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PubMed1989

Effect of dietary fats on linoleic acid metabolism. A radiolabel study in rats.

Effects on the linoleic acid metabolism in vivo of three dietary fats, rich in either oleic acid, trans fatty acids or alpha-linolenic acid, and all with the same linoleic acid content, were investigated in male Wistar rats. After 6 weeks of feeding, the rats were intubated with [1-14C]linoleic acid and [3H]oleic acid. The incorporation of these radiolabels into liver, heart and serum was investigated 2, 4, 8, 24 and 48 h after intubation. The amount of 14C-labelled arachidonic acid incorporated into the liver phospholipid of the group fed the oleic acid-rich diet was significantly higher than that of the other groups. However, compared to the trans fatty acids-containing diet, the oleic acid-rich diet induced only a slightly higher arachidonic acid level in the phospholipid fraction of the tissues as determined by GLC. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid more than halved the arachidonic acid levels. Our results do not support the hypothesis that the delta 6-desaturase system actually determines the polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in tissue lipids by regulating the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g., arachidonic acid) synthesized. The biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids only is not sufficient to explain the complicated changes in fatty acid compositions as observed after feeding different dietary fats.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Genetic and biochemical characterization of a mutation (fatA) that allows trans unsaturated fatty acids to replace the essential cis unsaturated fatty acids of Escherichia coli.

Unsaturated fatty acid auxotrophs of Escherichia coli are able to use only unsaturated fatty acids of the cis configuration as the required growth supplement. A mutation in the fatA gene allows such auxotrophs to utilize unsaturated fatty acids with a trans double bond as well as fatty acids having a cis double bond. The fatA gene was mapped to min 69 near argG, and the allele studied (fatA1) was found to be dominant over the wild-type gene. fatA1 mutant strains grew at similar rates when supplemented with elaidate (trans-9-octadecenoate) or oleate (cis-9-octadecenoate). The fat+ strain, however, lysed when supplemented with the trans fatty acid. Physiological characterization of the fatA mutant strain was undertaken. The mutation appeared not to be involved with long-chain fatty acid transport. Introduction of lesions in known fatty acid transport genes abolished trans fatty acid utilization in the fatA mutant strain. Also, growth characteristics of the fat+ and the fatA1 mutant strains on elaidate as the sole carbon source were identical, which indicated comparables rate of fatty acid accumulation. The mutation appeared to be involved with recognition of the trans configuration after uptake into the cell. The levels of trans fatty acid incorporation into the phospholipids of the fat+ and the fatA strains differed considerably, with the mutant incorporating much higher levels. No significant accumulation of elaidate into nonphospholipid cellular components was observed. The fatA mutation did not appear to be involved with the cellular metabolic state, as cyclic AMP had no effect on the ability of the strains to utilize trans fatty acids.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2005

Saturated and cis- and trans-unsaturated fatty acids intake in rural and urban Costa Rican adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine whether intake of saturated fatty acids and cis- and trans-unsaturated fatty acids is associated with an urban compared to a rural lifestyle, and whether these associations are responsible for differences in plasma lipid concentrations. METHODS: Two hundred seventy-five adolescents, aged 12 to 19 years, living in rural and urban areas of San José, Costa Rica, were included in the study. All participants completed three-day food records, provided a fasting blood sample, and carried out a modified Harvard Step Test. RESULTS: Compared to rural, urban adolescents reported higher intakes of energy-adjusted individual and total saturated fatty acids, total n-3, total n-6 (p < 0.05). Compared to rural, urban adolescents had higher intake of 18:1 (3.65 vs. 3.25, p = 0.0001) and 18:2 (0.62 vs. 0.80, p = 0.001) trans fatty acids, as well as lower intake of carbohydrate (p < 0.05). Palm shortening was the main source of saturated fat (32%), and partially hydrogenated soybean oil used for cooking was the main source of n-3 fatty acids (33%), n-6 fatty acids (33%) and trans fatty acids (34%). Compared to rural, urban adolescents had lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure and higher plasma HDL cholesterol concentration (44 vs. 40 mg/dL, p < 0.0001), but were more likely to be sedentary (68% vs. 57%, p < 0.0001). Among environmental factors, higher carbohydrate intake was a significant determinant of a lower HDL cholesterol (beta coeff = -1.45, p = 0.04), while lauric and myristic fatty acids correlated with increased LDL cholesterol (beta coeff = 3.6, 1.7, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A diet containing less carbohydrate and less saturated fatty acids contributes to a more beneficial lipid profile in Costa Rican adolescents, but a trend towards high trans fatty acids intake, particularly in the urban area, is worrisome given the well-known adverse effects of trans fatty acids.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Conversion of cis unsaturated fatty acids to trans, a possible mechanism for the protection of phenol-degrading Pseudomonas putida P8 from substrate toxicity.

