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Results for “Verbal Behavior”

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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Underlying dimensions of verbal communication between dentists and patients in prosthetic dentistry.

The study explores whether the task-focused and socio-emotional dimensions of clinical communication is recognizable in the verbal communication context of prosthetic dentistry, as well as if there are other dimensions of communication in that context. Sixty-one audio recordings were made at three specialist clinics of prosthetic dentistry in Sweden. Sixty-one patients and 15 dentists participated. Sixty-one prosthetic rehabilitation periods were followed. Tooth- or implant-supported fixed prostheses were placed during this time. One visit near the end of each rehabilitation period was audiorecorded. The verbal communication was analyzed with the Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS)-dental. The categories were subjected to exploratory factor analysis. Patient and dentist verbal behavior could not be defined exclusively as socio-emotional or task-focused but had to be defined in other dimensions; Emotional exchange, information exchange-patient horizon, relation building exchange, information exchange-dentist horizon, and administrative and counseling exchange. Since the 'emotional exchange' factor was found to capture the largest share of the variance in the communicated patterns, the present study suggests that prosthetic care in dentistry is basically a human relationship with strong emotional communicative content.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Generalization from school to home with autistic children.

This investigation assessed the generalization of verbal behavior from school to home with three autistic boys. The study attempted to expand upon previous research by Handleman (1979) by analyzing the effects of single versus multiple trainers on generalization. By the use of a multiple-baseline design counterbalanced for treatment condition, the three youngsters were taught responses to common questions in two school settings and were probed to determine transfer of learning to their homes. All three children demonstrated greater generalization when they received training at varied locations as opposed to instruction in a single setting. Results of the study suggest that manipulating the school environment to more closely simulate home conditions may facilitate transfer of treatment gains to the natural setting.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1979

Thought disorder in alcoholics.

Research on cognitive impairment in chronic alcoholics has generally focused on pathology associated with organic brain damage. On the other hand, deficits more typical of the functional psychoses have been less explored, due to the absence of appropriate tests. By using the Thought Disorder Rating Scale (TDRS) recently developed at our Center, however, we have tested chronic alcoholics for the presence of classical symptoms of thought disorder. This test is based on the assessment of the patient's verbal behavior by an experienced clinician. Twenty subjects free of psychosis, severe withdrawal symptoms, and medical illness were, after detoxification, administered a test battery which included the TDRS, the Bender-Gestalt Test, and the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). Five scored pathologically for thought disorder and of them four had abnormal Benders; whereas only two of 15 of those without thought disorder had abnormal Benders (t = 2.84, p < .01). Although SDS scores for both groups were in the depressed range, there was no significant difference between SDS means for the two groups. TDRS scores for these alcoholics are compared with those for other diagnosed groups, and implications for future investigation are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Platelet monoamine oxidase activity and evoked response as predictors of anxiety and depression derived from the content analysis of speech.

Platelet MAO activity has been reported by several investigators to differentiate schizophrenia, schizophrenia related depressive disorders, alcoholism, unipolar and bipolar depression from normal controls. Evoked potentials likewise have differentiated schizophrenic and affective patients. However, the precise relationship between MAO activity, evoked potentials (EP), and psychiatric illness has not been clarified. A possible association between psychopathology and high MAO activity/EP reducing and low MAO activity/EP augmenting has been reported. Such a bidirectionality further confounds results. This study was undertaken to determine the association of psychopathological dimensions found in a group of subjects whose platelet MAO activity and evoked responses were obtained two years earlier. Utilizing the Gottschalk-Gleser verbal behavior scales of Anxiety, Depression, Social Alienation-Personal Disorganization and Cognitive Impairment a significant correlation was revealed between low platelet MAO activity and high Total Anxiety scale and Shame Anxiety subscale scores. Additionally, a significant correlation was demonstrated between reducing evoked potentials and elevated Death Anxiety, Somatic Concerns, and Total Death and Mutilation Depression subscales scores, combined and separately. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between augmenting evoked potentials and Overt Hostility Outward scores. No significant correlations were demonstrated between platelet MAO activity or evoked potentials and Social Alienation-Personal Disorganization or Cognitive Impairment scores. These findings lend support to the position that biological markers may predict predispositions to anxiety and depression.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Viewing of horror and violence videos by adolescence. A study of speech samples of video consumers with the Gottschalk-Gleser Speech Content analysis].

