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PubMed2006

Microbial decolorization of reactive black-5 in a two-stage anaerobic-aerobic reactor using acclimatized activated textile sludge.

A two-stage anaerobic-aerobic treatment process based on mixed culture of bacteria isolated from textile dye effluent was used to degrade reactive black 5 dye (RB-5). The anaerobic step was studied in more detail by varying the dye concentration from 100 to 3000 mg l(-1). The results showed that major decolorization was achieved during the anaerobic process. The time required for decolorization by > 90% increased as the concentration of the dye increased. It was also found that maintaining dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration below 0.5 mg l(-1 )and addition of a co-substrate viz., glucose, facilitates anaerobic decolorization reaction remarkably. An attempt was made to identify the metabolites formed in anaerobic process by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and UV-VIS spectrophotometry. A plate assay was performed for the detection of dominant decolorizing bacteria. Only a few bacterial colonies with high clearing zones (decolorization zones) were found. The results showed that under anaerobic condition RB-5 molecules were reduced and aromatic amines were generated. The aromatic amine metabolite was partly removed in subsequent aerobic bio-treatment. It was possible to achieve more than 90% decolorization and approximately 46% reduction in amine metabolite concentration through two-stage anaerobic-aerobic treatment after a reaction period of 2 days.

Aerobiosis↗

PubMed2004

Stainless steel sponge: a novel carrier for the immobilisation of the white-rot fungus Trametes hirsuta for decolourization of textile dyes.

Alginate beads, polyurethane foam, nylon sponge and stainless steel sponge were tested as carrier materials for the white-rot fungus Trametes hirsuta for laccase production under submerged fermentation conditions. Stainless steel sponge was the best carrier material leading to the highest laccase activities of up to 800 U/l after 8 days of cultivation. These values are higher than those reported to date operating with inert supports and without inducer addition. In a 1-l bioreactor containing T. hirsuta immobilised on stainless steel sponge laccase activities of about 2200 U/l were obtained when the culture medium was supplemented with 1 mM copper sulphate. There were no operational problems with this system during culturing time. The textile dye Indigo Carmine was almost totally degraded in 3 days by T. hirsuta grown in this bioreactor, while Lanaset Marine was degraded in two successive batches, reaching in the first batch a decolourization percentage of about 82% in 15 h and in the second one by 71% in 28 h. Results obtained after inhibition of growth of T. hirsuta by antibiotics indicated that dye decolourization could not exclusively be attributed to laccase activity.

Bioreactors↗

PubMed2005

Use of Cassia javahikai seed gum and gum-g-polyacrylamide as coagulant aid for the decolorization of textile dye solutions.

Investigations were carried out for possible exploitation of Cassia javahikai seeds as potential source of commercial gum for the textile wastewater treatment. Graft copolymerization with acrylamide was done to modify the seed gum for the favorable properties. C. javahikai seed gum, and its copolymer grafted with acrylamide were synthesized in the presence of oxygen using potassium persulphate/ascorbic acid redox system. Both C. javahikai seed gum (CJ) and its grafted-polyacrylamide (CJG), were found to be good working substitutes as coagulant aids in conjunction with PAC, for the decolorization of all the dyes in varying ratios. CJ and CJG alone could effectively decolorize direct dyes (DBR and DO) and in conjunction with a very low dose of PAC could decolorize all the dyes (DBR, DO, ASR, and PBB) to more than 70%. Grafting also increased the decolorizing ability of CJ gum.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed2006

Removal of disperse dyes from textile wastewater using bio-sludge.

