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Results for “Vaginal Barrier Methods”

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PubMed1995

Contraceptive methods and the risk of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in young women.

To evaluate the relation between contraceptive methods and cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection, the authors studied a population-based sample of 1,779 nonpregnant women aged 15-34 years who underwent cell culture diagnostic testing for the detection of C. trachomatis at a health maintenance organization. Barrier contraceptive method users were classified as those who reported using one of the following methods at time of testing: condom, diaphragm, cervical cap, spermicidal sponge, foam, or vaginal spermicidal suppositories. Barrier methods were associated with a reduction in the risk of chlamydial infection in women aged 25 years or older when compared with all other women in the same age category (adjusted prevalence odds ratio = 0.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04-0.66). When compared with only noncontracepting women, the adjusted prevalence odds ratio was 0.34 (95% CI 0.06-1.99). The protective effect of barrier methods was not evident in women younger than age 25 years. Oral contraceptive use was not associated with the risk of C. trachomatis infection using either referent group; the adjusted prevalence odds ratio was 0.99 (95% CI 0.57-1.73) compared with all other women, and 0.88 (95% CI 0.44-1.79) compared with noncontracepting women. These findings suggest that present patterns of use of barrier methods differ by age and afford only selective protection against cervical C. trachomatis infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Acceptability of a new intravaginal barrier contraceptive device (Femcap).

A comprehensive questionnaire to assess acceptability was sent to 106 participants (and their partners) in a study on the safety and effectiveness of the Femcap. Participants were asked to rate their satisfaction with various aspects of the method, and were also asked about complaints such as vaginal infections, urinary tract infections, or other irritation. Eighty-one percent of the study sample either returned the mailed questionnaires or completed telephone interviews. Results were encouraging in that none of the study subjects or their partners reported any discomfort, trauma, or interference in sexual spontaneity with the cap. Vaginal irritation and infections were infrequently reported. The feature best liked by most participants was the absence of hormones associated with the method; the feature least liked was removal of the device. The Femcap may be an acceptable alternative to currently available barrier contraceptive devices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Studies on vaginal malodor. I. Study in humans.

Forty-two percent of collagen sponges tested as an intravaginal barrier contraceptive method developed malodor when retained for 5 days. Only 4% developed odor when the sponge was removed within 24 hours after intercourse, rinsed, and reinserted. While sexually active volunteers found odor in 37% of the sponges, odor formed only in 4% of the sponges worn by sexually inactive users. No difference in the rate of odor formation was found when neutral pH (7.0) and acid pH (3.4) collagen sponges were tested, although we believe that a pH 3.4 is too acid and promotes odor formation. The optimal pH of the sponge should be 4.5 to 5.5. Malodor was efficiently extracted from sponges by washing in acid milieu of tap water and vinegar or 0.1 M acetate buffer, pH 4.0. Alkali extraction procedures were ineffective, and lukewarm water was slightly less effective than acid extraction of odor. At the time of malodor development, the high content of polyamines (putrescine, spermine, spermidine) in the ejaculate decreased to undetectable values. We conclude that the ejaculate is the major source of malodor formation in intravaginally worn collagen sponges. Removal, rinsing optimally in vinegar solution, and reinsertion within 24 hours after intercourse reduces the chance of malodor formation.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Adolescent contraception: nonhormonal methods.

A comparison of the advantages, disadvantages, and costs of each method is presented in Table 1. Barrier methods of contraception offer adolescents protection against both pregnancy and STDs, but innovative approaches are needed to enhance availability and acceptability. Condom use in conjunction with a vaginal spermicide would provide optimal protection. The "female condom" may prove to be an effective alternative. Diaphragms and cervical caps can be prescribed for well-educated, highly motivated adolescents comfortable with insertion and removal. The vaginal contraceptive sponge provides many of the advantages of the diaphragm and cap without the need for an examination and fitting and also may be used as a backup method with the condom. Vaginal spermicides used alone are significantly less effective than in combination with a mechanical barrier. The IUD is not considered appropriate for most adolescents due to its association with an increased risk of pelvic infection. Periodic abstinence requires accurate identification of the fertile period, extensive education, and partner cooperation. Sterilization is rarely considered an option in adolescents. Alternate forms of sexual expression are available to adolescents who choose to abstain from intercourse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Fungal vulvovaginitis.

Fungal vulvovaginitis remains one of the most frequent conditions affecting the lower genital tract. Recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of the condition have improved our ability to treat recurrent or persistent cases. More clinical data have become available on the optimal duration of treatment with some of the newer antifungal agents.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1985

The cervical cap as a contraceptive alternative.

A recent resurgence in the United States of popular interest in the cervical cap has prompted reexamination of its safety and effectiveness as a contraceptive device. Despite widespread use in Europe, few studies are available for evaluation of this non-hormonal, non-invasive barrier method of contraception. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration classified the cap as a "significant risk device" and has limited dispensing of the cap to providers with Investigational Device Exemptions. Use and fitting of the cervical cap are described.

Contraceptive Devices, Female↗
PubMed1984

Relationship between contraceptive method and vaginal flora.