In 1990 pupils of different schools in Württemberg were interviewed about their television and video consumption. It turned out that a high percentage of mainly male pupils of Hauptschulen (upper division of elementary schools) and special schools excessively and regularly consumed films which were on the index (X-rated) or seized depicting horror and violence. Subsequent to the inquiry through questionnaires and different personality tests, speech samples of 51 test persons were recorded on tape. 5 speech samples had to be excluded from further investigation since they contained less than 70 words. The transcribed and anonymized records were examined according to the Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis of verbal behavior, and two groups of so-called seldom lookers (n = 22) and frequent lookers (n = 24) were compared to each other. The frequent lookers significantly often reported about film contents which presumably means that their imagination is more restricted and less productive than that of the other group. In addition, this group of frequent lookers had significantly higher scores concerning death anxiety and guilt anxiety. With regard to hostility affects, their scores were also significantly raised concerning outward-overt hostility, outward-covert hostility, and ambivalent hostility. Probably the group of frequent lookers comprised more test persons with relationship disorders, with borderline risks, dissocial personality features, and problems to cope with their aggressiveness. So they show on the one hand a raised affinity to watch such films, but simultaneously unconscious and conscious learning processes take place which stimulate further aggressive fantasies (and possibly also actions).

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stressors and stress management--1 month after myocardial infarction.

Stressors and stress management behaviors reported by 52 myocardial infarction (MI) patients were identified from a content analysis of transcriptions of nurse/patient/spouse interactions that took place 30 days postinfarction. Subjects defined stress primarily in terms of distress related to appraisals of harm, loss, or threat. Stressors and stress management behaviors varied, although subjects were similar in age and occupation and were in the same phase of recovery. Most stressors related to recent myocardial infarction and pertained to thoughts and feelings more than to external events. Others, related to family and/or work, were ongoing before the MI. Stress management behaviors comprised a continuum of physical, cognitive, and verbal behaviors ranging from active to passive. Avoidance of situations, ignoring situations, expressing feelings, and thinking things through were the four major modes of stress management behaviors. Implications for rehabilitation nursing practice are identified.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Maternal labelling of novel and familiar objects: implications for children's development of lexical constraints.

Mothers' provision of names for novel and familiar toy animals was examined during play interactions with 20 infants observed at ages 0;10, 1;1, 1;5, and 1;9. Of particular interest were characteristics of mothers' speech which might bear on children's development of lexical principles or constraints. Analyses demonstrated that mothers facilitated their children's determination of reference and differentially adjusted their naming practices to novel, comprehended, and familiar animals. They virtually always named the whole object first. More important, the first mention of novel, but not comprehended or familiar animals involved both maternal naming and physical designation of the object 92% or more of the time. Thus, although a novel word's referent may be indeterminate logically, mothers specify it practically. These results support the position that maternal labelling practices may assist children in acquiring lexical principles and that lexical acquisition, perhaps even the vocabulary spurt, can proceed during natural conversational interactions before infants master lexical principles.

Child Language↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Do young children always say yes to yes-no questions? A metadevelopmental study of the affirmation bias.

The present study investigated whether yes-no questions would lead to a yes bias in young children. Four experiments were conducted in which 2- to 5-year-olds were asked comprehensible and incomprehensible yes-no questions concerning familiar and unfamiliar objects. Consistent findings were obtained: (a) 2-year-olds displayed a consistent yes bias; (b) 4- and 5-year-olds exhibited no response bias toward comprehensible questions and a nay-saying bias toward incomprehensible questions; and (c) 3-year-olds' results were mixed, suggesting that the age of 3 years is a period of developmental transition in response tendency toward yes-no questions. The findings suggest that yes-no questions are suitable for older children, providing they are comprehensible, but may result in biased results when used with younger children and when incomprehensible.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Children creating language: how Nicaraguan sign language acquired a spatial grammar.

It has long been postulated that language is not purely learned, but arises from an interaction between environmental exposure and innate abilities. The innate component becomes more evident in rare situations in which the environment is markedly impoverished. The present study investigated the language production of a generation of deaf Nicaraguans who had not been exposed to a developed language. We examined the changing use of early linguistic structures (specifically, spatial modulations) in a sign language that has emerged since the Nicaraguan group first came together: In tinder two decades, sequential cohorts of learners systematized the grammar of this new sign language. We examined whether the systematicity being added to the language stems from children or adults: our results indicate that such changes originate in children aged 10 and younger Thus, sequential cohorts of interacting young children collectively: possess the capacity not only to learn, but also to create, language.

Adolescent↗