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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Ocular and visual defects amongst people with intellectual disabilities participating in Special Olympics.

PURPOSE: To analyse data from vision screening of people with intellectual disabilities from the UK participating in Special Olympics during the National Summer Games in Cardiff 2001, in order to determine visual status and access to eye care. METHODS: Athletes were invited to take part in vision screening, according to Special Olympics protocols. RESULTS: Testability rates were high. Findings confirmed the high prevalence of eye and vision defects reported in other studies of people with intellectual disabilities. In particular, visual acuity was below normal for most athletes. Significant improvement to acuity could be achieved with spectacles although correction after full refraction did not always provide normal vision. Over 40% of athletes undergoing full refraction had below normal corrected acuity. CONCLUSIONS: Athletes with intellectual disabilities were no more likely to access eye care and have adequate spectacle correction than other people with intellectual disabilities. Optometrists and carers need to be aware of the high prevalence of defects and the importance of regular eye examinations in people with intellectual disabilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[Early detection of color blindness from the viewpoint of occupational medicine with various references to internistic and human genetic symptom complexes].

Vision screening tests within the limits of industrial medicine examinations, together with physical examinations, were done on human individuals by means of pseudo-isochromatic charts in order to detect "red-green blindness". The tests were carried out on 1589 individuals (males and females) from 10 medium-scale plants of the Saarbrücken area (Federal Republic of Germany). The results obtained from male individuals by 919 Ishihara-tests were only considered, categorized and graphically represented according to their age groups. The data have been collected from the cases examined mostly between the years 1976 to 1977. About 1500 cases were examined per year. Because the samples were not selected at random, one has to be cautious with regard to the statistical interpretations of the results. However, due to the large number of cases included in the study, it can be statistically represented. The histogram illustrating the distribution of colour-vision deficiency, according to each age group, shows the highest peak at an age range of 30 to 35 years. This indicates that a considerable number of cases with colour-vision deficiency was discovered late. The individuals have to be early examined by school physicians, house physicians, occupational physicians, internists or ophthalmologists with this colour-vision screening test, before they enter professional life. Some symptomatical complexes of internal diseases and human genetics, i.e. related to "colour-vision blindness" are also emphasized hemophilia and hemolytic anemia due to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Relationship between anisometropia, patient age, and the development of amblyopia.

PURPOSE: Previous studies evaluating the effect of anisometropia on amblyopia development have been biased because subject selection occurred as a result of decreased acuity. Photoscreening identifies anisometropic children in a manner that is not biased by acuity, and allows an opportunity to evaluate how patient age influences the prevalence and depth of amblyopia. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study of preschool children with anisometropia. METHODS: A statewide preschool photoscreening program screened 119,311 children and identified 792 with anisometropia >1.0 diopters. We correlated age with visual acuity and amblyopia depth. Results were compared with 562 strabismic children similarly identified. RESULTS: Only 14% (six of 44) of anisometropic children aged 1 year or younger had amblyopia. Amblyopia was detected in 40% (32 of 80) of 2-year-olds, 65% (119 of 182) of 3-year-olds, and 76% of 5-year-olds. Amblyopia depth also increased with age. Moderate amblyopia prevalence was 2% (ages 0 to 1), 17% (age 2), and rose steadily to 45% (ages 6 to 7). Severe amblyopia was rare for children aged 0 to 3, 9% at age 4, and 14% at age 5. Children with strabismus had a relatively stable prevalence (30% ages 0 to 2; 42% ages 3 to 4; and 44% ages 5 to 7) and depth of amblyopia. CONCLUSIONS: Younger children with anisometropia have a lower prevalence and depth of amblyopia than older children. By age 3, when most children undergo traditional screening, amblyopia has usually already developed. New vision screening technologies that allow early detection of anisometropia provide ophthalmologists an opportunity to intervene early, perhaps retarding or even preventing the development of amblyopia.

