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PubMed1981

Pharmacokinetics of digoxin in the turkey and comparison with other species.

Digoxin was administered by bolus intravenous injection to seven broad-breasted white turkey poults at doses of 0.1, 0.15, or 0.2 mg/kg. Plasma digoxin concentrations were measured by a 125I radioimmunoassay at selected times over the subsequent 24 hr. The data were fitted to a two compartment open pharmacokinetic model. Overall mean values for kinetic variables were: distribution halflife, 38.96 min; elimination halflife, 11.03 hr; volume of distribution in the central compartment, 1.54 liters/kg; total body clearance, 5.81 ml/min/kg. Different doses did not appear to have a significant effect on the identifiable pharmacokinetic variables, suggesting that digoxin disposition is dose independent in the turkey. The results obtained in turkeys were compared with data reported for rats, cats, dogs, and humans. The value for total body clearance of digoxin in the turkey was similar to values found in man, dogs, and cats but considerably less than values reported for rats. The value for elimination halflife in turkeys was somewhat less than values reported for infants and dogs; however, it was considerably different than values reported for rats and cats.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol-induced congestive cardiomyopathy in adult turkeys: effects on myocardial antioxidant defence systems.

The effects of chronic intake of dietary alcohol upon left ventricular function, activities of myocardial antioxidant enzymes, reduced glutathione (GSH) content and lipoperoxidation (measured as the formation of diene conjugates and lipid-soluble fluorescence) were studied in adult domestic Nicholas turkeys. The non-invasive evaluation of left ventricular function by echocardiography revealed an impaired contractile function (the calculated fractional shortening values were 31.1 +/- 4.1% in the alcoholic group and 38.8 +/- 4.4% in the controls) and dilatation of the heart in the alcoholic birds. The changes in the non-invasive parameters of the left ventricle indicate that the adult Nicholas turkey developed congestive cardiomyopathy secondary to the ingestion of ethanol. In the hearts of normal adult turkeys, high GSH content (2.39 +/- 0.25 mumol/g wet weight) and superoxide dismutase activity were found, as compared to other animals, indicating the relatively higher development of antioxidant defence systems. Compared to the controls, significant increases were noted for all the antioxidant enzymes investigated (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) and a moderately significant decrease in the GSH content was found in the left ventricle of alcoholic birds. The changes in GSH concentration and antioxidant enzyme activities might indirectly indicate some involvement of free radicals in the pathogenesis of ethanol-induced myocardial lesion. However, the levels of in vivo lipoperoxidation in the alcoholic birds did not significantly vary from those of control turkeys. Based on these findings, it appears that the reactive oxygen radicals may play a less important role in the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced cardiomyopathy in turkeys--probably due to the higher development of myocardial antioxidant defence systems.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2000

Generality of support sources and psychometric properties of a scale of perceived social support in Turkey.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to check the generality of the structure of social support sources as measured by the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and to examine the instrument's psychometric properties in Turkey. A previous study in Turkey showed that the definitions of support sources may differ across cultures and an attempt was made in the present study to incorporate definitions to make the scale more meaningful in Turkey. METHOD: Three samples (psychiatry, surgery, and normal), each consisting of 50 subjects, were selected from a hospital in Turkey. No significant demographic differences were present between the samples. Factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, correlations with other validated scales, and group comparisons were used for the analyses. RESULTS: The original three support sources (family, friends, significant other) were found. However, in this version of the MSPSS the Family and the Significant other subscales incorporated definitions more meaningful in our samples. Internal consistency was high and correlations with the other scales showed adequate validity, particularly for the psychiatry and the surgery samples. The psychiatry sample reported the lowest levels of support. CONCLUSION: The generality of support sources, with some differing definitions, was supported. The psychometric properties of the MSPSS were adequate for it to be used in Turkey. However, social support may be especially relevant for groups with psychological/medical problems, and support from close people (particularly the family) may be especially predictive of health.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Embryonic turkey liver: activities of biotransformation enzymes and activation of DNA-reactive carcinogens.

