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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Identification of a crucial energetic footprint on the alpha1 helix of human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2 that provides functional interactions for recognition by tax peptide/HLA-A2-specific T cell receptors.

Structural studies have shown that class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted peptide-specific T cell receptor (TCR)-alpha/betas make multiple contacts with the alpha1 and alpha2 helices of the MHC, but it is unclear which or how many of these interactions contribute to functional binding. We have addressed this question by performing single amino acid mutagenesis of the 15 TCR contact sites on the human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2 molecule recognized by the A6 TCR specific for the Tax peptide presented by HLA-A2. The results demonstrate that mutagenesis of only three amino acids (R65, K66, and A69) that are clustered on the alpha1 helix affected T cell recognition of the Tax/HLA-A2 complex. At least one of these three mutants affected T cell recognition by every member of a large panel of Tax/HLA-A2-specific T cell lines. Biacore measurements showed that these three HLA-A2 mutations also altered A6 TCR binding kinetics, reducing binding affinity. These results show that for Tax/HLA-A2-specific TCRs, there is a location on the central portion of the alpha1 helix that provides interactions crucial to their function with the MHC molecule.

Alanine↗
PubMed1996

A High-Affinity Binding Site for the AVR9 Peptide Elicitor of Cladosporium fulvum Is Present on Plasma Membranes of Tomato and Other Solanaceous Plants.

The race-specific Cladosporium fulvum peptide elicitor AVR9, which specifically induces a hypersensitive response in tomato genotypes carrying the Cf-9 resistance gene, was labeled with iodine-125 at the N-terminal tyrosine residue and used in binding studies. 125I-AVR9 showed specific, saturable, and reversible binding to plasma membranes isolated from leaves of tomato cultivar Moneymaker without Cf resistance genes (MM-Cf0) or from a near-isogenic genotype with the Cf-9 resistance gene (MM-Cf9). The dissociation constant was found to be 0.07 nM, and the receptor concentration was 0.8 pmol/mg microsomal protein. Binding was highly influenced by pH and the ionic strength of the binding buffer and by temperature, indicating the involvement of both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Binding kinetics and binding capacity were similar for membranes of the MM-Cf0 and MM-Cf9 genotypes. In all solanaceous plant species tested, an AVR9 binding site was present, whereas in the nonsolanaceous species that were analyzed, such a binding site could not be identified. The ability of membranes isolated from different solanaceous plant species to bind AVR9 seems to correlate with the presence of members of the Cf-9 gene family, but whether this correlation is functional remains to be determined.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Foetal steroid binding protein in British and Japanese women.

In order to examine the newly-discovered sex-steroid binding protein, foetal steroid binding protein (FSBP) in different populations, its binding characteristics and its level were studied by two-tier column ligand binding assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively. In 10 Japanese premenopausal women, analysis of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) binding in the Cibacron Blue 3GA-Sepharose 6B portion of the column showed a rising plateau pattern with a mean maximum binding of 31.1 +/- 7.41%, whereas of 9 similar British women, 8 displayed unsaturable, non-cooperative binding of 11.6 +/- 8.22% (P less than 0.01). After partial purification of FSBP in these samples, the protein exhibited saturable binding kinetics, median binding 25 (interquartiles 23-34) and 19 (13-25) nmol DHT/l in Japanese and British women, respectively (P less than 0.05). By analyzing FSBP by ELISA in 56 Japanese (45 premenopausal) and 59 British (25 premenopausal) women, higher levels were obtained in the whole Japanese group (P = 0.0016) and in the premenopausal Japanese women (P = 0.018) than in their British counterparts. In both nationalities, FSBP levels were higher in premenopausal women, and there was a significant negative correlation of FSBP with age in both populations, particularly in postmenopausal women. FSBP levels did not correlate with weight, parity, sex hormone binding globulin or albumin levels. The influence of FSBP on free steroid levels remains unclear, but some relationship with ovarian function seems a possibility.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Release of anti-PAF activity from PAF-binding human ovarian cancer cells in culture.

