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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Innervation analysis of the small muscle bundles attached to the temporalis: truly new muscles or merely derivatives of the temporalis?

Detailed examinations were performed in ten temporal muscles from five cadavers to identify the muscle bundle arrangements of the temporalis and their innervation. Three additional muscle bundles were clearly observed in the main part of the fan-shaped temporalis: the anteromedial, anterolateral, and mid-lateral muscle bundles. Based on the origins, insertions and detailed innervation patterns, these bundles were considered as parts of the temporalis rather than independent muscles, although the anteromedial and anterolateral bundles had been recently reported as newly described muscles. A possible schematic model of the origins of these muscle bundles is proposed. We also report a branch from the posterior deep temporal nerve which was distributed to the temporal fascia and to the skin of the temporal region.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1991

Blocking of periodontal afferents with anesthesia and its influence on elevator EMG activity.

The effect of anesthetic blocking of the periodontal afferents of the canine teeth was studied in order to determine its influence on any changes in the jaw elevation activity. Unilateral integrated EMG recordings were made of the masseter and anterior temporal muscles during maximal voluntary clenching in centric occlusion and laterotrusive position with canine contact. After anesthetic blocking of the periodontal afferents of one or both ipsilateral canines, a significant increase was observed of the EMG activity of both jaw elevator muscles studied, in centric occlusion as well as with canine contact. The elevator activity increase was of a greater magnitude when antagonistic canines were anesthetized. These findings thus support the hypothesis that high threshold periodontal receptors exert an inhibitory effect on jaw elevator muscular activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Dental injuries, temporomandibular disorders, and caries in wrestlers.

The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of dental injuries, temporomandibular disorders (TMD), and dental caries in a group of champion wrestlers. Twenty-six male wrestlers, with a mean age of 23 yr, and an age-matched control group participated in the study. A questionnaire was used with questions on trauma, frequency of headache, intensity of practicing sports, use of sugar-containing "sports drinks", use of mouth guards, and previous TMD problems. Four bitewing radiographs were taken in all subjects. In addition, three intraoral apical radiographs of maxillary and mandibular frontal regions were taken in the wrestlers. The number of existing teeth, dental caries, amount and type of restorations, and dental injuries were recorded. Examination of the stomatognathic system comprised bilateral palpation of the masseter and temporal muscles and temporomandibular joints, and evaluation of the mandibular movements. None of the subjects had drunk sports drinks or worn mouth protectors regularly. The wrestlers had more frequent and severe dental injuries localized to the frontal region of the maxilla than the controls. No statistical differences were found in the prevalence of caries or TMD between the groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The effect of prior jaw motion on the plot of electromyographic amplitude versus jaw position.

Fabrication of interocclusal splint at a thickness determined by the vertical dimension at which the jaw muscle EMG amplitude is minimum has been recommended. However, the effect of prior jaw motion and the effect of the recording site on the EMG amplitudes and on the vertical dimension of minimum EMG activity have not been documented. IEMG amplitudes at various static jaw positions achieved during opening and during closing were analyzed in nine subjects. Surface IEMGs were recorded over the left anterior temporal muscle, left masseter and left suprahyoids muscles, and by nonspecific EMG recording as described by Rugh and Drago. The jaw position was recorded in 5 mm increments by a kinesiograph. After 30 seconds of relaxation, 10 successive IEMG reading at 4-second integration times were obtained at each recording site. These 10 recordings at each requested jaw position were averaged and analyzed. The IEMG activity changed with different jaw position. As the jaw opened from centric occlusion, the IEMG from jaw closing muscles decreased to a minimum and then increased with further opening. Moreover, the IEMG for a particular jaw position differed depending on the history of the jaw movement, that is, whether the position was achieved after an opening step or after a closing step. Two factors, the amount of jaw opening and the history of jaw movement to reach that position, seemed to influence the IEMG differently in each of the recorded muscles.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effects of remote noxious stimulation on exteroceptive reflexes in human jaw-closing muscles.