This study was undertaken to assess whether the vaginal flora was affected by the method of contraception, and in particular as to whether the incidence of vaginal candidiasis increased when oral contraceptives were used. One thousand and two consecutive vaginal or cervical swabs from women attending a family planning centre were cultured. Candida albicans was isolated from 13% of women using no contraception, 16% using oral contraceptives, and from 9%, 19% and 18% of those using diaphragms, intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD) and condoms respectively. These differences were not statistically significant. Women using an IUCD had significantly more Gram-positive cocci cultured than women in any other group, while those using diaphragms had significantly more Gram-negative bacilli. Our clinical impression that the use of oral contraceptives led to an increase in vaginal candidiasis, was not confirmed by this study.

Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Study of the intravaginal insert (IVI): acceptability, side effects, and post-coital spermicidal activity.

The authors describe their experience with a group of 49 sexually active, already protected women in order to evaluate the acceptability, side effects and post-coital spermicidal activity of a new vaginal contraceptive. The intravaginal insert (IVI) consists of a polyester resin plug (sponge) containing a 5% solution of nonoxynol-9 bound in a cold formation process, and having a cotton loop attached to the lower end. The results of this study indicate that this new vaginal contraceptive is free of major side effects, is well accepted by users, and has strong spermicidal and mechanical activity. Future clinical testing in order to try its anti-conceptive effectiveness is warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The Prentif contraceptive cervical cap: acceptability aspects and their implications for future cap design.

Patients in a private gynecological practice were offered the Prentif contraceptive cervical cap. The first 413 acceptors were sent a questionnaire covering in detail many of the aspects of their experience. The 371 responses contained a wealth of information concerned with safety, effectiveness and acceptability. Safety and effectiveness are dealt with in the companion article preceding, while the less serious risk factors that reduce the acceptability of the Prentif cap are presented and discussed herein. In order of descending frequency, these factors include: odor; difficulty removing; discomfort to partner; difficulty inserting; dislike of spermicide; discomfort to self; urinary discomforts; vaginal infections; vaginal discharge; and vaginal itching. The most attractive features of the cap, as compared with the diaphragm, were: increased convenience; greater safety; less interference with spontaneity; increased frequency of intercourse; and increased libido. Despite multiple problems with Prentif caps, 67.4% of the cap recipients were still using their caps after one year. However, this was among a select group of highly motivated women of above-average intelligence. The causes of cap acceptability problems are discussed along with probable future improvements in cap design that may solve them.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Toxic shock syndrome, contraceptive methods, and vaginitis.

To elucidate further the etiology of toxic shock syndrome, we assessed the effects of certain contraceptive methods and recent history of vaginal infection on the incidence of toxic shock syndrome, with confounding effects of other risk factors controlled. We found a strong but imprecise positive association between toxic shock syndrome and tubal ligation (rate ratio = 7.9, 90% confidence interval 1.4 to 42.7). We also observed a negative association with oral contraceptives (rate ratio = 0.49, 90% confidence interval 0.22 to 1.1) and a positive association with a recent history of vaginitis (rate ratio = 2.1, 90% confidence interval 1.2 to 3.9).

Contraceptive Devices, Female↗
PubMed1989

[Prostitutes of the east sector of Santiago: characteristics and pathology of sexual transmission].

We studied the frequency of venereal disease in 329 prostitutes working at massage parlours in Santiago. The mean age was 24 years and half of them had high school or university studies. In spite of frequent sexual contacts averaging 2.8 per day, the prevalence of significant venereal disease was not high in this group. Notably, AIDS infection was not detected. Vaginitis due to Trichomonas or Candida infection was the commonest problem and this was half as frequent among gum preservative users. Marital condition, age, obstetrical history and other variables were not related to genital infection.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Condom use relative to knowledge of sexually transmitted disease prevention, method of birth control, and past or present infection.

The purpose of this study was to assess knowledge regarding STD spread and prevention, and to assess motivational and behavioral factors that influence the use of condoms to prevent STD acquisition among inner-city women at high risk for STD infection. In addition, the effect of past and/or current STD infection on a woman's knowledge of the mechanism of STD acquisition and subsequent use of a condom to prevent STD infection was explored. We utilized three inner-city clinics offering family planning or gynecologic care located in Brooklyn, New York. Our study linked clinical findings regarding current infection with chlamydia or Trichomonas vaginalis. One thousand four hundred and four sexually active black and Hispanic women participated in the study. A past history of STD (37%) or current infection (29%) was recorded for 54% of the study population (12% were positive for both past and current infection). On average, only 60% of women who reported prior treatment for STD infection reported receiving any information regarding prevention of re-infection during the course of treatment. Depending on the specific STD, from 6.8% to 42.9% of women reporting prior treatment for an STD did not know the disease they were being treated for was sexually transmitted. Condom use for disease prevention was more frequently reported by women who had previously been treated for an STD (OR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.23-2.13). However, condom use for contraception was a stronger predictor of use for STD prevention. Women who relied on condoms for contraception were almost 10 times more likely to also report condom use for STD prevention relative to women who did not use condoms for contraceptive purposes (OR = 9.71, 95% CI 7.0-13.5). In addition, condom use was associated with the perceived attitude of their sexual partner toward such use. Condom use to prevent STD acquisition was more than twice as frequently reported when a favorable attitude was perceived by a male sexual partner (OR = 2.30, 95% CI 1.54-3.43). Our findings suggest that prevention of unplanned pregnancy was a stronger motivator for condom use than disease prevention among the women comprising our study group. The findings also indicate the need for more extensive information regarding STD prevention among women at high risk for STD acquisition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