Aging↗
PubMed2000

Detection, prevention, and rehabilitation of amblyopia.

We are seemingly entering into a photoscreening era in this new year 2000. An increasing number of publications in 1999 have dealt with this particular method of detecting vision problems in children. In the same periods, interesting and promising developments on the rehabilitation of amblyopia have been reported. Moreover, the problem of compliance with amblyopia therapy seems finally to have been solved with the help of microchips and heat sensorsi On the other hand, reports on both pharmacologic and penalization rehabilitation methods continue to show good reliability and clinical relevance. Finally, as in a previous review in 1998, we feel compelled to bring up at least one controversial issue; it is no surprise to find at least two seemingly erudite recent publications reputing not only the validity of vision screening in children, but the value of the treatment of amblyopia itself. We report here a most important study that responds to the challenge.

Amblyopia↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of high astigmatism, eyeglass wear, and poor visual acuity among Native American grade school children.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of astigmatism and poor visual acuity and rate of eyeglass wear in grade school children who are members of a Native American tribe reported to have a high prevalence of large amounts of astigmatism. METHODS: Vision screening was conducted on 1,327 first through eighth grade children attending school on the Tohono O'odham Reservation. Noncycloplegic autorefraction was conducted on the right and left eye of each child using the Nikon Retinomax K+ autorefractor, and monocular recognition acuity was tested using ETDRS logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) letter charts. RESULTS: Tohono O'odham children had a high prevalence of high astigmatism (42% had > or = 1.00 D in the right or left eye) and the axis of astigmatism was uniformly with-the-rule. However, only a small percentage of children arrived at the vision screening wearing glasses, and the prevalence of poor visual acuity (20/40 or worse in either eye) was high (35%). There was a significant relation between amount of astigmatism and uncorrected visual acuity with each additional diopter of astigmatism resulting in an additional 1 logMAR line reduction in visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS: Uncorrected astigmatism and poor visual acuity are prevalent among Tohono O'odham children. The results highlight the importance of improving glasses-wearing compliance, determining barriers to receiving eye care, and initiating public education programs regarding the importance of early identification and correction of astigmatism in Tohono O'odham children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Ophthalmic disorders among the homeless and nonhomeless in Los Angeles.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have addressed ocular disorders among the homeless and nonhomeless poor. METHODS: To better understand the health problems of the homeless, ophthalmic disorders were analyzed among 512 homeless and 413 nonhomeless poor individuals receiving vision-screening examinations in Los Angeles. RESULTS: Significantly, more 4- to 17-year-old nonhomeless poor were diagnosed with uncorrected visual acuity worse than or equal to 20/50 without correction (p = 0.001), total refractive errors (p < 0.0005), astigmatism (p = 0.001), and myopia (p < 0.0005) than were a control group of 4- to 17-year-old homeless individuals. More homeless individuals had extraocular muscle imbalance (p < 0.040), but fewer had external eye diseases (p2 = 0.016) than the nonhomeless poor, when age adjusted. In addition, higher rates of glaucoma and cataracts were observed in both homeless and poor nonhomeless populations than in the general population. CONCLUSIONS: Health care professionals should provide vision screenings intended to detect these ocular disorders. Screening and correction of myopia and glaucoma, in particular, can greatly improve the quality of life for those treated.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of eye disorders among the elderly in Los Angeles.

A series of 431 vision screening records of seniors 55 years of age and older were analysed. Patients were examined by the UCLA Mobile Eye Clinic at two senior centers in the Los Angeles area, between the years 1982 and 1990. Sixty-eight percent of patients were females and 32% were males. The mean (+/-S.D.) age was 69 (+/-7.5) years. Common diagnoses were refractive errors (65.2%) and impaired visual acuity (37.0%). The prevalences of refractive errors were: hyperopia, 24.8%; myopia, 10.4%; presbyopia, 54.1%; and astigmatism, 31.8%. In most patients (94.0%), impaired visual acuity was corrected by spectacles. The prevalence of cataract was 29.5% and age-specific prevalences of cataract increased with age. The prevalences of other eye disorders were as follows: glaucoma, 6.3%; diabetic retinopathy, 1.2%; and macular degeneration, 5.1%. This study highlights the degree of ophthalmic disorders identified by vision screenings in the elderly population in senior centers; our results are consistent with previously reported studies of eye diseases in the elderly.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Vision testing in schools: an evaluation of personnel, tests, and premises.

