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PubMed2003

Oral treponemes in primary root canal infections as detected by nested PCR.

AIM: To investigate the prevalences of four Treponema species in primary root canal infections using a nested PCR assay. METHODOLOGY: Samples were obtained from 32 infected root canals. Twenty-two cases showed chronic asymptomatic periradicular lesions and 10 symptomatic cases were diagnosed as acute apical periodontitis. DNA extracted from the samples was initially amplified using universal 16S rDNA primers. A second round of amplification used the first PCR products to detect a specific fragment of the 16S rDNA of each Treponema denticola, T. socranskii, T. vincentii and T. pectinovorum. RESULTS: Bacteria were present in all cases sampled. T. denticola was detected in 77.3% of the asymptomatic cases, T. socranskii in 40.9%, T. vincentii in 18.2% and T. pectinovorum in 13.6%. In the cases diagnosed as acute apical periodontitis, T. denticola was detected in 80%, whilst T. socranskii and T. vincentii were detected in 40% and 10% of cases, respectively. No symptomatic case yielded T. pectinovorum. In general, nested PCR detected T. denticola in 78.1% of the cases, T. socranskii in 40.6%, T. vincentii in 15.6% and T. pectinovorum in 9.4%. At least one of the four Treponema species was found in 84.4% of the cases examined. CONCLUSIONS: The species T. denticola was detected in a large number of the cases examined: the prevalence of T. socranskii was also relatively high. The species T. vincentii and T. pectinovorum were also found, but in a smaller number of cases. Based on these data, the recognized pathogenicity of these microorganisms and their involvement with other oral diseases, they should be included in the restricted set of putative endodontic pathogens.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Lymphocyte stimulation in swine dysentery.

In lymphocyte stimulation studies of pigs affected with swine dysentery (SD) all of the pigs gave significant response (P less than 0.05) to soluble antigen from Treponema hyodysenteriae. Swine infected with virulent or attenuated T. hyodysenteriae gave significant lymphocytic response 3 or 6 weeks after infection; uninfected pigs did not give a similar lymphocytic response. The delayed hypersensitivity (DH) skin test, in which soluble T. hyodysenteriae antigen preparation was used, detected only 3 out of 14 SD-affected swine. The lymphocyte stimulation assay by detection of protein synthesis may offer a rapid, reliable test for the diagnosis of SD within herds suspected of being affected.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Epidemiology of endemic non-venereal treponematoses].

The occurring resurgence of endemic treponematoses warrant the renewal of WHO mass campaigns. These various infections, pinta, yaws, bejel and endemic syphilis, are due to a treponema apparently identical to the venereal syphilis one. These different treponematoses do act upon epidemiology of venereal syphilis. The recent outbreak of treponematoses justify the current researches in the development of a treponemal vaccine.

Bacterial Vaccines↗
PubMed1999

T-Cell responses to Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum antigens during the course of experimental syphilis infection.

In this study we describe the development of the T-cell response to a panel of Treponema pallidum antigens over the course of syphilis infection in the rabbit and determine whether these antigens induce the expression of Th1 cytokines. It was determined that the membrane proteins TpN17 and TpN47, as well as the endoflagellar sheath protein TpN37, induce strong proliferation responses through most of syphilis infection; Tromp1 induced only weak proliferative responses. An unexpected drop in proliferative response to these antigens at day 90 of infection, followed by a dramatic increase in response at day 180, suggests that there may be a secondary dissemination of T. pallidum which induces a recall response. Crude epitope mapping of TpN17 and TpN37 showed that multiple epitopes may be present on both antigens, which is likely a contributing factor in the immunodominance of these antigens. The T-cell response to the TpN37 molecule shows acquisition of newly recognized epitopes during the course of infection. Sonicated T. pallidum was found to induce the expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon and not IL-10 mRNA, showing that the general T-cell response to T. pallidum antigens in syphilis infection is biased towards the Th1 phenotype. Of the antigens tested, TpN37 appears to contribute the most to the Th1 cytokine response and therefore may play a key role in the clearance of T. pallidum from lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Reappraisal of lymphocyte responsiveness to concanavalin A during experimental syphilis: evidence that glycosaminoglycans in the sera and tissues interfere ith active binding sites on the lectin and not with the lymphocytes.