A trans unsaturated fatty acid was found as a major constituent in the lipids of Pseudomonas putida P8. The fatty acid was identified as 9-trans-hexadecenoic acid by gas chromatography, argentation thin-layer chromatography, and infrared absorption spectrometry. Growing cells of P. putida P8 reacted to the presence of sublethal concentrations of phenol in the medium with changes in the fatty acid composition of the lipids, thereby increasing the degree of saturation. At phenol concentrations which completely inhibited the growth of P. putida, the cells were still able to increase the content of the trans unsaturated fatty acid and simultaneously to decrease the proportion of the corresponding 9-cis-hexadecenoic acid. This conversion of fatty acids was also induced by 4-chlorophenol in nongrowing cells in which the de novo synthesis of lipids had stopped, as shown by incorporation experiments with labeled acetate. The isomerization of the double bond in the presence of chloramphenicol indicates a constitutively operating enzyme system. The cis-to-trans modification of the fatty acids studied here apparently is a new way of adapting the membrane fluidity to the presence of phenols, thereby compensating for the elevation of membrane permeability induced by these toxic substances.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

The role of eggs, margarines and fish oils in the nutritional management of coronary artery disease and strokes.

Although egg yolk is a rich source of cholesterol, the effect of eggs in raising serum cholesterol is variable and in some subjects there is no effect whatsoever. However, oxidized cholesterol can increase atherosclerosis even with normal serum cholesterol. In order to attenuate oxidation of cholesterol in eggs, it is necessary to limit the degree of heat applied. This means that we should use only soft-boiled eggs which should be almost like water. We can also avoid egg yolk altogether and get a highly nutritious egg food from the egg white alone. The saturated fats from milk products, especially butter, are highly atherogenic. There are available many butter substitutes in the form of margarines. But many of these margarines have hydrogenated vegetable oils which result in the production of trans-fatty acids. The trans-fatty acids are as atherogenic as saturated fats. There are available, however, margarines without the trans-fatty acids. These are found only in large supermarkets. Fish oils contain N3 fatty-acids which, unlike vegetable oils which contain N6 fatty-acids, can prevent atherosclerosis and sudden death by counteracting ventricular arrhythmias, acting as antioxidants, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory agents, and decreasing triglycerides and blood pressure.

Coronary Artery Disease↗
PubMed2003

Effect of different extraction methods on fatty acids, volatile compounds, and physical and chemical properties of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) oil.

Because Mexico is the number one producer of avocados in the world, this fruit has potential as a source for oil extraction. It is appropriate to further investigate the detailed changes that the oil undergoes when different extraction methods are applied. This research paper presents the study of the physical and chemical changes, the fatty acids profile, the trans fatty acid content, and the identification of volatile compounds of the oils from avocado pulp (Persea americana Mill.), obtained by four different extraction methods. The method with the greatest extraction yield was the combined microwave-hexane method. The amount of trans fatty acids produced in the microwave-squeezing treatment was <0.5 g/100 g. On the other hand, the amounts of trans fatty acids produced with the hexane and acetone treatments were 0.52 and 0.87 g/100 g, respectively. The method that caused the slightest modification to the oil quality was a novel combined extraction method of microwave-squeezing proposed by the authors.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2002

Optimal diets for prevention of coronary heart disease.

