory of Erikson (1968) and of McCandless (1970), it was expected that attractiveness attitudes should contribute more to the self-concepts of females than should effectiveness attitudes, while a reverse pattern of interrelatedness was expected for males. Results indicated a higher correspondence between what are seen as attractive body parts and what are viewed as effective body components for males than for females. Moreover, findings from step-wise multiple regression analyses of each sex group's ratings of the body parts for attractiveness and effectiveness, respectively, each with the criterion variable constituting mean self-concept score, were consistent with expectations. For females, the multiple correlation between attractiveness ratings and self-concept was greater than the multiple correlation between effectiveness ratings and self-concept, and more attractiveness variables than effectiveness variables were significant predictors of self-concept. The converse of these findings were obtained with the males' data. The relevance of these results for theories of personality development were discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Serum PAPP-A levels at 10-14 weeks of gestation are altered in women after assisted conception.

OBJECTIVES: Increased screen-positive rate was observed in the first-trimester screening for trisomy 21 (T21) among women after assisted conception. The aim of this study was to identify the trends of changes in serum marker levels after different modes of assisted conception. METHODS: Retrospectively, we analyzed the levels of free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (f beta HCG), pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and inhibin A in maternal serum, and fetal nuchal translucency (NT) thickness at 10-14 gestational weeks in 1098 women with singleton pregnancies: 130 after IVF-ET, 54 after ICSI and 914 after spontaneous conception. RESULTS: In women after IVF-ET and ICSI, PAPP-A was decreased (0.94 MoM and 0.82 MoM, respectively) and inhibin A increased (1.11 MoM and 1.48 MoM, respectively) in comparison to the women after spontaneous conception. With increasing number of oocytes retrieved PAPP-A decreased and inhibin A increased. In women pregnant after assisted conception without ovarian stimulation (transfer of frozen-thawed embryo or in spontaneous cycle) the marker levels were not significantly different from those in women after spontaneous conception. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of multiple corpora lutea may be responsible for the changes in marker levels. In spite of the differences in marker levels, the screen-positive rate for T21 is not significantly increased in women after assisted conception.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Analysis of therapeutic failures of three surgical concepts for treatment of duodenal ulcer-results of a prospective consecutive study (author's transl)].

In a prospective study 3 surgical concepts were used to treat patients with chronic duodenal ulcer. In concept I 64 patients were treated with "individual ulcer surgery", i.e. depending on the general condition of the patient, the local intraoperative situation and preoperative acid output, either selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty, with antrectomy (B-I) or B-II gastrectomy were used. In concept II 62 patients were treated with selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty. In concept II 110 patients with highly selective vagotomy and treated without drainage. The conditions were diagnosed and the patients were treated in a standardized manner. Follow-up rates were 90% and above and the results were analyzed according to Troidl's definition of operative failures after 1-year follow-up. Lethality was 0% in all concepts (I-III). Recurrent ulcer: I=0%, II=3%, III=4.5%. Complaints with Visick-classifications III and IV: I=14%, II=12.8%, III=45%. Changing symptoms: I=0%, II=0%, III=1%. No acid reduction: I=0%, II=4.9%, III=l6,4%. The lowest recurrence rate and best acid reduction was concept I, the best overall clinical outcome concept III. Highly selective vagotomy without drainage is preferred as the least major and most careful procedure at the moment.

Duodenal Ulcer↗
PubMed2006

Systematic review of measures and their concepts used in published studies focusing on the treatment of acute inflammatory arthritis.