Granular activated carbon (GAC) did not show any significant adsorption ability on the disperse dyes, while resting (living) bio-sludge of a domestic wastewater treatment plant showed high adsorption abilities on both disperse dyes and organic matter. The dye adsorption ability of bio-sludge increased by approximately 30% through acclimatization with disperse dyes, and it decreased by autoclaving. The deteriorated bio-sludge could be reused after being washed with 0.1N NaOH solution. Disperse Red 60 was more easily adsorbed onto the bio-sludge than Disperse Blue 60. The Disperse Red 60, COD, and BOD5 adsorption capacities of acclimatized, resting bio-sludge were 40.0+/-0.1, 450+/-12, and 300+/-10mg/g of bio-sludge, respectively. The GAC-SBR system could be applied to treat textile wastewater (TWW) containing disperse dyes with high dye, BOD5, COD, and TKN removal efficiencies of 93.0+/-1.1%, 88.0+/-3.1%, 92.2+/-2.7% and 51.5+/-7.0%, respectively without any excess bio-sludge production under an organic loading of 0.18 kg BOD5/m3-d. Furthermore, the removal efficiencies increased with the addition of glucose into the system. The dye, BOD5, COD, and TKN removal efficiencies of the GAC-SBR system with TWW containing 0.89 g/L glucose were 94.6+/-0.7%, 94.4+/-0.6%, 94.4+/-0.8% and 59.3+/-8.5%, respectively, under an SRT of 67+/-0.4 days.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2006

Utilization of modified silk cotton hull waste as an adsorbent for the removal of textile dye (reactive blue MR) from aqueous solution.

Carbon prepared from silk cotton hull was used to remove a textile dye (reactive blue MR) from aqueous solution by an adsorption technique under varying conditions of agitation time, dye concentration, adsorbent dose and pH. Adsorption depended on solution pH, dye concentration, carbon concentration and contact time. Equilibrium was attained with in 60 min. Adsorption followed both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The adsorption capacity was found to be 12.9 mg/g at an initial pH of 2+/-0.2 for the particle size of 125-250 microm at room temperature (30+/-2 degrees C).

Adsorption↗

PubMed2006

Biosorption of anionic textile dyes by nonviable biomass of fungi and yeast.

The nonviable biomass of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus japonica, Rhizopus nigricans, Rhizopus arrhizus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were screened for biosorption of textile dyes. The selected anionic reactive dyes were C.I. Reactive Black 8, C.I. Reactive Brown 9, C.I. Reactive Green 19, C.I. Reactive Blue 38, and C.I. Reactive Blue 3. Experiments were conducted at initial dye concentration of 50, 100, 150 and 200mg/L. The effect of initial dye concentration, dose of biosorbent loading, temperature, and pH on adsorption kinetics was studied. S. cerevisiae and R. nigricans were good biosorbents at initial dye concentration of 50mg/L, 1g% (w/v) biomass loading and 29+/-1 degrees C. R. nigricans adsorbed 90-96% dye in 15min, at 20 degrees C and pH 6.0. The data showed an optimal fit to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The maximum uptake capacity (Q(o)) for the selected dyes was in the range 112-204mg/g biomass.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2004

Degradation of the textile dyes Basic yellow 28 and Reactive black 5 using diamond and metal alloys electrodes.

Basic yellow 28 (SLY) and Reactive black 5 (CBWB), which are respectively methine and sulfoazo textile dyes were individually exposed to electrochemical treatment using diamond-, aluminium-, copper- and iron-zinc alloy electrodes. The generated current was registered with time during electrolysis of the dye solutions and the color variation and the formation of degradation products were followed using HPLC with diode array detection. Four different electrodic materials were tested by applying different potentials in the range -1.0 to -2.5 V and presented 95% color removal and COD removal of up to 65-67% in the case of CBWB dye solution treated with the copper and iron electrodes. Efficiency was enhanced with stirring and flow in relation to the stationary regime. The kinetic parameter reaction rate was used to establish the effect of flow, potential, electrode nature and pH. The formation and characterization of the precipitate formed under certain conditions is reported and discussed.

Alloys↗

PubMed2004

Nonylphenolic compounds in drinking and surface waters downstream of treated textile and pulp and paper effluents: a survey and preliminary assessment of their potential effects on public health and aquatic life.