Reflexes evoked by applying non-painful taps to an incisor tooth were recorded from the jaw closing masseter and temporal muscles of 21 human subjects. A series of inhibitory, excitatory, inhibitory and excitatory waves (the 'Q, R, S and T' waves of the post-stimulus electromyographic complex (PSEC)) occurred in full-wave rectified and averaged electromyograms. Conditioning by remote noxious stimulation (RNS; application of 3 degrees C water to a hand) usually produced increases in activity at the Q-R and S-T transitions of the PSEC (at mean latencies of 24 and 54 ms respectively), which resulted principally from a shortening of the inhibitory Q and S waves. Changes in the amplitudes of the excitatory R and T waves were also found. The effects of RNS were quantified by integrating records of the difference between conditioned and control PSECs. The RNS-induced effect on the entire PSEC was significantly (P < 0.01) greater when the reflexes were evoked by applying hard (7.4 mN.s) as opposed to soft (3.4 mN.s) taps to the tooth. However the ratio between the effects on the ST and QR segments did not differ significantly between these two intensities of tap stimuli. RNS-induced sensations of pain and increases in systemic arterial blood pressure were not correlated with the RNS-induced effects on the different segments of the PSEC. The results suggest that RNS may affect particularly those elements of the PSEC evoked by higher threshold afferents and that the effects are mediated by mechanisms acting directly at the brainstem level and are not secondary to pain or autonomic responses.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Use of a temporal musculoperiosteal flap in the treatment of craniofacial abnormalities: experimental study.

In 15 juvenile Yorkshire pigs averaging 23.5 kg in weight, 15 periosteal flaps based on the temporal muscle were raised on each side. One side served as control after the temporal arteries were severed. These periosteal flaps were transposed into the infraorbital region and were fixed to the maxillary periosteum by means of a subciliary incision. Radiographic follow-up over 1 year revealed new bone formation. Sample biopsies were microscopically examined and demonstrated the presence of new bone.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The relationship between jaw elevator muscle surface electromyogram and simulated food resistance during dynamic condition in humans.

In six human subjects, electromyograms (EMGs) of the masseter and temporal muscles were recorded bilaterally during experiments in which the subjects made rhythmic open-close movements. The closing phase was counteracted by a variable external force on the mandible. Variables of the force (amplitude, time integral and work) and variables of the corresponding EMG bursts (duration, peak amplitude and time integral) were computed for each open-close cycle. Linear regression analyses were used to determine the strength of the relationship between each EMG variable and each force variable. By step-wise multiple regression analysis the EMG variables predicting the force variables were determined. Although there was a highly significant and positive correlation (P < 0.0005), the average coefficients of linear correlation varied from 0.46 to 0.82. The strongest relationship was observed between the time integrals of the force and EMG in the interval between the onset of the burst and the onset of occlusion. It was suggested that to assess muscle force during chewing, the time integral of EMG bursts should be computed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Fronto-temporal anatomy and its application for augmentation plasty].

OBJECTIVE: To decide the safe dissection plane and evaluate the multiple materials used for the fronto-temporal augmentation. METHODS: Clinical anatomical observation were made during the fronto-temporal operations. Forty-one patients were treated for the fronto-temporal augmentation with various granular or patched materials in different anatomical plane. RESULTS: Four relatively safe dissection planes were found in the fronto-temporal area: (1) subcutaneous or above superficial temporal fascia, (2) subgalea plane 1.5 cm above the zygomatic arch, (3) between the deep temporal fascia and the temporal muscle, and (4) beneath the temporal periosteum. With the follow-ups from 6 months to 1 year, the appearance after the fronto-temporal augmentation in each patient was satisfactory or improved, except for the fat granule group with partial absorption and the ePTFE or Medpor hypothesis group shown a stepped contouring at the margin in a few patients. CONCLUSION: Four dissection planes could be shown in the fronto-temporal region for the augmentation plasty with different advantages and disadvantages. The combination could be overcome the disadvantages to improve the results. Fat granule could be the best autograft for frontotemporal augmentation.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[A cephalometric, electromyographic and kinesiographic appraisal of a patient with mandibular prognathism and anterior openbite malocclusion before and after surgical orthodontic therapy: a case report].

