Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Time Perception”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Temporal levels and reality testing.

Psychoanalytic practice has tacitly assumed the existence of an absolute and objective temporal matrix in which physical, biological and psychological processes take place and to which the subjective time of the patient in therapy gets gradually attuned. But psychoanalytic thought does not demand an ontology of absolute frameworks independent of man but only an epistemology in which several visions of reality are traditional. This paper reformulates the concept of time so as to accommodate three demands which appear to be mutually exclusive. The new concept of time (1) eliminates the need for assuming that it is a feature of the world independent of man, (2) retains the advantages of the heuristic assumption that, to first approximation, there does exist an objective passage of time and (3) does not contradict the teachings of other sciences about time. Careful attention to the feeling of the uncanny as it relates to time, together with considerations of the development of the sense of time suggests that our conscious evaluation of noetic time is directed and weighted by unconscious, archaic modes of time perception. These phylogenetically old forms of the sense of reality determine the temporal character of the unconscious. The dynamics of psychic energy invested in the various levels of time seems to determine the rates at which time is experienced as passing. The feeling that time passes at right rate probably corresponds to such combination of perceived causations and temporalities which do not threaten the integrity of the ego. If, because of internal or external danger or physiological dysfunction that balance changes, so does the sense of reality and with it, the affective texture of experienced time. Judged from this perspective, the reliability of reality testing is a measure of the degree to which the patient is able to accommodate the archaic reality of primitive causations and temporalities, lodged in his fantasy, memory and dreams, and integrate them with the ambiguities of human freedom.

Dreams↗
PubMed1981

Time discrimination with positional responses after selective prefrontal lesions in monkeys.

Monkeys with ablations of the cortex in the principal sulcus who were impaired on a spatial delayed reaction test were unimpaired on a time discrimination test in which length of time since the last trial signalled the spatial position of the correct foodwell. The finding undermines the view that the classical delayed reaction deficit after lateral prefrontal lesions reflects the loss of temporal structuring of the stream of sensory input. The result is consistent instead with the alternative view that the classical deficit reflects a spatial memory disorder. Monkeys with inferior prefrontal ablations were impaired on both spatial tasks, and on object discrimination reversal as well; analysis of their deficits indicated that they were instances of perseverative interference. Finally, monkeys with ablations of the cortex in the arcuate sulcus were not consistently impaired on any of the tasks. There is no evidence from these results that prefrontal cortex plays any role in time perception.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Time flies: investigating the connection between intrinsic motivation and the experience of time.

The present study investigated the relationship between intrinsic motivation and the subjective experience of time passing. The Work Preference Inventory, which measures trait intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, was administered to 75 undergraduate participants. Measures of time awareness, time estimation, checking of time, and perceived speed of time were collected using the experience sampling method. Participants carried electronic schedulers for five days and completed questionnaires each time the scheduler sounded (eight times per day). Results showed that higher intrinsic motivation was associated with checking and thinking about time less often, a subjective experience of time passing more quickly, and more of a tendency to lose track of time. The experience of time awareness was accompanied by a subjective sense of time moving slowly, a tendency to overestimate the time, and a more negative affective experience. These findings suggest that time perception is an important dimension of motivational experience.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Event-related potentials in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum during a temporal discrimination task in rats.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the roles of the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum in timing and time perception using event-related potentials (ERPs) in rats. Rats were trained to discriminate between 2-s and 8-s auditory signal durations using a choice procedure. A simple reaction-time task using only the 2-s signal served as the control condition. In both tasks, ERPs were computed at stimulus onset and offset. Auditory ERPs were recorded from the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. The stimulus onset ERPs consisted of P2, N2, and P3-like components. Significantly greater amplitudes of the P3-like components were observed during the temporal-discrimination task when compared to the simple reaction-time task. At the stimulus offset, P2, N2, and P3-like components were elicited as well as the stimulus onset. Only in the frontal cortex was the P3-like component that appeared at the stimulus offset larger for the temporal-discrimination task than for the simple reaction-time task. These results suggest that the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum contribute to interval timing in the seconds range.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Time is of the essence.

Timing is essential to human behaviour, but the neural mechanisms underlying time perception are still unclear. New findings from a brain-imaging study by Coull et al. show that activity in a network of motor-related areas varies parametrically with attention to time. Given that a system in which timing is important (but not the primary function) is recruited when temporal judgements are required, we should perhaps reassess the notion of a dedicated timing system in the brain.

Cerebellum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The subjective evaluation of time intervals by 3- to 6-year-old children].

