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PubMed1986

[Role of trace elements in the dynamics of arteriosclerosis].

According to the present state of knowledge 7 quantitative elements and possibly 18 trace elements are of vital importance for the animal. Their metabolism is antagonistically or synergistically influenced by the inorganic and organic constituents of the food of different kind. More than 30 elements (Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, Cr, V and so on) shall be connected with the process of arteriosclerosis. Cu-deficiency as well as Cu-abundance may increase the cholesterol content of the blood serum. Under conditions of Cu-deficiency the formation of the crosslinks of the elastin of the blood vessels is disturbed. Under conditions of Zn-deficiency the serum cholesterol content is as a rule, but not exceptionally decreased in the animal. Similarly unclear is the influence of high administrations of Zn on the process of arteriosclerosis. An Mg-deficit may lead to a whole chain of changes (disturbances of the cardiac rhythm, necrotic changes, atheromatous plaques, high values of total cholesterol, low values of HDL-cholesterol). Via the glucose tolerance factor a Cr-deficit possibly takes influence on the arteriosclerotic process. Hardness of the water, Mn, Pb, Ni, Mn shall also become effective. The Cu-Zn-relation as factor evoking arteriosclerosis further needs analysis. The investigations concerning arteriosclerosis in the animal experiment should in future be performed by means of semisynthetic rations, in order to render the results of the experiments comparable and to be able to control the large number of evoking factors.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Trace element concentrations in higher fungi.

The concentrations of ten trace elements, As. Br, Cd, Cu, Hg I, Mn, Se, Zn and V, have been determined in up to 27 species of higher fungi from several sites in Slovenia, Yugoslavia. Analyses were based on destructive neutron activation techniques. Data are presented and compared with the concentrations found in soils. Previously values were non-existent or scanty for these elements, so that the data represent typical levels for basidiomycetes. In addition to confirming high levels of mercury in many species, the survey also found that cadmium is accumulated to a surprising extent by most fungi, the average value being 5 ppm. Among other accumulations found was bromine by the genus Amanita, and selenium by the edible Boletus. Correlation analysis between all pairs of trace elements gave values for r of from 0.75 to 0.43 for 7 pairs (Cu and Hg, 0.75; Se and As, 0.69). As well as these features of biochemical interest, the values found and the pattern of accumulation suggest potential uses of fungi in environmental studies.

Bromine↗
PubMed1997

Environmental impact of trace element emissions from geothermal power plants.

Concentrations of several trace elements were determined in mosses, higher plants and organs of small mammals from a geothermal area in Tuscany (central Italy). Increased deposition of Hg, As, B, and Sb was detected in biological samples collected within a few hundred meters of geothermal power plants. Among the species considered, the moss Hypnum cupressiforme was the most efficient accumulator of trace elements. Contamination levels in a fodder-plant (Hedysarum coronarium) and vegetables grown in the geothermal field did not seem to pose health risks for consumers. However, a statistically significant increase in Hg, B, and As concentrations was found in the kidney and muscle of small mammals living close to geothermal installations. Biological effects of B pollution were detected in two sensitive plant species. In view of plans to increase the exploitation of geothermal resources in the area, adequate measures to monitor the environment should be taken. Mosses are the most suitable accumulative biomonitors for a surveillance network, and studies on small mammal populations should be intensified. Available technologies should be used to diminish atmospheric emissions from geothermal power plants.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1986

A comparative study of seminal trace elements in fertile and infertile men.

Fourteen kinds of trace elements were analyzed in the semen of 22 fertile men and 69 infertile men by means of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Ca had the highest concentration, and the second and third highest concentrations were Zn and Mg, respectively. The concentrations of Ca, Cr, Mg, Pb, Sr, and Zn were almost the same between fertile and infertile men. Ni had a lower concentration in infertile than in fertile men. Many trace elements, such as Al, Cd, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Sn, and Zn, had significantly higher concentrations in infertile men with normozoospermia than in fertile men. There was a significantly positive correlation between Zn and Mg levels in fertile and infertile men.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Trace element status (Se, Zn, Cu) in heart failure.