This study compared the results of vision screening of 5 year olds in schools by school nurses and an orthoptist, compared two tests, and examined testing conditions. The specificity of nurse testing was 95% and the sensitivity 83%. No conclusions about the tests could be made owing to the small numbers in this part of the study, but some children, after nearly one year at school, could not match a line of four letters required for the more accurate test. Only 13 of 22 schools had suitable testing conditions.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2003

Distribution of refractive error in healthy infants.

PURPOSE: Few data exist regarding the upper limits of refractive error distributions in healthy infants; the data that do exist are biased because they were selected from the records of pediatric ophthalmology practices. We sought to obtain these data to validate examination failure criteria for vision screening. METHODS: We reviewed records from all children age birth to 5 years seen at the Tennessee Lions Eye Center at Vanderbilt Children's Hospital with a billing diagnosis of nasolacrimal duct obstruction and no comorbid ocular diagnoses except for refractive error. This was to avoid referral bias for any condition that could have influenced refractive error. All patients received a complete eye examination and cycloplegic refraction. Cumulative probability distribution (CPD) plots and means for spherical and cylindrical refractive error and anisometropia were prepared. RESULTS: One hundred thirty patients were studied; mean age was 15.5 +/- 9.9 months (range, 2 days to 66 months). The mean refractive error (spherical equivalent) was +1.4 D +/- 1.1 D. CPD plot analysis showed 95% of hyperopia to be < +3.25 D. Two children had myopia </=-1.00 D. The mean astigmatism was +0.2 D +/- 0.4 D, and 74% of patients had no astigmatism. Seven children had astigmatism > +1.00 D in one eye. CPD plot analysis showed 95% of astigmatism to be < +1.50 D and 95% of meridional anisometropia to be < 1.50 D. Six children had anisometropia >/=1.50 D, and 3 children had anisometropia > 3.00 D. CONCLUSIONS: At least 95% of children have hyperopia < +3.25 D, astigmatism < +1.50 D, and anisometropia < 1.50 D. This information will prove useful in identifying the natural history and prevalence of amblyogenic factors identified during preschool vision screening.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1992

Can autism be predicted on the basis of infant screening tests?

The authors examined infant hearing and vision screening tests for a group of children subsequently diagnosed as autistic and compared them with a group of children suffering from non-specific developmental delay, as well as with a random sample of records. Four categories (motor, vision, hearing and language, social) were investigated at three ages: six, 12 and 18 months. The random sample group had a low incidence of reported problems at all ages. The learning-disabled group had a sharp increase in reported abnormalities in all categories at 12 months. The autistic group had a selective increase in the social category alone at 18 months.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1990

Normative contrast sensitivity data for young children.