Eleven drinking water treatment plants, located downstream of textile plants or pulp and paper mills, have been sampled monthly during a year for the analysis of 17 nonylphenol ethoxylates (NP1-17EO) and two nonylphenoxycarboxylic acids (NP1-2EC). At all but one plant, results in the drinking water, for the sum of these 19 substances, range between below detection levels and 6.7 microg/l. Annual means are between 0.02 and 2.8 microg/l. At the other plant, the yearly average concentration is 10.4 microg/l and the monthly maximum is 43.3 microg/l. In the surface (pre-treatment) water, the annual mean concentrations of the 11 plants range between 0.14 and 17.8 microg/l and the recorded instantaneous maximum is 55.3 microg/l. According to Canadian health authorities, drinking water is a negligible route of human exposure to nonylphenolic compounds, even at the highest concentrations found in this study. After transformation of the data into nonylphenol equivalents, about 20% of the surface water samples exceed the Canadian 1 microg/l nonylphenol water quality guideline for the protection of aquatic life. Some results also exceed Québec's 6 microg/l nonylphenol guideline. The efficiency of the plants in removing nonylphenolic compounds from drinking water is highly variable, ranging from 11% to 99%.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Decolorization of dyes and textile wastewater by potassium permanganate.

Decolorization of 10 types of dye solutions by potassium permanganate was studied. Effects of reaction conditions on the decolorization efficiency were examined in batch experiments. The pH value had a significant effect on the decolorization efficiency. When pH value <1.5, the decolorization efficiency was very high. When pH value >4.0, the dye solutions were almost not decolorized. Concentration of potassium permanganate and temperature also showed significant effects on the decolorization efficiency. The decolorization rate of dye solutions by potassium permanganate was rapid, and most of dye solutions can be decolorized effectively. The results of total organic carbon indicated that dye solutions were degraded incompletely by potassium permanganate. The results of treatment of textile wastewater by potassium permanganate indicated that the oxidation with potassium permanganate might be used as a pre-treatment process before biological treatment.

Color↗

PubMed2005

Potential of immobilized bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) peroxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile dyes from polluted wastewater and dyeing effluent.

Immobilized peroxidases from Momordica charantia were highly effective in decolorizing reactive textile dyes compared to its soluble counterpart. Dye solutions, 50-200 mg/l, were treated with soluble and immobilized bitter gourd peroxidases (specific activity of 99.0 EU per mg protein). The decolorization of dyes with soluble and immobilized enzyme was maximum in the range of pH 3.0-4.0. The effect of different temperatures on the dye decolorization was monitored and it was observed that all the dyes were maximally decolorized at 40 degrees C. In order to examine the operational stability of the immobilized preparation, the enzyme was repeatedly exploited for the decolorization of the dyes from fresh batch of dye solutions. Even after 10 cycles in each case the immobilized preparation retained nearly 50% of the initial enzyme activity. The immobilized enzyme exhibited more than 90% of the original activity while the soluble enzyme lost 33% of the initial activity when stored for 40 d at room temperature. Mixtures of three, four and eight dyes were prepared and treated with soluble and immobilized bitter gourd peroxidase. Each mixture was decolorized by more than 80% when treated with immobilized enzyme. Dyeing effluent collected from local dyers was treated with both types of enzyme preparations. Immobilized enzyme was capable of removing remarkably high concentration of color from the effluent. TOC content of soluble and immobilized enzyme treated individual dyes, mixture of dyes and dyeing effluent was determined and it was observed that higher TOC was removed after treatment with immobilized enzyme.

Buffers↗

PubMed2005

Treatment of the textile wastewater by combined electrocoagulation.

Electrocoagulation (EC) due to some advantages over chemical coagulation is becoming a popular process to be used for wastewater treatment. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of initial addition of a chemical coagulant such as polyaluminum chloride (PAC) or alum on the COD removal efficiency of EC treatment of textile wastewaters. The two salts exhibited the same performance in chemical coagulation, but in the combined electrocoagulation (CEC), PAC was found to significantly enhance the COD removal rate and efficiency, depending on the amount of the total aluminum supplied, by initial addition and electrochemical generation. A comparative operating cost analysis was also given and it was found that with the same operating cost per mass of COD removed, CEC performance was 80%, in contrast to 23% with EC, in 5 min of operation.

Alum Compounds↗

PubMed2005

Fungal and enzymatic decolourisation of artificial textile dye baths.