The human ovarian cancer cell line EFO-27 in culture spontaneously produced anti-PAF activity, which eluted from HPLC in the range of synthetic PAF. The activity therefore appears to be due to an antagonistic PAF-analogue. It was detected by a suppressed PAF-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. EFO-27 cells were found to be able to bind synthetic PAF with saturable binding kinetics. This binding led to reduced cell proliferation. The production of anti-PAF activity by EFO-27 cells resembles an autocrine growth regulation in the light of recent findings that other malignant transformed cell lines produce PAF-like activity in vitro if stimulated appropriately.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1980

Kinetics of binding of [3H]acetylcholine to Torpedo postsynaptic membranes: association and dissociation rate constants by rapid mixing and ultrafiltration.

An automated rapid-mixing ultrafiltration apparatus was constructed to measure at subsecond times the kinetics of binding of radiolabeled cholinergic ligands to nicotinic postsynaptic membranes isolated from Torpedo electric tissue. The dissociation of [3H]AcCh-receptor complexes at 7 and 23 degrees C was characterized by dissociation rate constants (kdissoc) of 0.05 s-1 and 0.15S-1, respectively. The association kinetics at low concentrations of [3H]AcCh were determined at 23 degrees C and found to be consistent with a model in which 20% of the AcCh binding sites preexist in a receptor conformation that binds AcCh with high affinity (KD = 3 nM) and with a bimolecular association constant, k+ = 5.7 x 10(7) M-1 SD-1. Initial studies of the association kinetics at higher AcCh concentrations revealed a transient low-affinity binding step that occurred relatively slowly. In the presence of 0.8 microM [3H]AcCh, this component of the association reaction was characterized by an experimental rate constant of 2 s-1. The observed binding kinetics are discussed with reference to the processes of channel activation and receptor desensitization.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1997

A phospholipase A2 kinetic and binding assay using phospholipid-coated hydrophobic beads.

A novel kinetic and membrane-binding assay for phospholipase A2 (PLA2) has been developed utilizing phospholipid-coated hydrophobic styrene-divinylbenzene beads (5.2 +/- 0.3 microm diameter). Phospholipids formed a stable monolayer film on styrene-divinylbenzene beads with average surface packing density of (1.3 +/- 0.2) x 10(-2) molecule/A2. Secretory PLA2 readily hydrolyzed 1-palmitoyl-2-[3H]-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol coated on styrene-divinylbenzene beads which could be easily monitored by measuring the radioactivity of fatty acid released to solution in the presence of bovine serum albumin. For human cytosolic PLA2 with high specificity for sn-2 arachidonyl group, styrene-divinylbenzene beads coated with 1-stearoyl-2-[14C]-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and dioleoylglycerol (7:3, mol/mol) were used as substrate. PLA2 activity was linearly proportional to the enzyme concentration in the range from 1 to 150 nM for human class II secretory PLA2 and from 1 to 20 nM for cytosolic PLA2; the specific activity was 1.6 and 1.7 micromol/min/mg, respectively. Finally, styrene-divinylbenzene beads coated with polymerized 1,2-bis[12-(lipoyloxy) dodecanoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol were used to measure the membrane binding affinity of PLA2, which in conjunction with kinetic data provides important insights into how PLA2 interacts with membranes.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Kinetics of binding of Antp homeodomain to DNA analyzed by measurements of surface plasmon resonance.

