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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Perceptual learning of temporal structure.

We investigated the extent to which the ability to perceive spatial form from temporal structure (TS) improves with practice. Observers trained monocularly for a number of consecutive days on a shape discrimination task, with one group of observers judging shape defined by luminance contrast between target and background elements and another group judging shape defined by correlated TS (synchronized changes in motion direction between target and background elements). Substantial learning was found for both shape tasks, with complete interocular transfer of training. Observers trained on TS showed no transfer of learning to the luminance condition, but observers trained using the luminance display with incidental synchronized changes did show transfer to the TS task. Possible underlying neural changes are discussed.

Contrast Sensitivity↗
PubMed2005

Dissociations in perceptual learning revealed by adult age differences in adaptation to time-compressed speech.

When presented with several time-compressed sentences, young adults' performance improves with practice. Such adaptation has not been studied in older adults. To study age-related changes in perceptual learning, the authors tested young and older adults' ability to adapt to degraded speech. First, the authors showed that older adults, when equated for starting accuracy with young adults, adapted at a rate and magnitude comparable to young adults. However, unlike young adults, older adults failed to transfer this learning to a different speech rate and did not show additional benefit when practice exceeded 20 sentences. Listeners did not adapt to speech degraded by noise, indicating that adaptation to time-compressed speech was not attributable to task familiarity. Finally, both young and older adults adapted to spectrally shifted noise-vocoded speech. The authors conclude that initial perceptual learning is comparable in young and older adults but maintenance and transfer of this learning decline with age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Specificity of sensorimotor learning and the neural code: neuronal representations in the primary motor cortex.

Human studies show that the learning of a new sensorimotor mapping that requires adaptation to directional errors is local and generalizes poorly to untrained directions. We trained monkeys to learn new visuomotor rotations for only one target in space and recorded neuronal activity in the primary motor cortex before, during and after learning. Similar to humans, the monkeys showed poor transfer of learning to other directions, as observed by behavioral aftereffects for untrained directions. To test for internal representations underlying these changes, we compared two features of neuronal activity before and after learning: changes in firing rates and changes in information content. Specific elevations of firing rate were only observed in a subpopulation of cells in the motor cortex with directional properties corresponding to the locally learned rotation; namely cells only showed plasticity if their preferred direction was near the training one. We applied measures from information theory to probe for learning-related changes in the neuronal code. Single cells conveyed more information about the direction of movement and this specific improvement in encoding was correlated with an increase in the slope of the neurons' tuning curve. Further, the improved information after learning enabled a more accurate reconstruction of movement direction from neuronal populations. Our findings suggest a neural mechanism for the confined generalization of a newly acquired internal model by showing a tight relationship between the locality of learning and the properties of neurons. They also provide direct evidence for improvement in the neural code as a result of learning.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1993

Long-term training, transfer, and retention in learning to lipread.

A long-term training paradigm in lipreading was used to test the fuzzy logical model of perception (FLMP). This model has been used successfully to describe the joint contribution of audible and visible speech in bimodal speech perception. Tests of the model were extended in the present experiment to include the prediction of confusion matrices, as well as performance at several different levels of skill. The predictions of the FLMP were contrasted with the predictions of a prelabeling integration model (PRLM). Subjects were taught to lipread 22 initial consonants in three different vowel contexts. Training involved a variety of discrimination and identification lessons with the consonant-vowel syllables. Repeated testing was given on syllables, words, and sentences. The test items were presented visually, auditorily, and bimodally, at normal rate or three times normal rate. The subjects improved in their lipreading ability across all three types of test items. Replicating previous results, the present study illustrates that substantial gains in lipreading performance are possible. Relative to the PRLM, the FLMP gave a better description of the confusion matrices at both the beginning and the end of practice. One new finding from the present study is that the FLMP can account for the gains in bimodal speech perception as subjects improve their lipreading and listening abilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Qualitative differences in tactuo-spatial motor learning by left-handers.

Tactuo-spatial performance was studied as a function of subject handedness and hand employed in learning and transfer. Seventy-eight dextral and 75 sinistral blindfolded subjects learned a finger-maze with either dominant or nondominant hand. Transfer to the untrained hand was assessed with either an identical or a mirror-image version of the maze. Left hand acquisition required fewer trials; latencies were shorter when the dominant hand was used. All dextrals and those sinistral subjects who used the right hand in acquisition showed superior transfer to the identical maze. Sinistral subjects who used the left hand in acquisition demonstrated facilitated transfer to the mirror image maze. Results are suggested to provide evidence of two qualitatively different hemispheric strategies for encoding tactuo-spatial information.

Attention↗
PubMed2000

Geometric rule learning by Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana).

Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana) were trained to search in a location defined by its geometric relationship to 2 landmarks. Two groups were trained to search at different points along the line connecting the landmarks, and 2 groups were trained to find the 3rd point of a triangle, on the basis of either direction or distance from the landmarks. All groups learned and transferred to new interlandmark distances. However, the constant-distance group learned more slowly, searched less accurately, and showed less transfer than the other 3 groups. When tested with new orientations of the landmarks, the birds tended to follow small but not large rotations. When tested with a single landmark, birds in the half, quarter, and constant-bearing groups searched in the appropriate direction from the landmark, but birds in the distance group did not. These results demonstrate that nutcrackers can learn a variety of geometric principles, that directional information may be weighted more heavily than distance information, and that the birds can use both absolute and relative information about spatial relationships.

Animals↗