No significant differences were noted between the responses of lymphocytes from normal and Treponema pallidum-infected rabbits to concanavalin A. When added to cultures of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes, however, sera and tissue supernatant fluids from infected rabbits were capable of suppressing the response to concanavalin A. Although immune complexes were regularly present in suppressive sera and tissue extracts, additional experiments in which both direct and indirect approaches were used indicated that immune complexes were not responsible for the observed depression. Sequential stimulation studies, done with purified glycosaminoglycan materials obtained from suppressive sera and testicular fluids, and specific absorption studies suggested that this material blocks active sites on the lectin and merely prevents recognition of the mitogen by otherwise functionally active cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Pathologic diagnosis of early syphilis in nasal cavity and oropharynx].

OBJECTIVE: To study the pathologic changes in nasal and oropharyngeal mucosa caused by treponema pallidum (TP) infection. METHODS: Twenty-five cases of nasal and oropharyngeal syphilis were retrieved from the archival files of Department of Pathology of Beijing Tong Ren Hospital collected during the period from June 1996 to September 2005. The hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides were reviewed. Histochemical study using modified Warthin-Starry stain and immunohistochemical study using polyclonal antibody for TP were carried out. The diagnosis of early syphilis was confirmed by rapid plasma regain (RPR) and TP hemagglutination (TPHA) tests. RESULTS: Among the 25 cases studied, 20 showed neutrophil infiltration, microabscess formation and plasma cell infiltration in the lamina propria. Endothelial swelling of small blood vessels and syphilitic vasculitis was also seen. Tonsillar ulcers associated with abundant plasma cells, lymphocytes and histiocytes were noted in 14 cases. One of which demonstrated florid reactive lymphoid proliferation, with transforming lymphoid cells of various stages identified. Pseudoneoplastic squamous cell proliferation was seen in one case. Spirochetes were detected by modified Warthin-Starry stain in mucosal microabscesses and squamous epithelium in 20 cases, around small blood vessels in 5 cases, and on the surface of tonsillar ulcers in 14 cases. Abundant TP were also found in smears of exudates in 6 cases. TP antigen was detected in 4 cases by immunohistochemical staining. All the 25 cases studied were RPR (1:8 to 128) and TPHA-positive. CONCLUSIONS: Early syphilis involving nasal cavity and oropharynx has distinctive pathologic features. Detailed histologic examination, together with modified Warthin-Starry stain for demonstration of spirochetes, is important to obtain a correct diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1973

The uvea.

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Adult↗
PubMed1980

Immunoglobulin-bearing polymorphonuclear leucocytes in primary syphilis.

Non-specific defence mechanisms are thought to be ineffective in eliminating Treponema pallidum after infection in the early stages, but studies aimed at the elucidation of this phenomenon are few. In this study, the number of IgG-bearing polymorphonuclear leucocytes in patients with primary syphilis was increased; this is most probably a normal phenomenon of infection.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Parenchymal neurosyphilis. Insidious onset (dementia) and acute onset (manic type) forms].

The increased rates in recent years of primary and secondary syphilis, with a renovated interest of central nervous system infection by the treponema pallidum, justify the presentation of two cases of classic General Paresis: Dementia and Mania. Both patients fulfilled sufficient criteria as to elaborate a process of differential diagnostic of physical illness in patients with mental disorders, which include a battery laboratory tests. The positive response to a protocol with penicillin improved both the clinical symptoms and the laboratory tests.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1998

[The experience of the search for Lyme disease in the eastern Canary Islands].