The kinetics of binding of the Antp homeodomain to three kinds of DNA fragment were analyzed by measurements of surface plasmon resonance at various temperatures. Non-specific and specific binding of the homeodomain to DNA was examined. In the case of non-specific binding, the association rate constant (k(ass)) was estimated to be 1.41-2.62 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) and the dissociation rate constant (k(diss)) was 1.36-3.10 x 10(-2) s(-1), thus, the dissociation constant (KD) was 0.847-1.72 x 10(-7) M. The association seemed to be driven by entropy. In the case of specific binding, by contrast, the enthalpy term seemed to contribute more to the binding than did the entropy term. The k(ass) was 2.04-2.59 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) and the k(diss) was 0.759-1.16 x 10(-3) s(-1), thus, the KD was 2.93-5.69 X 10(-9) M. These values were measured under the condition of 150 mM NaCl. Both interactions were strongly dependent on the concentration of NaCl. The KD at 50 mM NaCl became several tens of times smaller than those at 150 mM. Possible reasons for the differences between non-specific and specific interactions are discussed.

Antennapedia Homeodomain Protein↗
PubMed2005

Affinity and kinetics of sialyl Lewis-X and core-2 based oligosaccharides binding to L- and P-selectin.

Soluble oligosaccharide mimetics of natural selectin ligands act as competitive inhibitors of leukocyte adhesion in models of inflammation. We quantified the binding of simple oligosaccharides based on sialyl Lewis-X (sLe(X)) and complex molecules with the core-2 structure to L- and P-selectin, under both static and fluid flow conditions. Isolated human neutrophils were employed to mimic the physiological valency of selectins and selectin ligands. Surface plasmon resonance studies quantified binding kinetics. We observed the following: (i) The functional group at the anomeric position of carbohydrates plays an important role during selectin recognition, since sLe(X) and sialyl Lewis-a (sLe(a)) were approximately 5-7-fold poorer inhibitors of L-selectin mediated cell adhesion compared to their methyl glycosides. (ii) Despite their homology to physiological glycans, the putative carbohydrate epitopes of GlyCAM-1 and PSGL-1 bound selectins with low affinity comparable to that of sLe(X)-selectin interactions. Thus, besides the carbohydrate portion, the protein core of GlyCAM-1 or the presentation of carbohydrates in clusters on this glycoprotein may contribute to selectin recognition. (iii) A compound Galbeta1,4(Fucalpha1,3)GlcNAcbeta1,6(GalNAcbeta1,3)GalNAcalpha-OMe was identified which blocked L- and P-selectin binding at 30-100-fold lower doses than sLe(X). (iv) Surface plasmon resonance experiments determined that an sLe(X) analogue (TBC1269) competitively inhibited, via steric/allosteric mechanisms, the binding of two anti-P-selectin function blocking antibodies that recognized different epitopes of P-selectin. (v) TBC1269 bound P-selectin via both calcium-dependent and -independent mechanisms, with K(D) of approximately 111.4 microM. The measured on- and off-rates were high (k(off) > 3 s(-)(1), k(on) > 27,000 M(-)(1) s(-)(1)). Similar binding kinetics are expected for sLe(X)-selectin interactions. Taken together, our study provides new insight into the kinetics and mechanisms of carbohydrate interaction with selectins.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Kinetics of binding, uptake and degradation of live fluorescent (DsRed) bacteria by Dictyostelium discoideum.

The kinetics of binding, uptake and degradation of bacteria by vegetative Dictyostelium amoeba using Escherichia coli expressing the recombinant fluorescent protein DsRed have been characterized. There are significant advantages to using DsRed-expressing bacteria for phagocytosis assays. Stable expression of the fluorescent protein, DsRed, provides living bacteria with a bright internal fluorescent signal that is degradable in the phagolysosomal pathway. Unlike assays with chemically labelled bacteria or latex beads, the bacteria are alive and possess a natural, unaltered external surface for receptor interaction. Dictyostelium cells rapidly bind and phagocytose DsRed bacteria. Pulse-chase experiments show that the signal derived from DsRed is degraded with a half-life of approximately 45 min. To distinguish internalized bacteria from those bound to the surface, an assay was developed in which sodium azide was used to release surface-bound particles. Surprisingly, surface particle release appears to be independent of myosin II function. Using this assay it was shown that the uptake of bacteria into cells is extremely rapid. After 1 min incubation, 20% of the signal is derived from internalized bacteria. The proportion of the signal from internalized bacteria increases gradually and reaches 50% at steady state. This assay will be useful in investigations of the molecular machinery of phagocytosis and post-internalization vesicle trafficking.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Effect of genetic and physiological manipulations onthe kinetic and binding parameters of the adenine nucleotide translocator in Saccharomyces cervisiae and Candida utilis.