Avian embryos are a potential alternative model for chemical toxicity and carcinogenicity research. Because the toxic and carcinogenic effects of some chemicals depend on bioactivation, activities of biotransformation enzymes and formation of DNA adducts in embryonic turkey liver were examined. Biochemical analyses of 22-day in ovo turkey liver post-mitochondrial fractions revealed activities of the biotransformation enzymes 7-ethoxycoumarin de-ethylase (ECOD), 7-ethoxyresorufin de-ethylase (EROD), aldrin epoxidase (ALD), epoxide hydrolase (EH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and UDP-glucuronyltransferase (GLUT). Following the administration of phenobarbital (24 mg/egg) on day 21, enzyme activities of ECOD, EROD, ALD, EH and GLUT, but not of GST, were increased by two-fold or higher levels by day 22. In contrast, acute administration of 3-methylcholanthrene (5 mg/egg) induced only ECOD and EROD activities. Bioactivation of structurally diverse pro-carcinogens was also examined using (32)P-postlabeling for DNA adducts. In ovo exposure of turkey embryos on day 20 of gestation to 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), 4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5- f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) resulted in the formation of DNA adducts in livers collected by day 21. Some of the DNA adducts had (32)P-postlabeling chromatographic migration patterns similar to DNA adducts found in livers from Fischer F344 rats exposed to the same pro-carcinogens. We conclude that 21-day embryonic turkey liver is capable of chemical biotransformation and activation of genotoxic carcinogens to form DNA adducts. Thus, turkey embryos could be utilized to investigate potential chemical toxicity and carcinogenicity.

2-Acetylaminofluorene↗
PubMed2000

Pathogenic avian adenovirus type II induces apoptosis in turkey spleen cells.

Wild-type mammalian adenoviruses are known to inhibit programmed cells death in infected cells. This study demonstrated for the first time that an avian type II adenovirus, the hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) of turkeys, induced apoptosis in turkey spleen cells at 3 and 4 days post infection. The increased apoptosis rate in spleens of HEV-infected turkeys was associated with increased virus replication. Increased apoptosis preceded extensive virus-induced cellular necrosis. At 3 days post infection, spleen cells from HEV-infected turkeys released tumor necrosis like factor and nitric oxide inducing factors after ex vivo stimulation with concanavalin A. Spleen cells from HEV-exposed turkeys also secreted an interleukin 6-like factor when cultured in vitro. These cytokines may have contributed to HEV-pathogenesis and HEV-induced apoptosis and necrosis in the spleen. Induction of apoptosis by an avian adenovirus but not by wild-type mammalian adenoviruses indicates that evolutionarily distant adenoviruses may have different pathogenic mechanisms.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1986

Influence of cerebroventricular injection of dopamine on plasma prolactin and LH levels of postlaying and broody turkey hens.

Dopamine (DA), a well-known inhibitor of prolactin secretion in mammals, was injected into the third cerebroventricle of turkey hens in two distinct physiological states. Nonbroody postlaying turkeys had preinjection plasma prolactin (Prl) levels of about 68 ng/ml. Prolactin levels were significantly elevated 20 and 40 min after intraventricular injection of 10 micrograms of dopamine and then returned to basal levels. Incubating turkey hens, in contrast, showed the typical hyperprolactinemia characteristic of this physiological state. Mean preinjection Prl levels ranged from about 1290 to 1860 ng/ml. Injection of 10 or 30 micrograms of dopamine neither increased nor decreased plasma Prl levels over the 120-min time course of this experiment. Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were increased in nonbroody postlaying hens within 40 min after intraventricular injection of 10 micrograms of DA and then declined. Levels in vehicle-injected hens did not change significantly up to 120 min after injection. Dopamine injection had no effect on LH levels of broody turkey hens. These data clearly show that DA is not an inhibitor of Prl secretion in nonlaying turkeys with moderate Prl levels and in fact it appears to stimulate its release.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

A quantitative measurement of the effect of avian influenza virus on the ability of turkeys to eliminate Pasteurella multocida from the respiratory tract.

The effect of avian influenza virus (AIV) infection on the ability of turkeys to eliminate Pasteurella multocida from the respiratory tract was evaluated. Four-week-old turkeys were experimentally infected with an apathogenic AIV subtype (H5N2) by the oculonasal route and subsequently superinfected with P multocida (Urbach strain) by the intranasal route three days after infection with AIV. Quantitative clearance of P multocida from the trachea and lung was determined using a pour plate technique on samples collected at intervals after infection. Samples from turkeys which had been infected with AIV were found to yield more P multocida than those from turkeys which had not been infected with AIV. The numbers of P multocida increased in infected birds to a greater extent than in birds which had not been infected with the virus. The present study suggests that AIV infection may contribute to the increased numbers and a decreased clearance of P multocida in turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Turkey beta 2-microglobulin--I. Isolation, properties and amino acid analysis.