CONTEXT: Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the leading cause of mortality in industrialized countries and is rapidly becoming a primary cause of death worldwide. Thus, identification of the dietary changes that most effectively prevent CHD is critical. OBJECTIVE: To review metabolic, epidemiologic, and clinical trial evidence regarding diet and CHD prevention. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: We searched MEDLINE through May 2002 for epidemiologic and clinical investigations of major dietary factors (fat, cholesterol, omega-3 fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, carbohydrates, glycemic index, fiber, folate, specific foods, and dietary patterns) and CHD. We selected 147 original investigations and reviews of metabolic studies, epidemiologic studies, and dietary intervention trials of diet and CHD. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were examined for relevance and quality and extracted by 1 of the authors. DATA SYNTHESIS: Compelling evidence from metabolic studies, prospective cohort studies, and clinical trials in the past several decades indicates that at least 3 dietary strategies are effective in preventing CHD: substitute nonhydrogenated unsaturated fats for saturated and trans-fats; increase consumption of omega-3 fatty acids from fish, fish oil supplements, or plant sources; and consume a diet high in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and whole grains and low in refined grain products. However, simply lowering the percentage of energy from total fat in the diet is unlikely to improve lipid profile or reduce CHD incidence. Many issues remain unsettled, including the optimal amounts of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, the optimal balance between omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fats, the amount and sources of protein, and the effects of individual phytochemicals, antioxidant vitamins, and minerals. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial evidence indicates that diets using nonhydrogenated unsaturated fats as the predominant form of dietary fat, whole grains as the main form of carbohydrates, an abundance of fruits and vegetables, and adequate omega-3 fatty acids can offer significant protection against CHD. Such diets, together with regular physical activity, avoidance of smoking, and maintenance of a healthy body weight, may prevent the majority of cardiovascular disease in Western populations.

Coronary Artery Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intake of trans fatty acid-rich hydrogenated fat during pregnancy and lactation inhibits the hypophagic effect of central insulin in the adult offspring.

OBJECTIVE: Using rats we examined whether maternal intake of hydrogenated fat rich in trans fatty acids affects brain fatty acid profile, hypothalamic content of insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1 proteins, and the hypophagic effect of centrally administered insulin in 3-mo-old male progeny. METHODS: Throughout pregnancy and lactation, Wistar rats ate isocaloric/normolipidic diets with soybean oil (control) or soybean oil-derived hydrogenated fat (trans diet) as a fat source. Upon weaning, the trans offspring continued on the trans diet (trans group) or were switched to a control diet (trans-control group). RESULTS: Compared with control rats, trans rats had lower brain levels of eicosapentaenoic acid. Compared with trans rats, trans-control rats had increased levels of total polyunsaturated fatty acids and arachidonic acid and decreased levels of trans fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, and monounsaturated fatty acids. Insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1 levels were significantly lower (44% and 38%, respectively) in trans than in control rats. In trans-control rats, insulin receptor was 26% lower (P < 0.05), whereas insulin receptor substrate-1 was 50% lower, than in control rats. Insulin decreased 24-h feeding in control (27%) and trans (38%) rats but failed to do so in trans-control rats. The latter group had increased serum glucose levels. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that the early (intrauterine/perinatal) exposure to hydrogenated fat rich in trans fatty acids programmed the hypothalamic feeding control mechanisms. As young adults, only trans-control animals showed loss of insulin-induced hypophagia, indicating that the mismatch between early and later nutritional environments was relevant. However, the trans group also showed signs of altered appetite signaling mechanisms, suggesting that the early adaptations may have deleterious consequences later in life.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Incorporation of dietary trans monounsaturated fatty acids into tissues of Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats.