A textile dye Reactive Black 5 was used in screening 25 fungal strains for their decolourising ability. The most promising strains were tested in a medium containing specific constituents of a dye bath in order to approach real application conditions. It was shown that the concentrations of the constituents had to be reduced to allow fungal growth. Decolourisation started in cultures of Geotrichum candidum but was not complete. Only Bjerkandera adusta was able to decolourise the black-blue colour through violet and red to pale yellow. After 17 days spectral absorption coefficients, alpha, at three wavelengths, 620, 525 and 436 nm almost reached the permitted values. A partly purified manganese peroxidase prepared from B. adusta was tested for decolourisation of several artificial dye baths. The constituents seemed not to be inhibitory to the enzyme and no dilution was necessary. Evaluation of decolourisation gave different results, depending on the method used. The most efficient decolourisation on a percentage basis was observed in the dye bath of the anthraquinone dye Reactive Blue 19, followed by the diazo dye Reactive Black 5. However, based on absorbance units, the largest reduction was achieved with the Reactive Black 5 and Acid Orange 7 dye baths. Comparing the alpha values after 120 h fungal and enzymatic treatments of Reactive Black 5 dye bath the enzyme showed about 1.5 times greater colour reduction than the fungus. Given the tolerance to the constituents and concentration of dye baths, the enzyme proved to be a promising tool for their treatment.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed2006

Microbial biomass and activity in a Brazilian soil amended with untreated and composted textile sludge.

This laboratory study examines the effect of application of untreated and composted textile sludge on microbial biomass and activity in a Brazilian soil. The soil was amended with untreated and composted sludge at rates equivalent of 6.4t ha(-1) (0.64 g per 100g of soil) and 19t ha(-1) (1.90 g per 100g of soil), respectively, and were incubated at 28 degrees C for 60 days and daily sampled for microbial activity. An additional experiment, in the same condition, was conduced for evaluation of microbial biomass and enumeration of microorganisms at 15, 30 and 60 days after incubation. The application of composted sludge increased significantly the microbial biomass and activity, and bacteria number of soil. There were not differences in the microbial activity and bacteria number among the control and untreated sludge amended soils. In conclusion, after 2 months of incubation, the effects of the two amendments on soil microorganisms were: microbial biomass, soil respiration and bacteria number were increased only in composted sludge treated soil. qCO2 and fungi number were not affected by untreated and composted sludge.

Biomass↗

PubMed2006

LC-MS-MS analysis and occurrence of octyl- and nonylphenol, their ethoxylates and their carboxylates in Belgian and Italian textile industry, waste water treatment plant effluents and surface waters.

Alkylphenols (APs), alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs), ethoxycarboxylate metabolites (APECs) and bisphenol A were determined in surface water using solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by triple-quadrupole LC-MS-MS. APs were separated by LC from APECs using an acetonitrile-water-gradient without the addition of any buffer. Nonylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (NPECs) interfere in the detection of nonylphenols (NPs) when using an acidic mobile phase, because they produce the same MS-MS fragment ions (219>133 and 147). 4n-NP shows the characteristic transition 219>106; it is well suited as internal standard. Nonylphenol ethoxylates NPE(n)Os (n=1-17) were analysed separately in a second run by positive ionization using an ammonium acetate mobile phase. Textile industry discharges, the corresponding wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and the receiving rivers in Belgium and Italy were analysed. Among the substances investigated, NPE1C and NPE2O exhibited the highest concentrations in the water samples, up to 4.5 microg l(-1) NPE1C in a WWTP effluent and 3.6 microg l(-1) NPE2O in a river. The highest NP levels were found in the receiving rivers (max. 2.5 microg l(-1)). The predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for NP of 0.33 microg l(-1) for water species was frequently exceeded in the surface waters investigated, suggesting potential adverse effects to the aquatic environment.

Belgium↗

PubMed2006

Textile sludge application to non-productive soil: physico-chemical and phytotoxicity aspects.