1. Ghe kinetic and binding parameters of adenine-nucleotide transport have been studied in mitochondria isolated from yeast cells in which the mitochondrial protein-synthetizing system had been inhibited by growth in the presence of erythromycin. These parameters have also been studied in promitochondria isolated from yeast grown in anaerobiosis aesence of ethidium bromide results in a loss of cytochromes b, alpha and alpha 3, but it does not affect the rate constant of ADP transport in isolated mitochondria, nor the number of binding sites for atractyloside, bongkrekic acid and ADP. 3. Promitochondria from S. cerevisiae grown in anaerobiosis, mitochondria from a qo mutant (qo mitochondria) and mitochondria from S. cerevisiae grown in the presence of erythromycin (ERY-mitochondria) are able to transport ADP by the same exchange-diffusion mechanism, sensitive to carboxy-atractyloside, and with the same rate constant as the wild type mitochondria. Promitochondria, qo mitochondria and ERY-mitochondria bind atractyloside, bongkrekic acid and ADP with the same high affinity as the wild type mitochondria. They only differ from the wild type mitochondria by a lower number of binding sites for ADP and for specific inhibitors of ADP transport. 4. Mitochondria isolated from the nuclear mutant p9 of S. cerevisae, called also op1, are characterized by a much lower affinity for bongkrekic acid than mitochondria from the wild type (20 times less). 5. Manipulation of the fatty acid composition of the mitochondrial membranes in the desaturase auxotroph mutant KD115 does not modify the number of sites, no their affinity of bongkrekic acid. 6. The above results are interpreted to mean that the structure and function of the mitochondrial adN translocator are not affected by any change in the mitochondrial protein synthetizing system.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1988

Kinetics of binding of cholecystokinin to pancreatic acini.

In the present study we examined the kinetics of binding of iodinated COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (125I-CCK-8) to its receptors on dispersed acini prepared from guinea pig pancreas. At 37 degrees C, binding of 125I-CCK-8 reached a steady state after 60 min of incubation. Dissociation of bound 125I-CCK-8 was biphasic, indicating that the labeled peptide binds in two distinct states: a rapidly dissociating state and a slowly dissociating state. Binding of 125I-CCK-8 in the rapidly dissociating state was maximal within 3 min of incubation, did not depend on incubation temperature or cellular energy metabolism, could be stripped by 0.5 M potassium thiocyanate, and showed accelerated dissociation with CCK-8 or dibutyrylguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (Bt2cGMP). Binding of 125I-CCK-8 in the slowly dissociating state was maximal after 60 min of incubation, was decreased by reducing the incubation temperature or inhibiting cellular energy metabolism, was not stripped by 0.5 M potassium thiocyanate, and did not show accelerated dissociation with CCK-8 or Bt2cGMP. Increasing the concentration of 125I-CCK-8 increased the fraction of radioactivity bound in the rapidly dissociating state. When binding of 125I-CCK-8 reached a steady state, nearly all of the bound radioactivity was in the slowly dissociating state. Computer analysis of the inhibition of 125I-CCK-8 by CCK-8 under experimental conditions where the rapidly dissociating state predominates demonstrated a complete loss of high-affinity binding sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effect of plasma protein binding on kinetics of capillary uptake and efflux.