Contrast sensitivity (CS) was measured in children ages 3 to 7 years using the Vistech Contrast Sensitivity distance chart (VCTS 6500). The purpose of the study was to determine how effectively the technique could be used with young children and to establish normative data for this age group. Of 286 children participating in a vision screening, the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) was measurable on 241 (84%) under binocular conditions and 229 (80%) under both binocular and monocular conditions. The 219 binocular CSF's and 208 monocular CSF's obtained from visually normal children were used to establish normative data and then compared to similar data from 50 visually normal young adults. The results indicated that there is an effect of age between 3 and 7 years, children are significantly less sensitive than adults, and adult-like levels of CS are not yet reached at 7 years of age. In addition, although the children's mean contrast thresholds fell within the norms provided with the VCTS 6500, the variability in the children's CSF's precludes using the Vistech data for diagnostic purposes in the young. The normative data are presented to assist the clinician in evaluating CS in young children when using the VCTS 6500.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Differences between screening sites in a glaucoma screening program.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the differences in demographic variables, glaucoma risk factors, and visual acuity by type of screening site. METHODS: We conducted glaucoma screenings throughout the city of Baltimore. A questionnaire collected information about age, race, and risk factors: having a relative with glaucoma, having diabetes, having a past eye injury or surgery, and not having an eye examination within two years. We also tested visual acuity and visual fields. We categorized screening sites into work places, senior centers, health fairs, and church groups, and created age-race groups by combining age and race categories. RESULTS: This study is based on 1,366 people screened at 42 different sites. The majority of people screened were African-American (65%) and female (58%), with a mean age of 48 years. We found significant age and race differences between the screening sites. After stratifying by age-race groups, we found statistically significant associations between screening sites and not having a recent eye examination (P =.009) and visual acuity (P =.001). Health fairs had the largest percentage of people not having a recent eye examination, and senior centers had the largest percentage of people with poor visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS: Our data showed differences in age and race between screening sites. After conducting stratified analysis, differences between screening sites and recent eye examinations and visual acuity persisted. These differences in screening sites, as well as objectives of the vision screening, should be considered when planning a screening program to help focus the program on appropriate high-risk subgroups of the population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Performance of American Indian children with fetal alcohol syndrome on the test of language development.

Alcohol is a teratogen known to have deleterious effects on the developing embryo and fetus. Language deficits secondary to central nervous system dysfunction are among the sequelae of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). Limited information is available regarding the language deficits associated with FAS, particularly among the population of American Indians in whom FAS is highly prevalent. The TOLD-P and TOLD-I were administered to 27 American Indian children: 10 with FAS and 17 normally developing control subjects. Pure-tone screening, immittance measurement, and vision screening preceded language testing. The older FAS children presented syntactic deficits while the younger FAS subjects presented more global language deficits.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Identification of infants with significant refractive error and strabismus in a population screening program using noncycloplegic videorefraction and orthoptic examination.

PURPOSE: The second Cambridge Infant Vision Screening Program examined whether screening for accommodative errors by using videorefraction without cycloplegia could effectively serve as a first stage of screening for refractive errors, measured by standard cycloplegic retinoscopy. The screening also included an orthoptic examination for detection of strabismus. METHODS: All infants born in the Cambridge (UK) Health District, over a 2-year period, were invited for screening. Of those 5142 (76%) with mean age 8.1 +/- 0.8 months (SD) attended and received noncycloplegic videorefraction and an orthoptic examination. All those with a focusing error or orthoptic problem, as well as a randomly selected sample of visually normal control subjects, were invited to follow-up a month later for cycloplegic retinoscopy, repeat noncycloplegic videorefraction and orthoptic examination. RESULTS: Of the 5142 screened, 514 had a focusing error or orthoptic problem (positives). Four hundred thirty-nine of these and 284 visually normal control subjects (negatives) attended follow-up. A refractive or orthoptic condition was confirmed in 59.0% of the positive cases, whereas infants in 96.8% of the negative cases were confirmed normal. Adjusting for the proportions of the population represented by those infants seen at follow-up, sensitivity for the screening procedure was calculated at 0.67 and specificity at 0.96. Detailed results are presented in terms of the different conditions detected at screening (far, near, and anisometropic focus and orthoptic error), distribution of greatest axes at screening, and a comparison of initial videorefraction with repeat videorefraction and cycloplegic retinoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: A noncycloplegic screening procedure, simpler to perform than cycloplegic screening, succeeded in detecting a large proportion of infants with significant ametropia, particularly those with significant hyperopia, which is considered to be a strabismogenic and amblyogenic risk factor.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1995

Screening for ocular dysfunction in children: approaching a common program.