The investigation of 3-6 aged children's time perception shows that subjective scaling methods, which except the direct magnitude estimates (cross-modality matching, categorization and duration production) reveal the reliable results. These methods may be used for the age, when the "conceptual time" (the concepts of physical time units) has not be developed yet.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

The effect of unconscious priming on temporal production.

We examined the effects of unconscious priming on temporal-interval production. In Experiment 1, participants were instructed to keep visual displays on a screen for 2500 ms intervals. Half of the displays were repeated across blocks throughout the entire experiment, and the others were newly generated from trial to trial. The displays consisted of patterns so complex that the participants could not intentionally memorize them. The results showed that significantly more time elapsed for old displays than for new displays before participants indicated that a 2500 ms interval had elapsed. Experiment 2 replicated this effect and excluded an alternative account based on perceived pattern complexity. The effect of repetitive presentation was obtained despite the fact the participants did not recognize the repetition, suggesting that unconscious priming increased temporal production. These results suggest that time perception is affected by an unconscious process.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Subjective acceleration of time: death anxiety and sex differences.

24 male and 50 female undergraduates reported that time seemed to pass more rapidly at the present than when they were one-half and one-quarter their present ages. Sex differences in the rate in which time seemed to pass were observed. Also, the results partially support Lemlich's (1975) hypothesis. Time perception did not correlate significantly with death anxiety.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Cyclic responding by pigeons on the peak timing procedure.

The present experiment examined whether discrimination learning shapes the single-peaked response distributions usually obtained with the peak procedure. Two sources of learning in pigeons were disclosed: learning to respond near the time of reinforcement on fixed interval (FI) trials and learning to withhold responding once the FI duration had elapsed on peak interval (PI) trials. Pigeons also produced a highly unexpected second peak in responding on nonreinforced PI trials at 3 times the FI duration. Follow-up experiments showed that a 1:4 FI:PI duration ratio supported double peaks, but only 1 peak was obtained with a 1:8 FI:PI duration ratio. Finally, 4 peaks could be observed on extra-long PI trials under a 1:4:8 FI:PI:PI ratio procedure. The multiple-peaked response distributions are an unprecedented finding that present a major challenge to any theory of time perception.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Substance abuse, pathological gambling, and impulsiveness.

This study evaluated behavioral and self-report indices of impulsiveness in pathological gambling substance abusers (n=27), non-pathological gambling substance abusers (n=63), and non-pathological gambling/non-substance abusing controls (n=21). The Bechara card task measured preferences for decks of cards that ranged in magnitude and probability of delayed and immediate rewards and punishers. The Stanford Time Perception Inventory (STPI) assessed orientation to the future, the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale evaluated sensation seeking, and the Eysenck and Barratt scales measured impulsivity. A Principal Components analysis revealed that these personality measures comprised three distinct measures of impulsivity: impulse control, novelty seeking and time orientation. Linear contrast analyses revealed that substance abuse and pathological gambling resulted in additive effects on the impulse control and time orientation factors, but not on the novelty-seeking scale. Performance on the card task did not correlate with any of the three factors derived from the personality scale scores, but the presence of both substance abuse and pathological gambling had an additive effect on preferences for decks containing greater immediate gains but resulting in large punishers and overall net losses. These results provide further evidence of an association among substance abuse, pathological gambling, and impulsivity.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Can the hippocampus tell time? The temporo-septal engram shift model.

An essential feature of episodic memory, the type of memory dependent on hippocampus, is that individual memories belong to particular moments in time. Recent PET studies suggest that memory encoding and recall occur at different locations in human hippocampus. Coupled with other attributes of hippocampus, this suggested to us that the septo-temporal hippocampal axis may play an important role in time perception. We propose a temporo-septal engram shift model of hippocampal memory. The model posits that memories gradually move along the hippocampus from a temporal encoding site to ever more septal sites from which they are recalled. We propose that the sense of time is encoded by the location of the engram along the temporo-septal axis.

Hippocampus↗
PubMed1994

A new temporal illusion or the TOE once again?

Recently, Nakajima, ten Hoopen, and van der Wilk (1991) and Nakajima, ten Hoopen, Hilkhuysen, and Sasaki (1992) described what they believed to be a new illusion of auditory time perception. They reported that the perceived duration of a temporal interval was influenced by an immediately preceding or succeeding temporal interval. The influence of a neighboring temporal interval on perceived duration is not a new illusion, however, but is another demonstration of the time-order error.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Background music as a quasi clock in retrospective duration judgments.