We examined the effect of plasma protein binding on the kinetics of organ accumulation and washout of drugs using the single-pass Kety-Renkin-Crone capillary model. An equation relating the accumulation and washout rate constant (k) with the plasma unbound fraction (fu) was derived. Simulations showed that k was highly dependent on fu if capillary permeability was high but was independent of fu if permeability was low. The effect of plasma protein binding was to increase the rate of tissue accumulation and washout of drug but to decrease the equilibrium amount of drug taken up by the tissue, both effects mediated via a decrease in the volume of distribution. This model was used to analyze published data on the effect of plasma protein binding on the kinetics of accumulation and washout of isradipine and propafenone in the isolated perfused heart preparation. The relationship between k and fu and the directly measured volume of distribution were in accordance with the model. Although more complex models relating k and fu could be proposed, taking into account unequal flows in capillaries, slow dissociation of ligand from protein, and unstirred layer constraints, this simple model appears adequate for describing the effect of fu on myocardial accumulation and washout of isradipine and propafenone.

Absorption↗
PubMed2003

Effects of multiple ligand binding on kinetic isotope effects in PQQ-dependent methanol dehydrogenase.

The reaction of PQQ-dependent methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) from Methylophilus methylotrophus has been studied by steady-state and stopped-flow kinetic methods, with particular reference to multiple ligand binding and the kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for PQQ reduction. Phenazine ethosulfate (PES; an artificial electron acceptor) and cyanide (a suppressant of endogenous activity), but not ammonium (an activator of MDH), compete for binding at the catalytic methanol-binding site. Cyanide does not activate turnover in M. methylotrophus MDH, as reported previously for the Paracoccus denitrificans enzyme. Activity is dependent on activation by ammonium but is inhibited at high ammonium concentrations. PES and methanol also influence the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of ammonium through competitive binding. Reaction profiles as a function of ammonium and PES concentration differ between methanol and deuterated methanol, owing to force constant effects on the binding of methanol to the stimulatory and inhibitory ammonium binding sites. Differential binding gives rise to unusual KIEs for PQQ reduction as a function of ammonium and PES concentration. The observed KIEs at different ligand concentrations are independent of temperature, consistent with their origin in differential binding affinities of protiated and deuterated substrate at the ammonium binding sites. Stopped-flow studies indicate that enzyme oxidation is not rate-limiting at low ammonium concentrations (<4 mM) during steady-state turnover. At higher ammonium concentrations (>20 mM), the low effective concentration of PES in the active site owing to the competitive binding of ammonium lowers the second-order rate constant for enzyme oxidation, and the oxidative half-reaction becomes more rate limiting. A sequential stopped-flow method is reported that has enabled, for the first time, a detailed study of the reductive half-reaction of MDH and comparison with steady-state data. The limiting rate of PQQ reduction (0.48 s(-1)) is less than the steady-state turnover number, and the observed KIE in stopped-flow studies is unity. Although catalytically active, we propose reduction of the oxidized enzyme generated in stopped-flow analyses is gated by conformational change or ligand exchange. Slow recovery from this trapped state on mixing with methanol accounts for the slow reduction of PQQ and a KIE of 1. This study emphasizes the need for caution in using inflated KIEs, and the temperature dependence of KIEs, as a probe for hydrogen tunneling.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1979

The kinetics of binding of serum lipoproteins by immobilized heparin.

A model arterial system of heparin immobilized on an agarose gel was used to study the amount and kinetics of binding of porcine serum lipoproteins to heparin. Binding occurred to lipoproteins in the density range 1.006 less than d less than 1.062, but there was no binding with high density lipoprotein. A theoretical model of the kinetic experiments was formulated and used to demonstrate that the rate of the binding reaction could be considered instantaneous relative to the rate of transport of lipoproteins. Extrapolation of these results to arterial levels of glycosaminoglycans and lipoprotein indicate that complexes of lipoprotein and the glycosaminoglycans could account for much of the cholesterol entrapment in atherosclerotic lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Complex kinetics of binding of human alpha-2 interferon to human, but not bovine cells.