As part of an assessment study on the risk of spreading textile sludge onto non-productive soil, the sorption behaviour of some sludge-metal constituents [Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II)] in the soil was studied. In addition, the sludge stabilization effect was evaluated by the biodegradation of organic compounds and phytotoxicity tests. Metal-soil sorption was assessed using soil columns and by sorption isotherms (i.e., Freundlich and Langmuir). In relation to the phytotoxicity of Eruca sativa L., there was a biomass inhibitory effect for the fresh sludge and a biomass stimulant effect for the stabilized sludge. Thus our results show that after stabilization, the tested loading ratio of 33% sludge: 67% soil (v/v) (equivalent to 85 Mg ha(-1)) did not significantly increase the risk of groundwater contamination since only small amounts of metals applied to the soil underwent percolation and almost all the organic compounds were degraded.

Biomass↗

PubMed2003

The removal of dyes from textile wastewater: a study of the physical characteristics and adsorption mechanisms of diatomaceous earth.

The feasibility of using diatomite for the removal of the problematic reactive dyes as well as basic dyes from textile wastewater was investigated. Methylene blue, Cibacron reactive black and reactive yellow dyes were considered. Physical characteristics of diatomite such as pHsolution, pHZPC, surface area, Fourier transform infrared, and scanning electron microscopy were investigated. The surface area of diatomite was found to be 27.80 m2g(-1) and the pHZPC occurred around pH of 5.4. The results indicated that the surface charge of diatomite decreased as the pH of the solution increased with the maximum methylene blue removal from aqueous solution occurring at basic pH of around (10-11). Adsorption isotherms of diatomite with methylene blue, hydrolysed reactive black and yellow dyes were constructed at different pH values, initial dye concentrations and particle sizes. The experimental results were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Henry models. The study indicated that electrostatic interactions play an important role in the adsorption of dyes onto diatomite. A model of the adsorption mechanism of methylene blue onto diatomite is proposed.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2006

Ipomoea dasysperma seed gum: an effective natural coagulant for the decolorization of textile dye solutions.

An investigation of dye decolorization from synthetic dye solutions using the non-ionic, water-soluble, high molecular weight seed gums Ipomoea dasysperma and guar gum as coagulants was undertaken. The use of galactomannans derived from plants in this system presents a sustainable method of textile effluent treatment. These natural coagulants extracted from plants proved to be workable alternatives to conventional coagulants like polyaluminum chloride, as they are biodegradable, safe to human health, are cost effective when compared to imported chemicals and have a wider effective dosage range for flocculation of various colloidal suspensions. Coagulant dose and coagulation pH are important factors influencing the mechanism of coagulation. Also the type and chemical structure of the dye plays an important role in the coagulation process. The seed gums alone were found to be effective for decolorization of direct dye and in combination with PAC their coagulation efficiency was well extended even for reactive and acid dyes.

Coloring Agents↗

PubMed2006

Utilization of powdered waste sludge (PWS) for removal of textile dyestuffs from wastewater by adsorption.

Acid pre-treated powdered waste sludge (PWS) was used for removal of textile dyestuffs from aqueous medium by adsorption as an alternative to the use of powdered activated carbon (PAC). The rate and extent of dysetuff removals were determined for four different dyestuffs at different PWS concentrations varying between 1 and 6 gl(-1). Biosorbed dyestuff concentrations at equilibrium decreased with increasing PWS concentration for all dyestuffs tested. PWS was more effective for adsorption of Remazol red RR and Chrisofonia direct yellow 12 as compared to the other dyestuffs tested. More than 80% percent dyestuff removal was obtained for all dyestuffs at PWS concentrations above 4 gl(-1) after 6h of incubation. Similar to percent dyestuff removal, the rate of adsorption was maximum at a PWS concentration of 4 gl(-1). Kinetics of adsorption of dyestuffs was investigated by using the first- and second-order kinetic models and the kinetic constants were determined. Second-order kinetics was found to fit the experimental data better than the first-order model for all dyestuffs tested. Adsorption isotherms were established for all dyestuffs used and the isotherm constants were determined by using the experimental data. Langmuir and the generalized adsorption isotherms were found to be more suitable than the Freundlich isotherm for correlation of equilibrium adsorption data. Acid pre-treated PWS was proven to be an effective adsorbent for dyestuff removal as compared to the other adsorbents reported in literature studies.

Adsorption↗