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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

[Hormone concentrations in thyroid gland tissue and plasma in autonomous thyroid adenomas with and without thyrostatic pretreatment].

The thyroid hormone concentrations of T2, T3 (and the inactive R-T3) were determined in thyroid tissue of 20 patients with autonomous adenomas. High concentrations were found in scintigrafically decompensated adenomas without preoperative thyrostatic treatment. Decompensated adenomas after thyrostatic treatment, compersated adenomas and a group of 9 euthyroid goiters showed no difference in tissue-concentrations of T4 and T3. The amount of tissue-R-T3 seems to be lowered in autonomy. The plasma-concentration of T3, which was intraoperatively elevated in the venous effluent from decompensated adenomas without thyrostatic treatment, was significantly lower in the blood draining decompensated adenomas after thyrostatic treatment as well as compensated adenomas.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2004

High-resolution imaging of the thyroid gland using optical coherence tomography.

BACKGROUND: Current diagnostic imaging modalities of the thyroid gland cannot reliably distinguish benign from malignant lesions, primarily because of their inability to visualize microscopic structure. A high-resolution imaging technique capable of examining thyroid tissue architectural morphology in real time is needed. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been shown to achieve high resolutions approaching the cellular range (1-15 microm). The feasibility of optical coherence tomography for imaging thyroid tissue was explored ex vivo on the human thyroid gland. METHODS: High-resolution OCT was performed in real time at 2 to 4 frames per second on three postmortem and 15 surgically excised thyroid glands containing normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic tissue. OCT images acquired were compared with those obtained using standard histopathologic methods. RESULTS: The microstructure of the normal thyroid gland, including colloid-filled follicles as small as 15 microm and their supporting stroma, was clearly identified. OCT images of degenerative, hyperplastic, adenomatous, and malignant change within the thyroid gland were shown to correlate well with corresponding histopathologic findings. CONCLUSIONS: The ability of OCT to image thyroid tissue microarchitecture makes it a potentially powerful technology that can be used to assess the thyroid gland at a resolution greater than currently available clinical imaging modalities.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[The morphology of the thyroid gland in poultry with special regard to seasonal variations].

The thyroid glands of 31 chickens at the age of 17 to 24 months were investigated. Different methods of anatomical preparation, casts of vessels and scanning electron microscopy were used. The thyroid gland of birds is a paired organ. It is located on the ventral surface of the base of the neck within the thoracic inlet. The left thyroid gland is placed more cranially than the right one. Each thyroid gland is closely connected to the common carotid artery on the medial side, from which it is supplied and to the jugular vein on the lateral side. It is a reddish-brown organ and of lenticular profile. The gland measures on average 10 mm in length, 6 mm in width and 2 mm in thickness, and is covered by a thin connective tissue capsule which holds adipose cells. It seems that each thyroid follicle is surrounded by a net of capillaries. The investigation by scanning electron microscopy proved that the follicles are oval with a pyramidal top on each end. The cuboidal epithelium cells leave impressions in the colloid. Epithelium cells carry microvilli on the follicle side surface. Described seasonal changes of the thyroid gland in size and activity were able to be confirmed by the examination of the organ in July and December. In winter the follicular cells were higher and the follicles had a greater volume.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Morphometric study on the fetal thyroid gland in the nude mouse (BALB/cAnNCrj-nu/nu).

Fetal thyroid glands of athymic nude mice (BALB/cAnNCrj-nu/nu) were examined morphometrically on day 18 of gestation. Compared to euthymic litter mate controls (BALB/ cAnNCrj-nu/+), both the cell height and diameter of thyroid follicles were significantly smaller; fewer well-developed follicles were found in the peripheral region of the thyroid; the body weight and total volume of the thyroid gland were also smaller in nude mice. These results suggest underdevelopment of the fetal thyroid gland of the athymic nude mouse.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Amyloidosis of the thyroid gland: role of ultrasonography.

We studied the role of ultrasound assessment of the thyroid gland in detecting amyloid deposition in 9 patients confirmed to have renal amyloidosis because the thyroid gland is a readily accessible organ. Ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland showed a distinctive abnormal appearance in 7 patients. There was enlargement of one or both lobes of the thyroid, a high echogenicity approaching that of the surrounding connective tissue, and a very fine homogeneous echotexture similar to ground glass appearance. Four patients showed dilated follicles in the thyroid gland. The other two patients had normal ultrasound findings. Open wedge biopsy of the thyroid gland in 4 patients, (3 with abnormal ultrasound findings and 1 with normal ultrasound findings) showed amyloid deposits in the 3 patients with abnormal echo findings and no amyloid deposits in the 1 patient with normal findings. In 10 healthy individuals, 10 patients who were just initiated on maintenance hemodialysis and another 10 patients on dialysis for more than 1 year, the thyroid gland was of normal size and appearance in the ultrasound examination. We conclude that ultrasound examination by an experienced radiologist is a useful tool in the diagnosis of thyroid amyloidosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Thyroid gland volume as measured by ultrasonography in preterm infants.