To identify outcome measures and concepts cited in published studies focusing on the treatment of acute inflammatory arthritis, and to identify and quantify the concepts contained in these measures using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a reference. This 'research perspective' is part of the development process for an ICF core set in acute arthritis. Electronic searches of Medline, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Pedro and the Cochrane Library from January 2000 to July 2004 were carried out. Data on the outcome measures and patient characteristics for the included studies were extracted. The items of the identified questionnaires and their underlying concepts were specified and then linked to ICF categories using standardized linkage rules. From the 401 abstracts retrieved, 104 studies met the inclusion criteria. From these studies, 38 formal assessment instruments, 62 single clinical measures, 66 technical measures and 14 clinical criteria were identified. A total of 966 concepts were extracted, and 84.7% of these concepts could be linked to ICF categories. The concepts contained in measures named in more than 5% of the studies were represented by 34 second-level ICF categories. Ten (30%) of the 34 categories belong to the component "Body Functions", 3 (9%) to the component "Body Structures" and 21 (61%) to the component "Activities and Participation". The ICF provides a valuable reference to identify and quantify the concepts of outcome measures focusing on the management of patients with acute inflammatory arthritis. Our findings indicate there is good agreement on 'what should be measured' in acute inflammatory arthritis to allow for a comparison of patient populations.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

Sacred conceptions: clinical theodicies, uncertain science, and technologies of procreation in India.

This article argues that the rapid transfer of assisted conception technologies, such as in vitro fertilization, to India is not restricted merely to the modalities of offering potential biomedical resolution of infertility but includes, more crucially, how clinicians and infertile consumers assimilate the "Western technoscience" of conception. The article draws on a larger multisite ethnographic study of infertility and assisted conception in India's five major cities and is principally based on narratives of clinicians and infertile couples and on clinic-based ethnographic observations. In this article I contend that the success or failure of assisted conception, when situated in the universe of Hindu faith, becomes a powerful critique of the "incompleteness" of the "Western" science of conception. Situating this contention in the broader context of a clinician's faith, I assert that assisted conception--by conjoining seemingly disparate domains of the traditional and the modern, the sacred and the profane, the human and the superhuman, science and religion--produces clinical theodicies that help explain and contain the tentativeness permeating the conception technologies. The article concludes by arguing that this enchanted version of a thoroughly disenchanted worldview of biomedicine is part of a larger cultural process of indigenization of biomedicine in India.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2006

Ethical concepts regarding the genetic engineering of laboratory animals: A confrontation with moral beliefs from the practice of biomedical research.

Intrinsic value and animal integrity are two key concepts in the debate on the ethics of the genetic engineering of laboratory animals. These concepts have, on the one hand, a theoretical origin and are, on the other hand, based on the moral beliefs of people not directly involved in the genetic modification of animals. This 'external' origin raises the question whether these concepts need to be adjusted or extended when confronted with the moral experiences and opinions of people directly involved in the creation or use of transgenic laboratory animals. To answer this question, 35 persons from the practice of biomedical research who are directly involved in genetic engineering (scientists, biotechnicians, animal caretakers and laboratory animal scientists) were interviewed. They were asked to give their moral opinion on different aspects of the genetic engineering of animals and to react to statements about the concepts of intrinsic value and animal integrity. Analysis of the interviews showed that, contrary to what is often assumed, the respondents embraced these concepts, even those senses that (more) specifically apply to genetic engineering. And although the respondents raised some objections that go beyond issues of animal welfare, these objections could quite well be expressed in terms of the concepts of intrinsic value and animal integrity. In short, the results of the present study strongly suggest that these concepts do not have to be adjusted or extended in the light of the moral experiences and opinions from practice.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

An agenda for future debate on concepts of health and disease.

The traditional contrast between naturalist and normativist disease concepts fails to capture the most salient features of the health concepts debate. By using health concepts as a window on background notions of medical science and ethics, I show how Christopher Boorse (an influential naturalist) and Lennart Nordenfelt (an influential normativist) actually share deep assumptions about the character of medicine. Their disease concepts attempt, in different ways, to shore up the same medical model. For both, health concepts function like demarcation criteria in the philosophy of science: they mark off the jurisdiction of medical science, and protect it from an inappropriate intrusion of socioeconomic factors, which threaten the integrity of modern medicine. These views are challenged by new developments in healthcare such as managed care and total quality review. To frame the health concepts debate in a way that better captures the issues integral to these new developments, I advance a new way of reading the distinction between weak and strong normativists. Strong normativists are skeptical of the demarcation project, think facts and values cannot be disentangled, and hold that socioeconomic conditions unavoidably influence how pathology is understood. The new health concepts debate should be framed as one between weak and strong normativists, and it concerns how we should respond to the current developments in health care.

Attitude to Health↗