Turkey beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) was purified from pooled serum by successive steps of ultrafiltration, gel filtration chromatography, lectin affinity chromatography, anion exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing and a second step of gel filtration. Identification of turkey beta 2m was based upon NH2-terminal primary structure analysis. The NH2-terminal primary structure of turkey beta 2m is: NH2-Lys-Ile-Glu-Val-Tyr-Ile-Lys-. The purity of the isolated protein was confirmed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. Physicochemical parameters of turkey beta 2m are: mol. wt, 10,500 (observed), 9959 (calculated); beta electrophoretic mobility; pI, 4.7, 5.2; E1%280, 10.9; absence of terminal D-mannopyranosyl and D-glucopyranosyl residues. Amino acid composition analysis demonstrated similarities between turkey and chicken beta 2ms that distinguished them from mammalian beta 2ms.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Comparative study of hepatic VLDL secretion in vivo in the growing turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and chicken (Gallus domesticus).

Hepatic secretion of VLDL was compared in young turkeys and chickens (8 and 4 weeks of age, respectively) and older birds (11 and 8 weeks of age, respectively) reared together under the same nutritional conditions. VLDL, VLDL-TG and total TG secretion rates were higher in chickens than in turkeys. The cholesteryl ester content of turkey VLDL was higher than that of chicken. Differences in the fatty acid composition of the VLDL lipids were observed between the species: the proportion of linoleic acid was greater in turkeys, whereas monounsaturated fatty acids were more abundant in chickens. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of a positive relationship between hepatic lipogenesis, delta-9-desaturation, VLDL secretion and fattening in turkeys and chickens.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1993

Primary pathogenicity of an European isolate of Chlamydia psittaci from turkey poults.

Chlamydia psittaci was isolated as the sole pathogenic agent from a severe outbreak of respiratory disease in a commercial broiler turkey farm in the Netherlands. The mortality rate in the flocks was 65%. Clinical signs included conjunctivitis, swelling of the sinus infraorbitalis and sneezing. Cloacal excretion of chlamydia was demonstrated in twelve out of fifteen birds examined by a direct immunofluorescence test. In all the fifteen birds antibodies against Chlamydia psittaci were detected in the sera by a competitive ELISA. At necropsy sinusitis, rhinitis, airsacculitis, pneumonia, pericarditis and enlargement of the liver and spleen were found. Chlamydiae were demonstrated in the sinus material of all and in conjunctival smears of eight of the fifteen examined birds. Chlamydiae were isolated from all the examined birds after one to three passages on Buffalo Green Monkey (BGM) cell cultures using samples taken from lung, liver and spleen. No other pathogens were isolated. The chlamydia isolate was typed using a panel of serovar-specific monoclonal antibodies in a micro-immunofluorescence test. The isolate belonged to the avian Chlamydia psittaci serovar D. Experimental inoculation with this isolate of 7-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) turkeys resulted in severe clinical signs, with mortality and extensive pathological lesions, similar to those seen in turkeys from the examined broiler turkey farm. From the data it was concluded that this Chlamydia psittaci isolate can cause severe disease in turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Studies on comparative drug metabolism by hepatic cytochrome P-450-containing microsomal enzymes in quail, ducks, geese, chickens, turkeys and rats.

1. These studies were carried out to compare certain hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes of quail, ducks, geese, chickens, turkeys and rats. 2. Comparison of relative liver weights of the species indicated that the rats had the largest weight followed by turkeys, ducks, geese, chickens and quail. 3. Rats ranked highest in hepatic cytochrome P-450 content followed in decreasing order by turkeys, geese, chickens, ducks and quail. 4. Microsomal benzphetamine N-demethylase activity was significantly higher in geese and turkeys than that for the rest of the species. 5. Geese, chickens and turkeys showed similar aniline hydroxylase activity, while it was markedly lower in quail and ducks with rats being intermediate.

Aniline Hydroxylase↗
PubMed1993

The effects of corticosterone and catecholamine infusion on plasma glucose levels in chicken (Gallus domesticus) and turkey (Meleagris gallapavo).