A 19-year-old female patient with skeletal 3 and anterior openbite malocclusions was treated by a surgical orthodontic approach. A glossectomy was also performed. Cephalometric, electromyographic and kinesiographic records were taken before and after the treatment. The treatment results were as follows: 1. Esthetic improvement in facial profile and static alignment and intercuspation of teeth was obtained. 2. The dimension of the tongue with respect to that of the oral cavity proper measured on the lateral cephalograms revealed a value similar to that determined for the control data after the active treatment. 3. The proportion of reversed strokes with respect to the total chewing strokes increased at the completion of the active treatment both for the right- and the left-sided chewings, but it decreased during the retentive period. 4. At the initial stage, an earlier onset of the masseter muscle activity relative to the temporal muscle group was determined, while the temporalis muscles showed an earlier onset of activity in the postoperative phase. 5. The durations of chewing strokes became shortened in a postoperative phase both on the working and the balancing sides. This observation was particularly significant for the opening and the closing phases. In addition, the proportion of the duration of significant temporalis muscle activity with respect to that of the concomitant chewing stroke increased. 6. Anterior temporalis muscle and masseter muscle activity during clenching performance revealed a value similar to the control data. In summary, the current case suggests that the patients who receive surgical orthodontic treatment require sufficient time to obtain functional readaptation during the retentive period.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1981

Tightness of the oral aperture following static suspension procedure for facial paralysis, and its correction.

A 51-year-old man underwent a static suspension procedure for correction of unilateral traumatic facial paralysis using the fascia lata. Other surgical procedures were not considered due to extensive loss of facial muscles, facial nerve, and the temporal muscle. The patient developed tightness of the oral aperture six months later, preventing him from introducing his dentures into his mouth. This difficulty was completely relieved by transmucosal release of the bands at the level of the midportion of the left side of the upper and lower lips. Immediately following the procedure, the patient was able to open his mouth completely and put in his dentures. No change was noted in the symmetry of his face.

Facial Injuries↗
PubMed1997

[Functional state of the masticatory system in healthy individuals (control group) and in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders].

The functional status of the masticatory system was investigated in a sample of 68 self-defined controls without any treatment need and 82 craniomandibular disorder patients. Among the parameters investigated were measures of mandibular mobility, the presence of joint noises and palpation tenderness of 17 muscle and 3 TMJ sites. These data allowed for calculation of Fricton's Craniomandibular Index (CMI) and Helkimo's Clinical Dysfunction Index (Di). Several socalled signs of dysfunction were found in the normal control group: 38% of the joints had some kind of noise and several muscle sites were tender to palpation (splenius capitis muscle 50%, anterior masseter and temporal muscle 45%, insertion of the trapezius muscle 40%). In addition, according to Helkimo's Di. 90% of the controls would be classified as having mild to moderate dysfunction. The high prevalence of positive signs in the control sample calls for a less rigid definition of what is called a normal craniomandibular status and refutes the a priori establishment of a narrow set of criteria for normality. Some parameters showed a highly statistically significant difference among the control and patient group (p < .001): active range of motion, deviation upon opening, pain on mandibular movement, number of tender palpation points and the CMI and Di.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Lamination of the masticatory muscles in the kangaroo according to their innervation.

An analysis of the laminations of the masseteric, zygomaticomandibular and temporalis muscles of the Red Kangaroo (Macropus Rufus) and all of the masticatory muscles of the Eastern Gray Kangaroo (Macropus Giganteus) was carried out based on their innervation. The masseteric muscle was divided into superficial and deep layers; the superficial layer was further subdivided into three laminae from the rostro-lateral portion to caudo-internal portion. The deep layer was divided into lateral, caudo-internal and rostro-internal laminae. The zygomaticomandibular muscle which was located between the masseteric and temporal muscles was divided into lateral, internal and rostral laminae, on the basis of its innervation. The lateral and internal laminae were innervated by the nerve which arises between the masseteric nerve and the posterior deep temporal nerve. A small rostral portion of the muscle was innervated by masseteric nerves, which passed through the internal lamina of the deep layer of the masseteric muscle. The temporalis muscle was innervated by an anterior deep temporal nerve and posterior deep temporal nerve. Only the most rostro-internal lamina of the temporalis muscle was innervated by the anterior deep temporal nerve. The anterior deep temporal nerve and lateral pterygoid nerve had a common trunk. We believe that the rostro-internal lamina was closely related to the lateral pterygoid muscle. The lateral pterygoid muscle displayed one lamina, whereas the medial pterygoid muscle was divided into internal and lateral laminae. The lateral lamina was further divided into rostro-internal and caudo-lateral laminae.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Muscular equilibrium and orthognathic surgery. A preliminary electromyographic study].