OBJECTIVE: It has been speculated that trace elements may play a role in the pathogenesis of heart failure. In the present study, we aimed to assess serum concentrations of selenium (Se), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in patients with heart failure (HF) and to compare idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM) and ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) patients with healthy controls. METHODS: This study population included 54 HF patients (26 IDCM patients and 28 ICM patients) and 30 healthy subjects. Serum levels of selenium, zinc, and copper were assessed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. RESULTS: Serum concentrations of Se and Zn in HF patients were significantly lower than in healthy controls (p=0.000 and p<0.01, respectively). However, serum Cu concentrations in these patients were significantly higher than in controls (p=0.000). There were no significant difference in the trace elements status between IDCM and ICM patients (p>0.05 for all parameters). Relationships of the serum trace element concentrations studied with echocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that heart failure is associated with lower Se and Zn concentrations, and higher Cu concentration, and serum Se, Zn and Cu element profiles were similar in IDCM and ICM.

Cardiomyopathies↗
PubMed1996

Trace element food toxicology: an old and ever-growing discipline.

Food toxicology (FT) is an old science whose origins may go back to primitive humans. However, due to major environmental damage, daily market launches of new food products, and the analytical ability to detect ever small quantities of toxicants in foods, FT is also an ever-growing science with an enormous task ahead. With respect to trace elements, current research trends can be encompassed under the headings of detection, control, and toxicological evaluation. Under the heading detection, quality, sensitivity, speed, automation, and specificity for each food type are the characteristics currently sought when developing new methodologies. Under control, there is a great need for constant monitoring, on an international level, of the levels of trace elements present in foods; and for development and application of new methodologies to guarantee product and process safety. Under toxicological evaluation, information about the bioavailability of trace elements and consequently studies of the chemical species present in foods have top priority. The work still outstanding in the study of trace element FT is immense, because it is necessary to achieve a profound understanding of the toxicological characteristics of food products in relation to trace elements; to give information to food manufacturers that they can use to adapt their production so that it meets the requirements of international legislation and demands for quality and innocuousness on the part of the market and consumers; and to develop standards regulating the maximum content of trace elements, according to the content of the various species.

Food Analysis↗
PubMed1979

Studies on the trace element distribution in the diets and population of Italy.

For various reasons an increasing importance has been given in recent time in many parts of the world to the evaluation of the trace element pathways from environment to man. In Italy a large program was recently started based on the study in different groups of population of the relationship existing between the trace element dietary intake and the trace element content in the total excretion and in some human tissues (mainly blood). In this paper the complete data concerning the daily dietary intake, the urinary and fecal excretion, and the blood concentration referred to five population groups living in different regions of Italy will be reported. The main trace elements considered are: Ag, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sn, Sc, Se and Zn; all the measurements were performed by means of non-destructive neutron activation analysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Pattern recognition on the trace element spectrum in gastric cancer and peptic ulcer].

The trace element spectrum of gastric tissue and whole blood specimens from gastric cancer and peptic ulcer patients was recognized with pattern recognition technique in order to obtain the chemical information of gastric cancer. Thirty specimens were obtained from cancer patients in each of the 58 gastric tissues and 54 whole blood specimens. Five pathological types were divided into two groups: peptic ulcer and dysplasia as the ulcer group; well-differentiated, undifferentiated and mucinous carcinoma as the cancer group. The accuracy of recognizing the several spectra was 90%: nine trace element spectra (Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, Cr, Cd, Mn, Fe and Mg) for the tissue specimens from the cancer and ulcer groups; six (Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, Cr and Cd) for dysplasia and well-differentiated adenocarcinoma tissues; five (Cu, Ni, Cr, Cd and Fe) for the whole blood specimens from these two groups and six (Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Fe and Ni) for the whole blood specimens from dysplasia and peptic ulcer (including 10 normal individuals). The data were treated by non-linear mapping method and calculated by TRS-80 III type microcomputer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1983

Influence of selenite and fourteen trace elements on cataractogenesis in the rat.