1. Continuous 5 hr infusion of low levels of corticosterone, epinephrine, isoproterenol or phenylephrine plus a high dose bolus injection at 3 hr had different effects on the plasma glucose levels of chickens and turkeys. 2. Corticosterone had no effect on plasma glucose in turkeys, but increased glucose after the bolus and at 270 and 300 min for chickens. 3. Epinephrine increased plasma glucose in turkeys, but only caused a transient elevation after the bolus in chickens. 4. Isoproterenol increased plasma glucose in turkeys, but had no effect in chickens. 5. Phenylephrine increased plasma glucose after the bolus in turkeys but had no effect in chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Morphological and histochemical characterization of the seminiferous epithelial and Leydig cells of the turkey.

Unlike mammals, there is little fundamental information about spermatogenesis in birds. This study was undertaken to clarify the morphology, histochemistry, and lectin affinity of the seminiferous epithelial cells and Leydig cells in pre-pubertal (8- to 15-week old) and adult (40- to 44-week old) domestic turkeys. In adult turkeys, three types of spermatogonia were defined based on their chromatin distribution and nuclear morphology: the dark type A (A(d)); the pale type A (A(p)); and the type B. The A(d) is the least numerous and least conspicuous and consequently difficult to locate. Based on its spatial distribution and overall morphology, type A(d) spermatogonia were postulated to be the spermatogonia stem cells in the turkey. Antibodies to c-kit were localized to spermatogonia in the pre-pubertal and to a lesser extent in adult males. Peanut agglutinin (PNA) was specific for spermatocytes in the pre-pubertal males and spermatogonia and early spermatocytes in adult males. Wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) highlighted Sertoli cells in both age groups. Bandeiraea simplicifolia I, soybean agglutinin, and winged-pea agglutinin staining were limited to the wall of the seminiferous tubule and some extra-tubular cell types. Concanavalin A staining was diffuse and not cell-specific and, therefore, could not be used to selectively identify a particular cell type. It was concluded that WGA and PNA could aid in identifying specific cell types in the seminiferous epithelium of testis from pre-pubertal and mature turkeys. Only Leydig cells were alkaline phosphatase reactive in the mature turkey testes. The information from this study is being used to adapt techniques for the isolation and partial purification developed for mammalian spermatogonia to avian spermatogonia and other specific cell types in the testes.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

Development of maximum metabolic rate and pulmonary diffusing capacity in the superprecocial Australian Brush Turkey Alectura lathami: an allometric and morphometric study.

The Australian Brush Turkey Alectura lathami is a member of the Megapodiidae, the mound-building birds that produce totally independent, "superprecocial" hatchlings. This study examined the post-hatching development of resting and maximal metabolic rates, and the morphometrically determined changes in pulmonary gas exchange anatomy, in chicks during 3.7 months of growth from hatchlings (122 g) to subadults (1.1 kg). Allometric equations of the form y=aM(b) related gas exchange variables (y) to body mass (M, g). Metabolic rates were measured with open-flow respirometry (mL O2 min(-1)) of chicks resting in the dark and running above the aerobic limit on a treadmill. Resting metabolic rate (RMR=0.02 M(0.99)) and maximal metabolic rate (MMR=0.05 M(1.07)) scaled with exponents significantly above those of interspecific allometries of adult birds. However MMR was below that expected for other species of adult birds in flapping flight, consistent with the Brush Turkey's ground-dwelling habits. Total lung volumes (mL) increased faster than isometrically (V(L)=0.0075 M(1.19)), as did the surface area (cm(2)) of the blood-gas barrier (S(t)=7.80 M(1.23)), but the data overlapped those of adult species. Harmonic mean thickness of the blood-gas barrier was independent of body size (mean tau(ht),=0.39 microm) and was about twice that expected for flying birds. Diffusing capacity (mL O2 min(-1) kPa(-1)) of the blood-gas tissue barrier increased faster than isometrically (Dto2=0.049 M(1.23)); in hatchling Brush Turkeys, it was about 30% expected for adult birds, but this difference disappeared when they became subadults. When compared to altricial Australian pelicans that hatch at similar body masses, superprecocial Brush Turkeys had higher MMR and higher Dto2 at the same body size. A parallel allometry between MMR and Dto2 in Brush Turkeys and pelicans is consistent with the concept of symmorphosis during development.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effect of myostatin on turkey myogenic satellite cells and embryonic myoblasts.