The segmentation-change model of time perception proposes that individuals engaged in cognitive tasks during a given interval of time retrospectively estimate duration by recalling events that occurred during the interval and inferring each event's duration. Previous research suggests that individuals can recall the number of songs heard during an interval and infer the length of each song, exactly the conditions that foster estimates of duration based on the segmentation-change model. The results of a laboratory experiment indicated that subjects who solved word-search puzzles for 20 min. estimated the duration of the interval to be longer when 8 short songs (<3 min.) as opposed to 4 long songs (6+ min.) were played in the background, regardless of whether the musical format was Contemporary Dance or New Age. Assuming each song represented a distinct segment in memory, these results are consistent with the segmentation-change model. These results suggest that background music may not always reduce estimates of duration by drawing attention away from the passage of time. Instead, background music may actually expand the subjective length of an interval by creating accessible traces in memory, which are retrospectively used to infer duration.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Ontogenetic formation of the ability for endogenous account of time and its dependence upon the anxiety level in rats].

Rats' ability for endogenous account of short time intervals progresses along with maturation. In 3- and 6-month old animals, it parabolically depends upon the level of anxiety: there is an average optimum level of anxiety needed for precise and effective account of time. Deviations from this level decrease the biochronometrical ability. In addition, a time perception dependence on locomotive sphere and the state of sympathetic adrenal system's peripheral part, was revealed.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2005

Altered subjective time of events in schizophrenia.

Time perception has long been known to be impaired in schizophrenia. Moreover, recent neuropsychological theories have postulated abnormalities of cognitive motor control in schizophrenia. However, the intersection of these two topics has rarely been studied, and it is unclear what role subjects' own actions may play in the construction of subjective time representation. The present experiment compared the performance of 19 patients with schizophrenia and 24 normal controls in a timing judgment task. The results show that patients bind two consecutive movements more strongly than controls. This anomaly could play a role in the subjective pathological experiences of patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The time of consciousness and vice versa.

The temporal granularity of consciousness may be far less fine than the real-time information processing mechanisms that underlie our sensitivity to small temporal differences. It is suggested that conscious time perception, like space perception, is subject to errors that belie a unitary underlying representation. E. R. Clay's (The Alternative: A Study in Psychology, 1882) concept of the "specious present," an extended moment represented in consciousness, is suggested as an alternative to the more common notion of instantaneous experience that underlies much reasoning based on the "time of arrival" in consciousness.

Chronobiology Phenomena↗
PubMed1998

The urgency and imagery in the Type A behavior pattern.

This study explored the relationship between Type A Behavior Pattern, visual imagery, and ability for time estimation. 115 subjects filled out a questionnaire which assessed them for the presence of a visual imaginary representation of time and scores on Type A or B behavior. While completing the questionnaire subject made estimates of four time intervals of 8 min., 22 sec. The treatment consisted of formal training in visual imagery representation between time estimates of intervals 3 and 4. Data were analyzed using a 2 x 2 x 4 mixed analysis of variance in which the subject variables (Type A/B, visual imaginary representation, and time (estimate) were dichotomized using median splits. The dependent measures were accuracy scores for each of the four estimation trials. Subjects with training in visual imagery representation estimated time accurately; Type A subjects with training in visual imaginary representation were the most accurate. All subjects improved over the four trials, with greatest improvement following training in visual imaginary representation. The most consistent improvement in time estimates occurred in Type A subjects. Results replicated and extended previous findings associating visual imaginary representations with more accurate time perception, especially for individuals scoring as showing Type A behavior pattern.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Self-regulation and the extended now: controlling the self alters the subjective experience of time.

These studies investigated self-regulation and subjective experience of time from the perspective of the regulatory resource model. Studies 1-2 showed that participants who were instructed to regulate their emotions while viewing a film clip perceived that the film lasted longer than participants who did not regulate their emotions. In Study 3, participants provided time estimates during a resource-depleting or nondepleting task. Subsequent task persistence was measured. Time perceptions mediated the effect of initial self-regulation on subsequent self-regulated performance. In Study 4, participants performed either a resource-depleting or a nondepleting thought-listing task and then performed a different regulatorytask. Compared with nondepleted participants, depleted participants persisted less on the 2nd task but estimated that they had persisted longer. Subjective time estimates statistically accounted for reduced persistence after depletion. Together, results indicate people believe that self-regulatory endeavors last overly long, a belief that may result in abandonment of further self-control.

Adult↗