BACKGROUND: The eastern region of Canary Islands presents certain climatic and atmospheric conditions which differentiate it from the accepted parameters in cases of Lyme disease. We present a serologic study of patients with clinical syndrome which is potentially compatible with Lyme disease, in an effort to clarify the presence of this disorder region. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We assayed type IgG and IgM antibodies against the flagellin antigen of the native Borrelia burgdorferii using indirect enzymeimmunoassay (EIA) as a screening technique. In the serum presenting positive screening we confirmed this result with immunoblot (IB) type IgG and/or IgM with synthetic peptides for the antigenic epitopes p14, p41, p100, OspA and OspC. We review the clinical history of the patients with reactive sera. RESULTS: We studied a sample group of 1,452 patients considered clinically compatible with Lyme disease over a 42-months period, presenting the screening results for serologic positive 47 (3.2%). From this sample, 24 (1.65%) were IB reactive, independent of the type of immunoglobulin. Only two fulfilled the criteria of both IB-IgM positive, one with antibodies against OspC and p41 proteins finally diagnosed as arteriosclerotic encephalopathy suboccipital Binswanger and another with antibodies against p100 and p41 proteins, diagnosed as presenting a primary cytomegalovirus disease. The bands that, most often lead to reactive IB were p41 and p14. Of the 24 patients who presented reactive IB, 14 (58.3%) also presented other previous data wich produced the false positives, 8 with autoimmune disease, 5 viral infectious and one infection due to Treponema pallidum. CONCLUSION: Due to the lack of studies carried out in this field which would verify or rule out an epidemiologic chain in our region, our serologic and clinical data put the eastern Canary Islands in doubt as an endemic area of Lyme disease.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1982

Ability of macrophages to process and present Treponema pallidum Bosnia A strain antigens in experimental syphilis of syrian hamsters.

The ability of macrophages to process and present treponemal antigens to T-lymphocytes was studied in early stages of experimental syphilis produced by Treponema pallidum Bosnia A strain (the causative agent of endemic syphilis) infection of inbred Syrian hamsters (LSH/Ss Lak strain). A difference was noticed in the response of macrophages obtained from the peritoneal cavity, lymph nodes, and spleens of the infected animals. In all of these locations, a general increase in the population of Ia(k)-positive macrophage was seen during the entire period of infection, i.e., 3 to 18 weeks after inoculation. Peritoneal cavity-derived macrophages showed no difference in antigen presentation to sensitized and nonsensitized T-lymphocytes for the first 7 weeks of infection. However, at 18 weeks after infection, peritoneal macrophages lost their ability to process treponema antigens. Spleen- and lymph node-derived macrophages did not exhibit a parallel loss in their ability to process treponema antigens. A fluctuation without a consistent pattern was noticed in the antigen processing and presentation by macrophages from the spleen and lymph nodes. In general, the sensitized T-lymphocytes responded to treponema antigen presented by macrophages more vigorously than the nonsensitized T-lymphocytes. An increased ability of spleen-derived macrophages to process and present antigens was noticed throughout the entire period of infection. The macrophages from the lymph nodes showed such an increase only temporarily at 3 weeks after infection. These data suggest that the processing and presentation of treponema antigens by macrophages in acute syphilitic infection fluctuates considerably and depends on the source of macrophages and the duration of the infection. The differences in the response of peritoneal cavity-, spleen-, and lymph node-derived macrophages probably reflect the complex interactions between the macrophage and other cells involved in the immune response to treponema infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Syphilis superinfection activates expression of human immunodeficiency virus I in latently infected rabbits.

Superinfection of latently human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected rabbits with either Treponema pallidum or Shope fibroma virus (SFV) activates HIV expression. In addition, HIV-infected rabbits demonstrate prolonged cutaneous lesions (chancres) after intracutaneous challenge with T. pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis. Rabbits were infected by intravenous inoculation of 3 x 10(7) human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type III (HTLV-III)/B10 (HIV-1)-infected H9 (human) cells. Five weeks after initial infection, integrated HIV-1-specific DNA sequences were detected in the DNA of the peripheral blood lymphocytes of only one of eight rabbits using polymerase chain reactions (PCR); human DNA could not be detected at this time. Furthermore HIV infection could not be demonstrated by either seroconversion or PCR during the next 6 months. All HIV-infected rabbits remained clinically healthy and had normal white blood cell counts. Six months after HIV infection, four HIV-infected and two noninfected controls were superinfected with 10(6) T. pallidum in eight skin sites in the shaved skin of the back, and four infected and two control animals were challenged with an intradermal injection with SFV. After infection with either syphilis or SFV, the DNA from the white blood cells of all eight HIV-infected rabbits contained HIV sequences, and HIV sequences were demonstrated in dermal mononuclear cells of the syphilitic lesions by in situ hybridization. The SFV-induced tumors were rejected normally in the HIV-infected rabbits, but four of the four rabbits challenged with T. pallidum had delayed development of cutaneous lesions and three of four demonstrated larger and more prolonged lesions. White blood counts, mitogen responses, and interleukin-2 production remained within normal limits, and seroconversion for HIV was not detected. Three of four rabbits in a second group, challenged with T. pallidum 4 months after HIV-inoculation, also had delayed healing of syphilitic lesions. These results indicate that latent HIV-infection of rabbits may be activated by immunostimulation and that latently HIV-infected rabbits have impaired delayed hypersensitivity reactions. It is hypothesized that true latent HIV-infection in the rabbits is in monocytes and postulated that further immunostimulation may produce infection of lymphocytes and activation of disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Development of increased serum immunoblot reactivity against a 45,000-dalton polypeptide of Treponema pallidum (Nichols) correlates with establishment of chancre immunity in syphilitic rabbits.