Myostatin (GDF-8) inhibits the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of myogenic satellite cells. The relative importance of this growth factor is demonstrated in myostatin-null mice and cattle possessing defective myostatin genes. These defects result in greatly enhanced musculature. In the present study, we examined the effect of myostatin on turkey myogenic satellite cells and embryonic myoblasts. Compared with controls (P<0.05), proliferation of both turkey embryonic myoblasts and satellite cells was inhibited between 26 and 45% in serum-free medium containing 20 ng/mL myostatin. While individual turkey satellite cell clones differed in their responsiveness to myostatin, there were no significant differences in the responsiveness of fast and slow growing cells as groups (P>0.05). A slow growing clone that exhibited the greatest response to myostatin also exhibited the greatest depression of differentiation with this growth factor (P<0.05). All other turkey satellite cell clones exhibited similar responses to the differentiation depressing effects of myostatin (P>0.05). However, myostatin had no effect on differentiation of turkey embryonic myoblasts (P>0.05). When exposed to myostatin, 4 of 6 proliferating clones and all differentiating clones increased their expression of decorin, a growth inhibitor (P<0.05). The present study demonstrates that myostatin inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells and suggests a role for decorin in myostatin action in muscle development.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Confirmatory and quantitative analysis using experimental design for the extraction and liquid chromatography-UV, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry determination of quinolones in turkey muscle.

The aim of this work is to established methods for determination of quinolones (ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, difloxacin and flumequine), regulated by European Union, and sarafloxacin in turkey muscle. An experimental design has been applied for the optimization of the factors that influence the extraction of quinolones from turkey muscle in order to determine the experimental conditions for their extraction with high recoveries. Liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (LC-UV), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) have been used for the simultaneous quantification of quinolones antibiotics in turkey muscle. The proposed methods have been validated according to the Food Drugs Administration guideline and presents the limit of quantification below the maximum residue limits established by the European Union for quinolones in turkey muscle. The methods developed have been applied to quantification of enrofloxacin and its main metabolite ciprofloxacin in samples of turkey muscle obtained from animals treated with enrofloxacin.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Nursing doctoral education in Turkey.

Quality health care is an issue of concern worldwide, and nursing can and must play a major and global role in transforming the healthcare environment. Doctorally prepared nurses are very much needed in the discipline to further develop and expand the science, as well as to prepare its future educators, scholars, leaders, and policy makers. In 1968, the Master of Science in Nursing Program was initiated in Turkey, followed by the Nursing Doctoral Education Program in 1972. Six University Schools of Nursing provide nursing doctoral education. By the graduating year of 2001, 154 students had graduated with the Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing (Ph.D.), and 206 students were enrolled in related courses. Many countries in the world are systematically building various collaborative models in their nursing doctoral education programs. Turkey would like to play an active role in creating collaborative nursing doctoral education programs with other countries. This paper centres on the structure and model of doctoral education for nurses in Turkey. It touches on doctoral programs around the world; describes in detail nursing doctoral education in Turkey, including its program structure, admission process, course units, assessment strategies and dissertation procedure; and discusses efforts to promote Turkey as a potential partner in international initiatives to improve nursing doctoral education.

Academic Dissertations as Topic↗
PubMed2005

Effect of the analgesic butorphanol on activity behaviour in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo).

During fattening, the bodyweight of modern broad-breasted turkeys increases considerably within a very short space of time. In particular, the breast muscles increase disproportionately. This leads to a disadvantageous distribution in weight, and as a consequence, to a disturbed leg position and skeletal deformations like antitrochanteric degeneration, tibial dyschondroplasia, bending, twisting and rotation of the tibia, osteochondrosis, osteomyelitis, rickets, and epiphyseolysis of the femoral head increases. This cases of degenerative joint disease cause severe pain in humans and there are indications that this is also true for turkeys. The purpose of this study was to determine if behaviour indicative of such pain in turkeys of the B.U.T. Big 6 breeding line could be attenuated by administering a quick-acting analgesic, butorphanol. Twelve pairs of turkeys were tested at the ages of 7 and 12 weeks. One bird in each pair received an analgesic opioid injection, while the other one received a control injection of physiologically balanced saline solution. The time the birds spent putting weight on their legs, i.e., 'walking' and 'standing' and the distance covered by the birds were recorded during the 30 min periods before and after the application of the drug. At week seven the treated birds spent significantly more time putting weight on their legs than control birds. At week 12, the same tendency was observed. No significant differences were found in the distances covered by the animals. It is concluded that fattening turkeys reduce the time they are putting weight on their legs because these behaviours may be associated with pain.

Analgesics, Opioid↗