The purposes of these experiments were to measure the influence of 14 trace elements on cataractogenesis and to test if these trace elements could prevent cataracts induced by selenium. On days 5-9 postpartum, suckling white rats received daily subcutaneous injections of either selenium (0.15 mumoles Se, as Na2SeO3, per pup) or selenium plus one of 14 other trace elements (separate subcutaneous injection) at one to five times the molar concentration of selenium. The frequency and severity of cataracts at three locations in the lens were assessed by slit-lamp examination on day 26-28 postpartum. Seven ions were found to be effective in preventing selenium-induced cataracts (% protection): mercuric (100%), silver (80%), cyanide (75%), arsenite (75%), cadmium (60%), and cupric (44%). Tellurite ion offered only 20% protection, while ferrous, zinc, lead, chromic, molybdate, tungstate, and vanadate ions provided no protection against selenium-induced cataract. No significant differences were found between the concentration of selenium in the lenses of control and cataractous lenses when measured approximately three weeks after selenium injection. Except for selenium, none of the trace minerals alone caused cataracts under our experimental conditions. In addition to subcutaneous injection of selenium, oral administration of this element was also found to cause cataract. It was concluded that among the ions studied, selenite was a powerful and rapid promoter of nuclear cataract formation, and that the protection ions may serve as useful probes for elucidating the mechanism of selenium-induced cataracts.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Significance of trace elements in seminal plasma of infertile men.

The seminal fluid has the important function as a vehicle for the transportation of the spermatozoa through the epididymis, the vas deferens, and urethra and into the vagina. Major changes in the level of trace elements like zinc, magnesium, and cadmium in semen appear to be related to abnormal spermatozoal function and fertilizing capacity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the pattern of trace elements in semen of subfertile men compared to levels in the blood. The relationship of the trace elements with spermatozoal parameters was also evaluated. As part of the infertility evaluation, semen and blood samples were collected from 50 males attending the combined infertility clinic at a maternity hospital after 3 days' abstinence. Semen analysis and hypo-osmotic swelling tests were done on fresh semen samples. The serum and remaining semen sample were stored at -20 degrees C until they were analyzed with atomic absorption spectrometry. No significant differences occurred in the levels of trace elements in normozoospermic, oligospermic, and azoospermic semen. However, significantly high levels of cadmium were detected in semen of men who were smokers and had asthenozoospermia (p < 0.001) compared with those who had normal motility. We conclude that the high level of cadmium in smokers with asthenozoospermia is evidence of the possible toxic effect of this trace element and this may be one of the causes of asthenozoospermia.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Evaluation of a complex trace element composition and bioutilization using isotope technics and total body measurement].

Modified mineral and trace element solutions were prepared containing Zn-65, Co-57, Mn-54, Fe-59, Mo-99 and Ni-63 isotopes which were physico-chemically identical to the original solution. Bioutilization examinations were carried out on animals receiving their normal feeding, after p. os application of complex trace element composition (CTEC) namely whole-body retention studies, bioassays, scintigraphic and excretion examinations in altogether 180 Wistar rats, 6 Beagle and 2 mongrel dogs using whole body counter, gamma and beta counters, gamma camera and metabolic cages. Extremely high whole body retention was measured in case of iron (8-30%), high utilizations in case of zinc (4-5%), cobalt (4-6%), molybdenum (3-4%) and manganese (2-4%) and a lower value in case of nickel. Bioassay and scintigraphic evaluations showed marked liver-, kidney-, and muscle and moderated blood uptakes. The way of excretion was mainly (more than 90%) via the faeces in case of zinc, manganese, iron and nickel, although cobalt excreted in 8% and molybdenum in 52% via the urinary tract. Our results show, that isotope technique combined with whole body counting and excretion studies in an available method for trace element bioutilization studies.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trace element removal from coal ash leachate by a 10-year-old constructed wetland.