The correlation between dietary trans fatty acids and neoplasia was examined in the present study. Walker 256 tumor-bearing and control rats were fed a trans monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich diet for 8 weeks and the incorporation of trans fatty acids by tumor tissue was examined. Also, the effect of tumor growth on trans fatty acid composition of plasma and liver, and the content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) was determined. Walker 256 tumor cells presented both trans and cis MUFAs given in the diet. The equivalent diet proportions were 0.66 for trans and 1.14 for cis. Taking into consideration the proportion of trans MUFAs in plasma (11.47%), the tumor incorporated these fatty acids in a more efficient manner (18.27%) than the liver (9.34%). Therefore, the dietary trans fatty acids present in the diet are actively incorporated by the tumor. Tumor growth itself caused marked changes in the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the plasma and liver but provoked only slight modifications in both trans and cis MUFAs. Tumor growth also reduced the unsaturation index in both plasma and liver, from 97.79 to 86.83 and from 77.51 to 69.64, respectively. This effect was partially related to an increase in the occurrence of the lipid oxidation/peroxidation process of TBARS content which was increased in both plasma (from 0.428 to 0.505) and liver (from 9.425 to 127.792) due to tumor growth.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Plasma lipoprotein (a) levels in men and women consuming diets enriched in saturated, cis-, or trans-monounsaturated fatty acids.

Studies that have shown adverse effects of trans-unsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] levels have used levels of trans-fatty acid that are higher than those in the average U.S. diet. This study was conducted to clarify the effects on Lp(a) of trans-fatty acids levels commonly found in U.S. diets. Lp(a) levels were measured in a double-blind study of 29 men and 29 women who ate 4 controlled diets in random order for 6 weeks each. Fatty acids represented 39% to 40% of energy. The diets were: (1) Oleic (16.7% of energy as oleic acid); (2) Moderate trans (3.8% of energy as trans-monoenes, approximately the trans content of the U.S. diet); (3) High trans (6.6% of energy as trans-monoenes); (4) Saturated (16.2% of energy as lauric plus myristic plus palmitic acids). The Saturated diet lowered Lp(a) levels significantly (by 8% to 11%). Compared to the Oleic diet, the trans diets had no adverse effect on Lp(a) levels when all subjects were considered collectively. A subset with initially high levels of Lp(a) (> or = 30 mg/dL), however, responded to the High trans diet with a slight (5%) increase in Lp(a) levels relative to the Oleic and Moderate trans diets. Thus, in amounts commonly found in the typical U.S. diet, saturated fatty acids consistently decrease Lp(a) concentrations. The adverse effects of replacing cis- with trans-fatty acids are only suggestive and are restricted to high trans intakes in subjects with high Lp(a) levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Direct modulation of Na+ currents by protein kinase C activators in mouse neuroblastoma cells.

We investigated the effects of different protein kinase C (PKC) activators on Na+ currents using the conventional whole-cell and the inside-out macropatch voltage-clamp techniques in mouse neuroblastoma cells (N1E-115). Two different categories of PKC activators were investigated: the cis-unsaturated fatty acids (CUFAs): oleic (cis-9-octadecenoic), linoleic (cis-9-12-octadecadienoic), and linolenic acid (cis-9-12-15-octadecatrienoic), and, the diacylglycerol (DAG) derivative 1-2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DOG). These substances caused the following alterations on Na+ currents: (i) Na+ currents were attenuated as a function of voltage. While DOG attenuated both inward and outward Na+ currents in a monotonic and continuous voltage-dependent manner, CUFAs preferentially attenuated inward currents; (ii) the steady-state activation curve of Na+ currents shifted to more depolarized voltages; (iii) opposite to the activation curve, the steady-state inactivation curve of Na+ channels (h curve) shifted to more hyperpolarized voltages; (iv) the time course of inactivation development was accelerated by PKC activators, while the recovery from inactivation was not affected; (v) substances that inhibit different metabolic pathways (PKC activation, cyclooxygenase, lipooxygenase, and P-450 pathways) did not prevent the effects of PKC activators on Na+ currents. One fully saturated fatty acid (octadecanoic acid), a trans-unsaturated fatty acid (trans-9-octadecenoic), and different phorbol esters did not affect Na+ currents; (vi) effects of different PKC activators on Na+ currents were completely reversible. These observations suggest that PKC activators might interact with Na+ channels directly. These direct effects must be taken into consideration in evaluating the overall effect of PKC activation on Na+ channels. Moreover, it is likely that this direct interaction could account, at least in part, for the diversity of effects of PKC activators on Na+ channels.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Fatty acid composition of lipid classes in maternal and cord plasma at birth.