The volume of the thyroid gland was determined by ultrasonography in 30 preterm infants (27-36 weeks' gestation) born in Madrid. Thyroid gland volume significantly increased (p < 0.01) with postnatal and postmenstrual age and was very well correlated with body weight, height and surface area (p < 0.01). Serum thyroid hormones 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and free thyroxine (FT4) were linearly correlated with postnatal and postmenstrual age, thus T3 and FT4 levels were also correlated with thyroid gland volume (p < 0.05). We report measurements of the thyroid gland volume obtained by ultrasonography in this group of preterm infants. Quantitative determination of thyroid gland volume is more accurate for the diagnosis of goitre than clinical criteria. It is also interesting to determine the thyroid gland volume in the neonatal period when the thyroid is particularly hypersensitive to the effects of iodine deficiency and excess.

Female↗
PubMed2000

[Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis in cases of renal clear cell carcinoma metastases into the thyroid gland].

The most common metastatic tumour of the thyroid gland which is clinically revealed is renal clear cell carcinoma (RCCC). Our clinical experience in cases of RCCC metastases into thyroid gland is reviewed in terms of the history of the disease, obligatory diagnostic procedures, surgical management and outcome prognosis. We believe that all the patients with even a remote RCCC history require systematic follow-up including thyroid gland as metachronic metastatic disease can occur many years after primary surgery. Clinical diagnosis and ultrasound of the thyroid gland is essential in selection for surgical treatment. Confirmation of malignancy in FNA (fine needle aspiration) in often difficult regarding concomitant multinodular goitre. Enlargement of a single thyroid nodule except L-thyroxin therapy for 3-6 months is a sufficient indication for surgical treatment, not depending on FNA result, particularly when a suspected nodule becomes bigger than 30 mm in diameter.

Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell↗
PubMed1978

Squamous cells in the human thyroid gland.

Squamous epithelium in the thyroid, which may be basaloid, epidermoid, or truly squamous, may be derived from several sources. In the normal thyroid, usually rests of one type or another are responsible for these cell nests. Thus, thymic or ultimobranchial remanants may be found in the lateral lobes of normal thyroid glands. Maldevelopment or excessive descent of thyro-glossal duct remnants may be responsible for squamous epithelial cysts noted in the central portions of the thymus, especially in the isthmus. In diseased thyroids, the most likely derivation of squamous or epidermoid epithelium is through metaplasia of follicular epithelial cells. Thus, in adenomatous goiter and various types of thyroiditis as well as follicular derived neoplasms, such a derivation is most likely. In tumors containing malignant squamous epithelium (adenoacanthoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, or pure squamous carcinoma) there is a range of such lesions, and since many of them appear to be derived from follicular epithelium, it is most likely that squamous metaplasia which has undergone malignant transformation has occurred in these neoplasms.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

The significance of FDG uptake in bilateral thyroid glands.

AIM: To evaluate the significance of bilateral fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in the thyroid glands. METHODS: Bilateral thyroid FDG uptake, defined as visualization of thyroid glands, was found in 66 (3.4%) of 1925 subjects who underwent our FDG PET cancer-screening program. Additionally, 16 of the 41 patients with Graves' disease and hyperthyroidism (GD(H)) and six of the 20 subjects with Graves' disease and euthyroidism (GD(E)), who had FDG uptake in thyroid glands, were enrolled in this study. RESULTS: Among the 66 subjects, 22 were normal variant, 39 subjects had chronic thyroiditis (35 subjects presented with diffuse goitre and four with multinodular goitre), and five subjects had multinodular goitre (MNG) without chronic thyroiditis. Fourteen of 22 (63.6%) of the subjects with the normal variant had a visual uptake intensity less than that of the liver, while 30 of 39 (76.9%) of the subjects with chronic thyroiditis and 14 of 22 (63.6%) of the subjects with Graves' disease had visual uptake intensity greater than or equal to liver uptake. Two of the five subjects with MNG with focally intense uptake were proven to have thyroid carcinoma. Bilateral loser uptake in thyroids associated with thymus and symmetrical skeletal muscle uptake were found in GD(H). The standard uptake value (SUV) (mean+/-SD) in subjects with chronic thyroiditis (2.76+/-1.24) were higher, while those with GD(H) (1.59+/-0.36) were lower than that of the normal variant (1.99+/-0.63). Subjects with hypothyroidism (3.04+/-1.39) had higher SUV levels than those subjects with euthyroidism (2.44+/-1.11). In addition, patients with GD(H) had lower levels than those with GD(E) (2.0+/-0.38). CONCLUSION: (1) Bilateral thyroidal uptake of FDG can be found in normal variants and subjects with various thyroid disorders, showing varieties of uptake patterns. (2) Diffuse intense uptake and higher SUV levels are a clue to a diagnosis of chronic thyroiditis, especially for those with hypothyroidism. (3) Focally intense uptake suggests the possibility of a thyroid carcinoma. (4) Sparse uptake associated with the thymus and symmetrical skeletal muscle uptake and lower SUV level raise the possibility of Graves' disease with hyperthyroidism.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Scanning electron microscopy of the human thyroid gland and its disorders.