This study investigated the ability of a 10-yr-old constructed wetland to treat metal-contaminated leachate emanating from a coal ash pile at the Widows Creek electric utility, Alabama (USA). The two vegetated cells, which were dominated by cattail (Typha latifolia L.) and soft rush (Juncus effusus L.), were very effective at removing Fe and Cd from the wastewater, but less efficient for Zn, S, B, and Mn. The concentrations were decreased by up to 99% for Fe, 91% for Cd, 63% for Zn, 61% for S, 58% for Mn, and 50% for B. Higher pH levels (>6) in standing water substantially improved the removing efficiency of the wetland for Mn only. The belowground tissues of both cattail and soft rush had high concentrations of all elements; only for Mn, however, did the concentration in the shoots exceed those in the belowground tissues. The concentrations of trace elements in fallen litter were higher than in the living shoots, but lower than in the belowground tissues. The trace element accumulation in the plants accounted for less than 2.5% of the annual loading of each trace element into the wetland. The sediments were the primary sinks for the elements removed from the wastewater. Except for Mn, the concentrations of trace elements in the upper layer (0-5 cm) of the sediment profile tended to be higher than the lower layers (5-10 and 10-15 cm). We conclude that constructed wetlands are still able to efficiently remove metals in the long term (i.e.,>10 yr after construction).

Biological Availability↗
PubMed2001

The role of trace elements for the health of elderly individuals.

Elderly individuals have a higher risk to develop trace element deficiencies due to modified dietary habits and requirements, age related physiological changes, drug therapy, and chronic diseases leading to or associated with enhanced consumption or excretion of trace elements. This review gives an overview about the role of zinc, iron, selenium, copper, chromium and fluoride for the health of elderly people in regard of physiological functions, trace element status and intake, and effect of supplementation on clinical parameters and disease outcome.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of trace element concentrations in livers of diseased, emaciated and non-diseased southern sea otters from the California coast.

Infectious diseases have been implicated as a cause of high rates of adult mortality in southern sea otters. Exposure to environmental contaminants can compromise the immuno-competence of animals, predisposing them to infectious diseases. In addition to organic pollutants, certain trace elements can modulate the immune system in marine mammals. Nevertheless, reports of occurrence of trace elements, including toxic heavy metals, in sea otters are not available. In this study, concentrations of 20 trace elements (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Cs, Ba, Hg, Tl, Pb, and Bi) were measured in livers of southern sea otters found dead along the central California coast (n=80) from 1992 to 2002. Hepatic concentrations of trace elements were compared among sea otters that died from infectious diseases (n=27), those that died from non-infectious causes (n=26), and otters that died in emaciated condition with no evidence of another cause of death (n=27). Concentrations of essential elements in sea otters varied within an order of magnitude, whereas concentrations of non-essential elements varied by two to five orders of magnitude. Hepatic concentrations of Cu and Cd were 10- to 100-fold higher in the sea otters in this study than concentrations reported for any other marine mammal species. Concentrations of Mn, Co, Zn, and Cd were elevated in the diseased and emaciated sea otters relative to the non-diseased sea otters. Elevated concentrations of essential elements such as Mn, Zn, and Co in the diseased/emaciated sea otters suggest that induction of synthesis of metallothionein and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme is occurring in these animals, as a means of protecting the cells from oxidative stress-related injuries. Trace element profiles in diseased and emaciated sea otters suggest that oxidative stress mediates the perturbation of essential-element concentrations. Elevated concentrations of toxic metals such as Cd, in addition to several other organic pollutants, may contribute to oxidative stress-meditated effects in sea otters.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Concentrations of essential trace elements in blood and introduction of analytical techniques].

Research on trace elements has been paid attention recently. In order to determine concentrations of various kinds of trace elements in biological materials, atomic absorption spectrophotometer is widely used. This instrument allows single element analysis at ppb levels. Microwave induced plasma-mass spectrophotometer (MIP-MS) or inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrophotometer (ICP-MS) permits multielement analysis at sub-ppb or ppt levels. These analytical instruments accept liquid samples only. Biological materials such as organs, tissue and blood must be digested in prior to apply into the instrument. Digesting methods, simplified wet ashing and microwave ashing are introduced.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Oral administration of a trace element preparation and zinc inhibit liver metastasis of 3LL-HH murine tumor cells.