Human alpha-2 interferon (HuIFN-alpha 2) is an effective antiviral agent for bovine cells, but does not inhibit the proliferation of these heterologous cells. A comparison of the kinetics of binding of 125I-HuIFN-alpha 2 at 4 degrees C to several bovine and human cells, shows that the kinetics of the initial receptor interactions are very different in the two species. Binding of HuIFN-alpha 2 to bovine cells follows the simple kinetics predicted for one species of ligand interacting with one type of high-affinity receptor. The kinetics of binding to human cells showing a range of sensitivities to the antigrowth effect are complex and indicate that receptor occupancy increases the rate of association of ligand. It is suggested that dimers of HuIFN-alpha 2 may be formed on the human, but not the bovine receptor, and where these occur between receptors, their formation may relate to the inhibition of cell growth.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Characterization of antisense binding properties of peptide nucleic acids by capillary gel electrophoresis.

The binding of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), novel antisense agents, to their complementary oligonucleotide is characterized by capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE). The ability of CGE to resolve the free and bound species enables the measurement of relative binding kinetics and the stoichiometry of binding. The binding kinetics depend on the relative sequence orientation of the target oligonucleotides. The stoichiometry of binding is 1:1 for the PNA-oligodeoxynucleotide heteroduplex whereas the stoichiometry for the PNA-oligoribonucleotide is more complicated.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Surface plasmon resonance analysis of antifungal azoles binding to CYP3A4 with kinetic resolution of multiple binding orientations.

The heme-containing cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are a major enzymatic determinant of drug clearance and drug-drug interactions. The CYP3A4 isoform is inhibited by antifungal imidazoles or triazoles, which form low-spin heme iron complexes via formation of a nitrogen-ferric iron coordinate bond. However, CYP3A4 also slowly oxidizes the antifungal itraconazole (ITZ) at a site that is approximately 25 A from the triazole nitrogens, suggesting that large antifungal azoles can adopt multiple orientations within the CYP3A4 active site. Here, we report a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis with kinetic resolution of two binding modes of ITZ, and the related drug ketoconazole (KTZ). SPR reveals a very slow off-rate for one binding orientation. Multiphasic binding kinetics are observed, and one of the two binding components resolved by curve fitting exhibits "equilibrium overshoot". Preloading of CYP3A4 with the heme ligand imidazole abolishes this component of the antifungal azole binding trajectories, and it eliminates the conspicuously slow off-rate. The fractional populations of CYP3A4 complexes corresponding to different drug orientations can be manipulated by altering the duration of the pulse of drug exposure. UV-vis difference absorbance titrations yield low-spin spectra and K(D) values that are consistent with the high-affinity complex resolved by SPR. These results demonstrate that ITZ and KTZ bind in multiple orientations, including a catalytically productive mode and a slowly dissociating inhibitory mode. Most importantly, they provide the first example of a SPR-based method for the kinetic characterization of binding of a drug to any human CYP, including mechanistic insight not available from other methods.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1990

Proteolytic activity of the different fragments of factor B on the third component of complement (C3). Involvement of the N-terminal domain of Bb in magnesium binding.

Kinetic experiments measuring the proteolytic activity of Bb and 33Kd fragment (the C-terminal domain of factor B) on C3 were performed in several conditions, in order to assess the role of factor B domains in the catalytic activity and magnesium binding. The experiments were carried out in fluid phase with 125I-C3 or C3(H2O) as substrates and in the presence of nonradioactive C3b as cofactor. The results indicate: (a) The C-terminal domain, 33Kd, possesses proteolytic activity on C3, which is Mg2(+)-independent, whereas proteolysis by Bb is enhanced in 5 mM Mg2+. (b) C3b behaves as cofactor of 33Kd proteolytic activity on C3 and factor H is able to inhibit this activity. (d) Kinetics of C3 proteolysis by 33Kd shows a lag phase which is also displayed by Bb in the absence but not in the presence of Mg2+. Taken together these data are consistent with the involvement of the N-terminal domain of Bb in Mg2+ binding, which results in an enhancement of the proteolytic activity on C3 of the adjacent C-terminal domain. A C3 convertase model accounting for these results is presented.

Complement C3↗