The characteristic scanning electron microscopic features of the normal thyroid gland, benign thyroid lesions such as nodular (adenomatous) and colloid goitre, adenomas and thyroiditis, and malignant tumors such as papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma and medullary carcinoma are described. One or more cilia are present in the center of the follicular surface of almost every epithelial cell in the normal thyroid gland as well as in most goitres. Their number is reduced in adenomas and differentiated carcinomas. Medullary carcinomas and anaplastic carcinomas usually lack cilia. Variation in distribution and appearance of microvilli seems to be related to functional differences in the normal thyroid and goitres. In neoplastic conditions the abundance of microvilli steadily decreases from ordinary papillary carcinomas to follicular variants of papillary carcinoma and to follicular carcinoma. Most of the cells in medullary carcinoma and anaplastic carcinoma have few or no microvilli. Benign and neoplastic Hürthle cells have a very characteristic appearance. Distinct, smooth-surfaced cells are interspersed among cells rich in microvilli. The literature is reviewed. Our own experience from examinations of 264 thyroid specimens is included.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1996

Pseudolymphoma of the thyroid gland. A case report.

An unusual case of pseudolymphoma of the thyroid gland is presented. A well-demarcated whitish mass measuring 1.0 cm in diameter was found in the upper center of the right lobe of the thyroid gland. Microscopically, the lesion was composed of hyperplastic lymphoid tissues with many follicular centers and mixed infiltration of plasma cells and macrophages. The immunostain revealed a similar distribution of T-and B-lymphocytes to reactive lymph node and a polyclonal nature of the plasma cell infiltrates. No lymphoepithelial lesion was associated. The adjacent thyroid tissues showed chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. This finding suggests that the lesion is a pseudolymphoma of the thyroid gland. This condition is rare, but it should be considered during the differential diagnosis of lymphoproliferative lesions occurring in the thyroid gland, especially with low-grade malignant lymphoma of the thyroid gland.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ectopic thyroid and late-onset functional deficit of the thyroid gland].

PURPOSE: To evaluate retrospectively the incidence of ectopic thyroid gland causing hypothyroidism in patients referred to "Di Venere" Hospital, Bari. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Over a period of 14 years, ectopic thyroid gland has been detected by thyroid scan in 56 out of 122 patients with hypothyroidism due to congenital thyroid abnormalities. Of these 56 patients, 48 were < 1 year old, 2 were < 2 years old, while 8 with late onset of the disease were 7 to 35 years old. RESULTS: Among the eight patients with late onset hypothyroidism, 3 had normal serum levels of thyroid hormones at birth. Overall, an ectopic thyroid gland was observed in 6 out of 32 (18.7%) patients with hypothyroidism beginning between 2.5 and 14 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid scan is a safe and effective procedure in the diagnosis of ectopic thyroid gland in neonatal patients. It should be recommended as neonatal screening in order to prevent irreversible damage to central nervous system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Abnormal B lymphocyte function in thyroid glands from patients with Graves' disease.

Thyroid-infiltrating B lymphocytes from patients with Graves' disease were investigated in regard to their phenotypic profiles, cell size, cell cycle status, proliferative response to Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 (SAC), and spontaneous production of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and antithyroidal autoantibodies. Thyroid tissues and peripheral blood were obtained at the time of subtotal thyroidectomy of 27 Graves' patients who had been treated with thionamide drugs and iodide before operation. Two intrathyroidal mononuclear cell populations were obtained from these thyroid tissues. One cell population was isolated from the supernatants after mechanical disaggregation of the tissues and was defined as TG-1 cells. Another cell population, defined as TG-2 cells, was isolated from the supernatants of overnight cultures of the thyroid debris after enzymatic digestion. The percentages of B lymphocytes bearing activated markers and plasma cells (CD20+CD21-, IgM+IgD-, CD20+ transferrin receptor+, PCA-1+) were significantly higher in the TG-1 and TG-2 cell populations than in peripheral blood from Graves' disease patients and normal subjects. These phenotypic changes were accompanied by increased thyroid gland B lymphocyte cell size from patients with Graves' disease. The proliferative response of B lymphocytes to SAC was markedly lower in TG-1 and TG-2 cell populations than in peripheral blood cells from Graves' disease patients and normal subjects. B lymphocytes isolated from thyroid glands secreted significantly more IgG and antithyroidal autoantibodies than those from peripheral blood. Based on the findings of abnormalities in thyroid-infiltrating B lymphocytes, we suggest that activated B lymphocytes may induce the excessive production of antithyroidal autoantibodies in thyroid glands from patients with Graves' disease.

Adult↗