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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Keratosis of the tympanic membrane and deep external auditory canal. A defect of auditory epithelial migration.

We have previously described the pathways of movement of epithelium on the tympanic membrane, showing that there are two discrete and separate zones. Four cases of keratosis of the tympanic membrane and deep external auditory canal are here reported. All patients complained of tinnitus and other aural symptoms. Sequences of otoscopic photography of daubs of dye placed on the tympanic membrane showed an abnormal anterior movement over the whole tympanic membrane in two cases and complete paralysis of movement in the two others. These findings suggest that the disorder arises from damage to basal epidermal cells caused by inflammation, which is probably due to infection. Treatment is by suction-stripping of keratin from the eardrum. Careful examination of the eardrum under magnification is required in all cases of tinnitus so as to detect this condition.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Auditory training with spectrally shifted speech: implications for cochlear implant patient auditory rehabilitation.

After implantation, postlingually deafened cochlear implant (CI) patients must adapt to both spectrally reduced and spectrally shifted speech, due to the limited number of electrodes and the limited length of the electrode array. This adaptation generally occurs during the first three to six months of implant use and may continue for many years. To see whether moderate speech training can accelerate this learning process, 16 naïve, normal-hearing listeners were trained with spectrally shifted speech via an eight-channel acoustic simulation of CI speech processing. Baseline vowel and consonant recognition was measured for both spectrally shifted and unshifted speech. Short daily training sessions were conducted over five consecutive days, using four different protocols. For the test-only protocol, no improvement was seen over the five-day period. Similarly, sentence training provided little benefit for vowel recognition. However, after five days of targeted phoneme training, subjects' recognition of spectrally shifted vowels significantly improved in most subjects. This improvement did not generalize to the spectrally unshifted vowel and consonant tokens, suggesting that subjects adapted to the specific spectral shift, rather than to the eight-channel processing in general. Interestingly, significant improvement was also observed for the recognition of spectrally shifted consonants. The largest improvement was observed with targeted vowel contrast training, which did not include any explicit consonant training. These results suggest that targeted phoneme training can accelerate adaptation to spectrally shifted speech. Given these results with normal-hearing listeners, auditory rehabilitation tools that provide targeted phoneme training may be effective in improving the speech recognition performance of adult CI users.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Auditory epithelial migration. IV. Light- and scanning electron-microscopic studies of the tympanic membrane and external auditory canal in the mouse.

The fine structures of the tympanic membrane and external auditory canal (EAC) were observed in the mouse under both the light microscope and scanning electron microscope. According to the differences in morphological features of the epidermis and epidermal cells, they were grossly classified into 8 types of region: (1) the region of the handle of the malleus, (2) the intermediate region of the pars tensa (PT), (3) the annular region of the PT, (4) the region of the pars flaccida, (5) the annular region of the anterior, inferior and posterior walls of the EAC, (6) the osseous region of the anterior, inferior and posterior walls of the EAC, (7) the region of the upper wall of the EAC and (8) the cartilaginous region of the anterior, inferior and posterior walls of the EAC. The specific structure "finger-like projections' was visualized throughout in the annular region of the EAC. The morphology of the region of the upper wall of the EAC was almost identical with that of the cartilaginous region of the anterior, inferior and posterior walls of the EAC.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Auditory epidermal cell migration. V. Transmission electron-microscopic study of tympanic membrane and external auditory canal in the mouse.

The morphology of the tympanic membrane (TM) and external auditory canal (EAC) in mice was examined by transmission electron microscopy, in seven different regions: the handle of the malleus (HM) region, the intermediate and annular regions of the pars tensa (PT), the region of the pars flaccida (PF), the annular and osseous regions of the EAC and the cartilaginous region of the EAC. Each region displayed its own unique findings. In most regions of the TM and EAC-except the intermediate region of the PT-basal layer cells formed cytoplasmic processes (CPs) on their basal surface and adhered to the basement membrane (BM) by means of hemidesmosomes (HDs). This observation may suggest the presence of stem cells. In contrast, basal cells in the intermediate region of the PT did not extend any CPs from the basal surface but attached to the BM by a few characteristic spots of HD-like density but lacking the characteristics of HDs. It is concluded that stem cels are not present there and that basal cells connect loosely with the BM, thus providing the necessary morphological conditions to migrate laterally toward the annular region. The outermost layer of the epidermis in the annular region of the EAC showed numerous cytoplasmic projections (so-called 'finger-like projections'), representing keratinization and desquamation of epidermal cells (keratinocytes). These projections are believed to be the terminal differentiation of epidermal cells originating from the general centre in the HM region of the PT. The epidermis of the PF is an extension of the upper wall of the EAC, but the two regions differ morphologically.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Auditory brainstem implant in auditory rehabilitation of patients with neurofibromatosis type 2: Hannover programme.