Few studies have been written about the effects of orthodontic preparation and of the consequences of surgical movements on mandibular motricity. The aim of this preliminary report is to evaluate the modifications of muscular activity between the pre-surgical phase and its evolution during the year after surgery, together with the skeletal modifications found. The muscular activity of six patients with serious vertical discrepancies requiring rehabilitation of the lower facial height has been studied using electromyographical recordings. A longitudinal study of the EMG data has been established in order to discover a muscular adaptation method towards physiological equilibrium following the realization of a new facial diagram. The reduction of the lower facial height obtained through a surgical procedure including a maxillary impaction, appears to indicate that, at rest, the masseter muscles activity tends to normalize, whereas that of the temporal muscles may sometimes increase. During maximal contraction, facial hyper-divergence reduction would lead to a sharp decrease in temporal and masseter muscular activity which would subsequently return to normal. The increase in vertical dimension would also cause significant changes in muscular tonus depending on the sagittal direction of the associated mandibular osteotomy. It would take longer to achieve muscular activity stability. These few results show: The existence of significant modifications following orthognathic surgery, possible reduction of high rest muscular activities, often revealing a cranio mandibular dysfunction, after vertical typology rehabilitation. The electromyographic recordings during treatment then enable to perfect the therapeutic re-evaluation of these major vertical discrepancies.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1985

[An atypical case of Marcus Gunn's syndrome].

The authors examine a clinical case of the Marcus Gunn phenomenon, characterized by the lid retraction when the patient closes her mouth. The peculiarity of this clinical case would consist in a partial synkinesis involving the masseter and temporal muscles.

Blepharoptosis↗
PubMed2004

Symptoms of craniomandibular disorders in elderly Brazilian wearers of complete dentures.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate the incidence of symptoms of craniomandibular disorder in elderly Brazilian wearers of full dentures. DESIGN: In this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire based on Helkimo's anamnestic index was applied to a group of 65-year-olds or older individuals who wear a set of full dentures. SETTING: Interviews were carried out at the dental clinics of the University of Taubaté and the University of Vale do Paraíba, Brazil. SUBJECTS: From a total of 384 patients, 84 elderly wearers of full dentures were interviewed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The questionnaire identified the most commonly related symptoms of craniomandibular disorders. RESULTS: The patient's average age was 73.5 years (ranging from 65 to 89 years), 81% of them females. Only 5% reported pain when opening their mouths, and the same percentage complained of temporomandibular joint luxation and a sensation of tired muscles during mastication. Similar rates were found for pain in the temporomandibular joint area (6%), pain in the temporal muscle area (7%), difficulty to move the mandible in the morning (4%) and pain during excursive (protrusive and lateral) movements (8%). The highest rates were found for pain in the masseter muscle area (39%) and articular noises (24%). CONCLUSION: The incidence of craniomandibular disorder symptoms was low in this group of elderly wearers of full dentures, except for pain in the masseter (39%) and articular noises (24%).

Aged↗
PubMed1982

A comparison of centric relation with maximum intercuspation based on quantitative electromyography.

The study concerned the nature of the alterations, if any, in muscle activity demonstrable when the mandible shifts from maximum intercuspation into its most retruded physiological relation (i.e. centric relation). An integrator-averager was used to determine micro V average amplitude from masseter and temporal muscles in two maxillo-mandibular positions, centric relation and maximum intercuspation, and three modes, first contact occlusion, chewing and swallowing. Vertical reference marks on the cuspids were used to quantitate horizontal deviation from maximum intercuspation to centric relation. Data were obtained from twelve subjects and analysed for variance. Results demonstrated a significant increase in micro V in all centric relation positions. Statistics yielded an F value of 5.88258 with a probability of 0.005. Results suggest critical limitations in reliance on centric relation as a reference position during clinical therapy.

Adult↗