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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Reduced abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) and Lyme disease risk by deer exclusion.

The effect of deer exclosures upon the numbers of immature Ixodes scapularis Say, the vector of Lyme disease in the eastern United States, was examined at five sites in Westchester County, NY. Study areas ranged in size from 6 to 101 ha where deer had been excluded for a period of 25 yr by > 2.4-m-high fencing that surrounded each site. A total area of 40,506 m2 was drag-sampled during the study to measure tick abundance. Nymphal densities (ticks per 1,000 m2) averaged 4.6 (range, 1.3-9.6) inside exclosures and 27.7 (range, 7.3-79.4) outside. Larval densities averaged 36.7 (range, 1.2-132.1) inside exclosures and 354.4 (range, 7.5-914.5) outside. Comparisons between exclosure sites and outside areas immediately adjacent to the exclosure fence, where deer had unrestricted access, revealed that exclosures had 83% fewer host-seeking nymphs and 90% fewer host-seeking larvae. Tick numbers inside exclosures did not always decline with increasing distance from the fence. There was no significant difference in the rate of Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner infection for host-seeking ticks collected inside (20%, n = 50) exclosures compared with ticks collected outside (26%, n = 50) exclosures. Deer fencing may provide a means of significantly reducing the abundance of I. scapularis and the risk of Lyme disease in relatively large areas without the need to reduce or eliminate the deer population.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Acaricide susceptibility of immature Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) as determined by the disposable pipet method.

The disposable pipet method was used to establish baseline dose-mortality data for immature stages of Ixodes scapularis Say for carbaryl, esfenvalerate, cyfluthrin, and permethrin. Permethrin and cyfluthrin were most toxic to both nymphs and larvae, followed in order by esfenvalerate and carbaryl, based on LD50 and LD90 values. Larvae were substantially more susceptible than nymphs to each compound.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effect of deer exclusion on the abundance of immature Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing small and medium-sized mammals.

Effects of deer exclusion on abundance of immature Ixodes scapularis Say parasitizing small and medium-sized mammals, and the role mammals have in introducing ticks to exclosure areas, were examined at two sites in Westchester County, New York. In total, 686 mammal captures representing nine species were obtained, with white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus Rafinesque, composing > 80% of all captures, followed by raccoons, Procyon lotor (L.); opossums, Didelphis virginiana (Kerr); and striped skunks, Mephitis mephitis Schreber. At the Near Archives site, 14% of 81 individual mice, 46% of raccoons, and 33% of opossums captured were found to cross the exclosure fence, as did 12% of 50 mice and 38% of raccoons at the Hudson Pines site. Skunks apparently did not cross the fence at either site. Mice captured exclusively outside the Near Archives exclosure hosted significantly more larvae than mice captured inside only, with fence crossers hosting an intermediate number of larvae. At Hudson Pines, numbers of larvae on fence-crossing mice and those captured solely inside the exclosure were equivalent, with tick loads on mice captured outside the exclosure significantly greater. The number of larvae per raccoon did not differ significantly with capture location (inside, outside, or both sides of exclosure fence) at either site. Densities of host-seeking larvae and nymphs were significantly higher outside the exclosure than inside at Near Archives, though not at Hudson Pines. Differences in tick density inside and outside exclosures declined with each successive developmental stage so that adult density inside exclosures tended to converge with that outside at both sites. Although deer exclosures can have a significant impact on nymphal I. scapularis abundance, they may not reduce the risk of encountering infected adults. Mice, raccoons, and opossums have a role in introducing potentially infective ticks to areas where deer have been excluded, though the level of immigration of ticks into the area will likely depend on the density of ticks outside the exclosure.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Field evaluation of deet and a piperidine repellent (AI3-37220) against Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae).

Repellent efficacy of deet (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) and a piperidine, AI3-37220, was evaluated topically on human volunteers against lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), nymphs and adults in the field. AI3-37220, at 0.5 mg/cm2, provided > 90% repellency against adult and nymphal ticks over a 6-h test period and showed significantly better repellent efficacy than deet. Deet, at the same concentration, provided 85% repellency at 0 h and deteriorated to 55% repellency at 6 h.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Characterization of pyrethroid resistance and susceptibility to coumaphos in Mexican Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae).

Two patterns of pyrethroid resistance were characterized from Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) collected in Mexico. One was characteristic of a kdr mutation and the other involved esterase and cytochrome P450 enzyme systems. Very high resistance to permethrin, cypermethrin, and flumethrin, not synergized by TPP and PBO and high resistance to DDT, characterized the kdr-like pattern found in the Corrales and San Felipe strains. Esterase and cytochrome P450-dependent resistance was found in the Coatzacoalcos strain. It was characterized by resistance to permethrin, cypermethrin, and flumethrin, synergized by TPP and PBO, but no resistance to DDT. The Coatzacoalcos strain also showed 3.6-fold resistance to the organophosphate coumaphos. This factor appeared to be independent of pyrethroid resistance. Pyrethroid resistance patterns found in Mexico were similar to those found earlier in Australia. The significance of pyrethroid and coumaphos resistance to the U.S. cattle fever tick quarantine is discussed.

Animals↗