Rabbits developed chancre immunity 5.0 to 7.5 weeks after intradermal infection with 10(3) Treponema pallidum (Nichols). The serological response against T. pallidum antigen during this 2.5-week period was examined by Western immunoblotting. Sera from rabbits infected for 5.0 weeks contained antibodies against 7 of 13 major T. pallidum immunogens, with strongest binding detected against a polypeptide of Mr 47,000. By 7.5 weeks of infection, syphilitic rabbit sera recognized 10 of 13 antigens; the most evident increase in serological reactivity was directed against a polypeptide of Mr 45,000, suggesting that the development of a strong serological response against this polypeptide correlated with the onset of chancre immunity.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Diarrhea induced by Treponema hyodysenteriae: a young chick cecal model for swine dysentery.

The experimental infection of 25 young chicks with Treponema hyodysenteriae was carried out. Treponemes were isolated from 21 of 25 chicks on day 21 after inoculation. The ceca of chicks infected with treponemes were atrophied. The lumen was filled with a white watery fluid instead of digested feed. In some infected chicks, a cecal core was observed with the fluid in the cecum. The cecal core was grayish, hard, and rod shaped. It consisted of eroded cells and debris of treponemes and resembled the pseudomembrane. Bloody mucus was also observed in one chick. The thickness of the mucosae in 17 of 25 chicks were markedly increased. The histological changes were classified into two types. In the case of regressive changes of epithelial cells which mean severe erosion, the laminae propriae were exposed. Hemorrhage, edema, and heterophil infiltration in the laminae propriae were also confirmed. Numerous treponemes were observed within the edematous area under the remaining epithelia and also invaded the epithelial cells and laminae propriae. In the other case, progressive changes, that is, hyperplasia of mucosal epithelial cells and elongation of the crypt, were observed. The epithelia consisted mainly of cuboidal basophilic cells, mitotic cells, and goblet cells. The mitotic cells increased in number and were also observed near the superficial luminal surface of the ceca. Mucous goblet cells were also considerably increased in number. The erosion of superficial luminal epithelial cells was not so severe, but edema in laminae propriae was frequently observed. Electron-microscopic observation demonstrated that the basophilic epithelial cells were polyribosome rich, mitochondria poor, and lipid droplet poor. Furthermore, tonofibril-like structures under the terminal web in cytoplasms were lost, and numerous membrane-bound vesicles at the terminal web with free ribosomes were observed. In places, a number of vesicles were observed between microvilli, and some vesicles were released from the apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Microvilli also became scarce and irregular. The junctional complexes between cuboidal cells became unclear, the interdigitations between cuboidal cells became loose, and the intercellular spaces were widened. In conclusion, the appearance of numerous membrane-bound vesicles at the terminal web and the dilated intercellular space indicates increased secretion of water and electrolytes, and the abnormal proliferation of such immature epithelial cells indicates impaired absorption. On the basis of our findings, we can say that diarrhea induced by T. hyodysenteriae can be developed by synergism between impaired absorption and increased secretion by intestinal mucosae with hyperplastic immature epithelial cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