UNLABELLED: The fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids, triglycerides, cholesterol esters and nonesterified fatty acids was determined by high-resolution capillary gas-liquid chromatography in 41 pairs of mothers and their term infants at time of birth. The total free fatty acid content in maternal and cord plasma was positively correlated, possibly reflecting a passive, gradient dependent transplacental passage of nonesterified fatty acids. Higher percentage values of several saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in cord than in maternal plasma phospholipids, triglycerides and nonesterified fatty acids may have resulted from an active fetal fatty acid synthesis. Trans fatty acids were found in every lipid class at similar or slightly lower percentages in neonatal as in maternal plasma, thus confirming their placental passage. Long-chain n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are preferentially incorporated into phospholipids and sterolesters of both maternal and cord plasma. Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids were found in smaller portions in cord than in maternal fatty acids, in contrast to strikingly higher proportions of their long-chain polyunsaturated metabolites, which may indicate a discriminating placental transport for certain physiologically important long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. CONCLUSION: The fetus appears to obtain fatty acids from a combination of de novo synthesis, a passive gradient dependent transplacental passage of nonesterified fatty acids and a selective materno-fetal placental transport for certain fatty acids, such as physiologically important long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Cholesterol Esters↗
PubMed2002

Diet composition and the metabolic syndrome: what is the optimal fat intake?

Two cholesterol-raising fatty acids in the diet, saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids, increase the serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration. This fact justifies the recommendation of a reduced intake of cholesterol-raising fatty acids. Emerging data suggest that diets higher in unsaturated fatty acids, particularly monounsaturated fatty acids, have several advantages over high-carbohydrate intakes. This advantage appears to hold, particularly for populations having a high prevalence of insulin resistance, such as the US population. If the US public were to modify its eating habits in the direction of better weight control and more exercise, higher intakes of carbohydrate might be better tolerated. At the same time, the experience with the Mediterranean population reveals that in healthier populations, diets relatively high in unsaturated fatty acids are well tolerated and are associated with a low prevalence of both coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2003

Specific fatty acids and human colorectal cancer: an overview.

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that dietary fats are associated with risk of colorectal cancer. The effect of fats depends not only on the quantity, but also on their composition in specific fatty acids. Moreover, fats are peroxidizable, and peroxidation products as well as antioxidants play a role in the pathogenic process of colorectal cancer. METHODS: The published literature was reviewed for the relationship between dietary intake or concentration of specific fatty acids in adipose tissue, erythrocytes, plasma or feces in relation to colorectal cancer. RESULTS: Increased concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and eicosanopentaenoic acid (EPA) seem to protect against colorectal cancer. Increased concentrations of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and arachidonic acid (AA) might be associated with increased risk. Long-chain saturated fatty acids (LCSFAs) seem unrelated to colorectal cancer, while the associations between monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), trans fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as linoleic acid (LA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), omega-3/omega-6 ratio and colorectal cancer are unconvincing. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that the substitution of food with high MCFAs and AA content by a SCFAs- and EPA-rich diet may contribute to reduced risk of colorectal cancer.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Occurrence and biochemical characteristics of natural bioactive substances in bovine milk lipids.

Bovine milk lipids (BML) contain a number of bioactive substances with positive as well as negative properties, mainly in the class of fatty acids. Besides trans fatty acids (TFA), conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are of particular interest. Apart from ruminant meat products the main source of CLA in food are BML. Although TFA as well as saturated fatty acids (12:0-16:0) are thought to be positively correlated with atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, CLA are considered antiatherogenic. Further, CLA are reported to reduce adipose fat and to have anticarcinogenic properties. The varying CLA and TFA contents of lipids from milk and dairy products are positively correlated with one another. However, TFA are also negatively correlated with 12:0-16:0 in BML. Anticarcinogenic effects are also ascribed to butyric acid as well as to some phospholipids and ether lipids present in BML. Moreover, the essential fatty acids 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 are found in BML which are involved in a variety of biochemical processes and thus have numerous functions in human metabolism. Contents of the individual bioactive components of BML are summarised taking into account also seasonal variations. The total content of bioactive substances in BML is approximately 75 % but their overall impact on human health considering benefits and drawbacks is difficult to assess.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Greek Orthodox fasting rituals: a hidden characteristic of the Mediterranean diet of Crete.