A trace element preparation (TEP-Beres Drops Plus) was given to liver metastasizing 3LL-HH tumor bearing mice in the presence and after the removal of the primary spleen tumor. In both models when TEP was provided daily and orally in a dose range of 100-5,000 microgram/kg, the number of liver metastasis decreased at an end-point of day 14 and TEP also had inhibitory effect on the primary tumor. The antitumor action proved to be dependent on tumor burden. There was no change in body weight, size distribution of metastases and in the life span of mice. Zn++ could be one of the antimetastatic components among the trace elements. This is the first report on the antimetastatic effect of trace elements in an experimental tumor model.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1996

Black tea, green tea, and tea polyphenols. Effects on trace element status in weanling rats.

Previous studies have shown that tea consumption can impair trace element metabolism, particularly iron status, and increase the risk of anemia in humans and animals. More recently, however, evidence has been accumulating to show that, in animals, consumption of green tea or its polyphenols is associated with a reduction of the incidence and severity of a variety of experimentally induced cancers. In this study we have monitored the growth, trace element status, including hematological parameters of weanling rats given either (1) water, (2) 1% black tea, (3) 1% green tea, or (4) 0.2% crude green tea extract as their sole drinking fluid while consuming diets containing either adequate or low amounts of iron. With the exception of manganese, none of the trace elements studied (iron, copper, zinc, and manganese) or the hematological indices measured were affected by the type of beverage supplied, even though the polyphenol extract was shown to chelate metals in vitro and all the animals fed the low iron diet were shown to be anemic. There appeared to be an effect of black and green teas on manganese balance in both the first and last weeks of the study. A lower level of brain manganese was associated with green tea consumption, and a higher level of this element in the kidneys of animals fed black tea. The results demonstrate that both black and green teas and a green tea polyphenol extract do not represent a risk to animals consuming the beverages as their sole fluid intake with respect to iron availability, although the interactions with manganese deserve further study.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Minor and trace elements in human milk from Guatemala, Hungary, Nigeria, Philippines, Sweden, and Zaire. Results from a WHO/IAEA joint project.

Concentrations of As, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, Hg, I, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, V, and Zn were determined in human whole milk samples from Guatemala, Hungary, Nigeria, Philippines, Sweden, and Zaire; in most of these countries, three groups of subjects representing different socioeconomic conditions were studied. Analytical quality control was a primary consideration throughout. The analytical techniques used were atomic absorption spectrophotometry, atomic emission spectrometry with an inductively coupled plasma, colorimetry, electrochemistry, using an ion-selective electrode and neutron activation analysis. The differences between median concentrations of Ca, Cl, Mg, K, Na, and P (minor elements) were lower than 20% among the six countries. Among trace elements, concentrations observed in Filipino milk for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and V were higher than for milk samples from other countries. The remaining five countries showed a mixed picture of high and low values. In the case of at least some elements, such as, F, I, Hg, Mn, Pb, and Se, the environment appears to play a major role in determining their concentrations in human milk. The nutritional status of the mother, as reflected by her socioeconomic status, does not appear to influence significantly the breast milk concentrations of minor and trace elements. Significant differences exist between the actual daily intakes observed in this study and current dietary recommendations made by, for example, WHO and the US National Academy of Sciences. These differences are particularly large (an order of magnitude or more!) for Cr, F, Fe, Mn, and Mo; for other elements, such as, Ca, Cu, Mg, P, and Zn, they amount to at least a factor 2. In the opinion of the present authors, these findings point to the need for a possible reassessment of the dietary requirements of young infants with respect to minor and trace elements, particularly for the elements Ca, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, P, and Zn.

Democratic Republic of the Congo↗