According to the general principles of screening, detection of visual impairment in children is worthwhile, since the condition is a serious health problem, reliable diagnostic tests are available and effective treatment is possible in most instances of ocular and visual dysfunction. However, an evaluation of the screening procedures has not been properly done and the cost-benefit of screening has not been studied. The aim of the present study is to perform a systematic analysis of the screening programs for detection of visual dysfunction. In the screening two parts can be separated, one that concerns the more serious ocular and visual conditions which have to be discovered by general survey methods very early in life, and one that involves detection of less serious conditions, mainly amblyopia, which can be diagnosed by testing for monocular reduction of visual acuity at about 3-4 years of age. The performance characteristics of the screening programs used in Sweden and Canada were evaluated and found to be very favourable. Based on the analysis and the evaluation, recommendations are made on programs for vision screening in children that could be applied more widely. The program could involve all or parts of the following: 1) A careful inspection of the eyes in the neonatal period and preferably also examination of the red reflex with the ophthalmoscope. 2) Children at high risk for ocular and visual disorder, i.e. those born prematurely before 32 weeks of age, or with genetic disease, hearing deficit and/or neurological and mental disorder, should be examined at the proper age by an ophthalmologist. 3) All staff at pediatric departments and child health care centers should be familiar with the visual development of the normal baby and should be alerted to the various symptoms and signs which first warn parents that there may be a visual defect. An inspection of the eyes to detect squint should be part of all pediatric examinations. 4) A screening test of monocular visual acuity in 4 year-old children can be reliably performed by non-ophthalmic personnel after proper training. The screening test should be repeated by school nurses during the first grade of school, and at regular intervals during the school years. 5) The children that screen positively should be seen by ophthalmologists, and in some cases by orthoptists, without undue delay for diagnosis and treatment.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Contrast sensitivity vision testing: new screening technology for family physicians.

Contrast sensitivity vision testing is the new technology in visual screening. Easy to administer and quick to perform, contrast sensitivity vision testing appears to be cost-effective for use by family physicians. It is a more sensitive indicator of ocular disease than traditional Snellen acuity testing and may detect ocular pathology at an early stage when Snellen acuity is still normal.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of E-optotypes as a screening test and the prevalence and causes of visual loss in a rural population in SW Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Few population-based eye surveys have been conducted in sub-Saharan Africa, limiting the quality of epidemiological information on visual loss from Africa. In the present paper, we describe the prevalence of visual loss in rural Uganda and the screening accuracy of E-optotypes when used by non-medical staff. METHODS: Residents of 15 neighbouring villages were screened for visual loss (<6/18 in either eye) using Snellen's E-optotypes. Individuals who failed were initially referred to an ophthalmic clinical officer (OCO), who retested visual acuity and subsequently referred to an ophthalmologist to determine the cause of visual loss. Subjects from two villages (248 individuals) who passed visual acuity screening were re-examined by the OCO to estimate the accuracy of the screening procedure. RESULTS: Of the 4076 adults (aged 13 years and over, 69.3% of the censused population) who participated, 191 (4.7%) failed the vision screening criteria and 648 (15.9%) had non-vision impairing conditions. The prevalence of visual loss was at least 3.9%: 0.4% had bilateral blindness, 1.6% had bilateral visual impairment, 0.7% had unilateral blindness and 1.2% unilateral visual impairment. Cataract was the leading cause for all categories of visual loss except bilateral blindness, for which suspected glaucoma was most frequent. Refractive errors were the second leading cause of bilateral and unilateral visual impairment. Based on one subject (0.4%) in the validation sample who was found to have low vision, we estimated the sensitivity and specificity of E-optotypes for detecting visual loss to be 93% and 99%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Cataract and refractive errors were responsible for most of the visual loss in rural Uganda. Snellen's E-optotypes provide a suitable cost-saving tool for conducting population-based eye surveys in sub-Saharan Africa.

Adolescent↗