The longevity and excellent health status of the population of Crete has been attributed to its lifestyle and dietary habits. The impact of Greek Orthodox Christian Church fasting on these dietary habits has never been studied. One hundred and twenty Greek Orthodox Christians living in Crete participated in a 1-year prospective study. One half of the subjects, who fasted regularly (fasters), and sixty non-faster controls were followed longitudinally for the three main fasting periods over 1 year; Christmas (40 d), Lent (48 d) and the Assumption (15 d). Pre- and end-holy days measurements were performed in each fasting period including: 24 h dietary recall, blood collection and anthropometric measurements. Based on the 24 h recall, fasters as compared with controls had lower intakes of end-holy days dietary cholesterol, total fat, saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids and protein (P < 0.001). Fasters presented a decrease of 753 kJ (180 kcal) in end-holy days energy intake (P < 0.05) compared with an increase of 573 kJ (137 kcal) in the controls (P < 0.05). Fasters had a decrease in end-holy days Ca intake (P < 0.001) and an increase in end-holy days total dietary fibre (P < 0.001) and folate (P < 0.05), attributed to their higher consumption of fruit and vegetables in end-holy periods (P < 0.001). There were no differences for other vitamins or minerals between pre- and end-holy periods in both groups except for vitamin B2. The Orthodox Christian dietary regulations are an important component of the Mediterranean diet of Crete characterised by low levels of dietary saturated fatty acids, high levels of fibre and folate, and a high consumption of fruit, vegetables and legumes.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Milk and diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes is based on autoimmunity, and its development is in part determined by environmental factors. Among those, milk intake is discussed as playing a pathogenic role. Geographical and temporal relations between type 1 diabetes prevalence and cow's milk consumption have been found in ecological studies. Several case-control studies found a negative correlation between frequency and/or duration of breast-feeding and diabetes, but this was not confirmed by all authors. T-cell and humoral responses related to cow's milk proteins were suggested to trigger diabetes. The different findings of studies in animals and humans as well as the potential underlying mechanisms with regard to single milk proteins (bovine serum albumin, beta-lactoglobulin, casein) are discussed in this review. In contrast to type 1 diabetes, the etiology of type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance is still unclear. In a population with a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes, the Pima Indians, people who were exclusively breastfed had significantly lower rates of type 2 diabetes than those who were exclusively bottlefed. Studies in lactovegetarians imply that consumption of low fat dairy products is associated with lower incidence and mortality of diabetes and lower blood pressures. In contrast, preference for a diet high in animal fat could be a pathogenic factor, and milk and high fat dairy products contribute considerably to dietary fat intake. Concerning milk fat composition, the opposite effects of various fatty acids (saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid) in vitro, in animals and in humans have to be considered.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Can dietary changes reduce blood pressure in the long term?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recent dietary guidelines for the prevention and treatment of hypertension emphasized a healthy eating pattern called the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, in addition to avoidance of obesity, high salt intake, and excessive alcohol intake. Our new challenge is to examine the long-term efficacy and effectiveness of dietary change, including the DASH diet, on blood pressure in the general population, or in a high-risk population. We reviewed recent short-term and long-term studies, both observational and interventional, which investigated whether dietary change can reduce blood pressure. RECENT FINDINGS: The efficacy of several nutrients has been investigated in short-term trials (e.g. polyunsaturated fatty acids, including omega-3 fatty acids, and trans fatty acids), but no substantial effect of these nutrients on blood pressure has been proved, except for dietary fiber. The PREMIER trial showed the effectiveness of implementing the DASH diet for 6 months in addition to the established recommendations on lifestyle modification, but other long-term trials of dietary modification did not show sufficient blood pressure reduction. However, long-term observational studies have shown that a higher intake of fruit and vegetables and a lower intake of red meat (except fish) can prevent higher blood pressure increase with age. SUMMARY: More effective programs of dietary modification are needed to achieve greater reduction of blood pressure. Long-term studies of population-wide dietary interventions to decrease the blood pressure level of a whole population are also needed.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