An auditory brainstem implant (ABI) is indicated for patients suffering from bilateral neural deafness. The most affected patients are those with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). An implantation is possible either at the same time as, or after, surgical removal of an acoustic neuroma. This paper demonstrates the results of eight out of 11 patients with NF2, seven of whom received an ABI after tumour removal. Pre-operatively, all of them were deaf. Post-operatively, the first fitting served to determine the individual stimulation parameters for each electrode. The stimulation-dependent side-effects were eliminated by reducing the stimulus intensity without causing negative effects on the hearing with the ABI. Only in one case was an open set understanding achieved within the first year. However, all patients had a better speech understanding when they combined their hearing with the ABI and their lip-reading abilities. There is no correlation between the performance with ABI and the tumour size or the duration of deafness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Auditory epithelial migration. II: Morphological evidence for auditory epidermal cell migration in rat.

Morphology of the tympanic membrane (TM) and external auditory canal (EAC) was studied in healthy, intact rat ears. TM-perforated ears (3 days after making the perforation) and TM-perforation-healed ears (14, 28 and 42 days after making the perforation). In intact ears, the epidermis in the annular region of the EAC displayed a characteristic appearance with cytoplasmic protrusions. We termed these protrusions as "finger-like projections". In contrast to the rat, the annular region of the EAC in the guinea-pig did not show "finger-like projections". Following a perforation in the centre of the anterior or the posterior quadrant of the pars tensa in rats the "finger-like projections" disappeared from the annular region on the perforated side of the EAC, while the projections remained on the malleus side of the perforation edge. In perforation-healed ears analysed 42 days after the perforation, the "finger-like projections" had recurred in the annular region on the perforated side of the EAC. The "finger-like projections" are likely to express maturation (keratinization) and desquamation of epidermal cells in the pars tensa and also could constitute morphological evidence of their migration on the TM.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Trials with the auditory response cradle III: head turns and startles as auditory responses in the neonate.

The Auditory Response Cradle was used to record neonatal head turn and startle responses. Pure tones of 250 and 1,000 Hz, broad band noise and no-sound controls were presented unilaterally in random order at a level of 90 dB SPL. Clear head turn and startle responses were obtained after the onset of the sound. The frequency of occurrence was highest for the noise. No responses attributable to stimulus off were detected. The response rate for head turn was found to be unaltered by the initial head position but babies lying to the right, generally turned to the right and vice versa irrespective of the side to which the sound was presented. The response latency varied with stimulus. The mean broad band noise and 1,000 Hz pure tone values were 1.7 and 1.9 secs respectively while the 250 Hz results were similar to the 2.4 secs of the controls.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1980

Trials with the Auditory Response Cradle. II--The neonatal respiratory response to an auditory stimulus.

The respiratory response of the neonate to an acoustic stimulus is analysed. It is shown that a response may be indicated by (i) a change in the mean cycle time, (ii) a change in the variability of cycle times, (iii) short or long cycles in the sound-on-period following a regular sequence prior to the stimulus. Responses were found to be independent of the pre-stimulus mean cycle time and variability subject to certain restriction. Decision rules are formulated and applied to the Auditory Response Cradle test results. Good agreement is found between statistical and visual methods of trace analysis.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1995

An examination of attentional control in the auditory modality: further evidence for auditory orienting.

Four experiments are reported that examine attentional control in the auditory modality. In Experiment 1, the subjects made detection responses to the onset of a monaurally presented pure tone that was preceded by a pure-tone cue. On a valid trial, the cue was presented in the same ear as the target; on an invalid trial, it was presented in the contralateral ear to the target; and on a neutral trial, it was presented in both ears. Overall performance was facilitated on valid trials in comparison with invalid trials. In later experiments, the subjects made choice decisions about the location of the target, and significant cuing effects were found relative to the neutral condition. Finally, performance was assessed in the presence of central (spoken) word cues. Here, the content of the cue specified the likely location of the target. Under these conditions, costs and benefits were found over a range of cue-target stimulus onset asynchronies. The results are discussed in terms of automatic and controlled attentional processes.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Angioleiomyoma of the internal auditory meatus: a rare occurrence in the internal auditory canal.

We describe a case of angioleiomyoma of the internal auditory meatus. A finding of this tumor at this site is very unusual. In fact, our review of the literature revealed that only 1 case has been previously reported. In our patient, the tumor was clinically and radiologically difficult to distinguish from an acoustic neuroma. It would be important to recognize this rare small tumor preoperatively because it may be appropriate to manage it conservatively.

Angiomyoma↗
PubMed2002

Auditory system development: primary auditory neurons and their targets.

The neurons of the cochlear ganglion transmit acoustic information between the inner ear and the brain. These placodally derived neurons must produce a topographically precise pattern of connections in both the inner ear and the brain. In this review, we consider the current state of knowledge concerning the development of these neurons, their peripheral and central connections, and their influences on peripheral and central target cells. Relatively little is known about the cellular and molecular regulation of migration or the establishment of precise topographic connection to the hair cells or cochlear nucleus (CN) neurons. Studies of mice with neurotrophin deletions are beginning to yield increasing understanding of variations in ganglion cell survival and resulting innervation patterns, however. Finally, existing evidence suggests that while ganglion cells have little influence on the differentiation of their hair cell targets, quite the opposite is true in the brain. Ganglion cell innervation and synaptic activity are essential for normal development of neurons in the cochlear nucleus.

Animals↗