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PubMed1977

Throat packs for surgery. An improved design based on anatomical measurements.

A method of measuring the static dimensions of the human pharynx is presented. An entirely new approach to the design of both an oropharyngeal, and a pharyngeal throat pack is described. The new throat packs have been tested in clinical practice and found to have advantages. Pollution within the dental surgery by anaesthetic gases is discussed and the influence of the oropharyngeal pack on this problem is illustrated.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Interview method affects incidence of postoperative sore throat.

Two hundred and forty-two routine surgical patients who had undergone general anaesthesia, were questioned about postoperative sore throat by one of two methods, either direct or indirect questioning. A significantly higher incidence of sore throat was obtained by direct questioning (p less than 0.001).

Female↗

PubMed1990

Postoperative sore throat: topical hydrocortisone.

Forty patients undergoing tracheal intubation and controlled ventilation of the lungs for elective surgical procedures were studied. They were allocated randomly into one of two groups. The tracheal tubes used for group A patients were lubricated before insertion with water-soluble 1% hydrocortisone cream. Those for group B patients were lubricated with KY jelly. The incidence of postoperative sore throat was found to be significantly greater in group A. Topical 1% hydrocortisone cream is therefore ineffective in the prevention of postoperative sore throat.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1994

A comparative study of the incidence of sore throat with the laryngeal mask airway.

In a prospective study of 150 patients randomly assigned to three groups, we have compared the incidence and duration of sore throat after a standard anaesthetic regimen using three different methods of airway management: facemask; laryngeal mask, and laryngeal mask with insertion aid. The insertion aid is currently being developed by Portex Ltd and is intended both to facilitate accurate placement of the laryngeal mask and to reduce trauma during insertion. All the patients were women undergoing short operative procedures requiring minimal postoperative analgesia. The incidence of sore throat was significantly less with a facemask (8%) than with the laryngeal mask when used without the insertion aid (28.5%) (p < 0.02). When using the insertion aid the incidence was 18% and this was not statistically different from the facemask. The presence of blood on the laryngeal mask (22%) was less likely when the insertion aid was used (4%) (p < 0.02).

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Measurement of swallowing in patients with sore throats.

Swallowing function was measured using a simple timed test in 20 healthy subjects with a sore throat (16 women, median age [range] 27.5 years [19.3-44.5]) and the test was repeated following recovery. All three indices from the test average volume per swallow (ml), average time per swallow (s) and swallowing capacity (mls-1) were significantly improved following recovery (P = 0.0001, 0.041 and 0.0001 respectively). There was no significant change in respiratory function between the two visits. The indices from a timed test of swallowing are sensitive enough to detect changes occurring due to a sore throat; the test provides a simple bedside technique for quantifying swallowing and may be useful in measuring the rate of recovery from swallowing problems and in assessing the effect of different treatments on swallowing function.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Prophylactic laryngo-tracheal aerosolized lidocaine against postoperative sore throat.

A randomized, double-blind study was carried out on 193 ASA I-II surgical patients to assess the effect of aerosolized lidocaine on sore throat, hoarseness and cough in connection with tracheal intubation. The study group received aerosolized lidocaine 100 mg 2 min before tracheal intubation, using a spray. The control group received no spray. The patients underwent a standardized general anaesthesia. The patients were interviewed when leaving the recovery room and the next day in the ward. Specific questions were asked regarding sore throat, cough and hoarseness. There were no significant differences between the two groups, which suggests that topical anaesthesia of the mucosa of the upper airway is ineffective as a means of ameliorating airway complaints in connection with tracheal intubation.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed1985

The throat carrier rate of group A and other beta hemolytic streptococci among patients in general practice.

In a one-year multicenter study in general practice the rate of asymptomatic throat carriage of group A beta hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) was investigated. 2,626 patients, none of whom had had sore throat or any other streptococcal illness during the preceding three months, were evaluated. The GABHS carrier rate was 2.2% with no sex or season dependent variation, and it was 10.9% in patients less than or equal to 14 years of age, 2.3% in patients between 15 and 44 years old, and 0.6% in patients greater than or equal to 45 years old. An additional 7.2% of the patients carried beta hemolytic streptococci of groups B, C, or G. For groups C and G the influence of age on carrier rates was similar to that found for GABHS. Tetracycline resistance was found in 21% of the group A strains, in 61% of the group B strains, and in 28% of the group C and group G strains.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Detection of group A streptococcal antigen from throat swabs by use of a latex agglutination test kit in general practice.

In 11 general practice offices, with a total of 29 general practitioners, throat swabs from 468 patients with acute pharyngotonsillitis were assayed for group A streptococci with a commercial antigen detection test kit (Culturette Brand Ten-Minute Group A Strep ID; Marion Scientific, Div. of Marion Laboratories, Inc., Kansas City, MO 64114, USA). Compared to aerobic cultures carried out in our laboratory, the sensitivity of the antigen detection test was 73%; the specificity, 98%; the positive predictive value, 96%; the negative predictive value, 84%; and the overall agreement with laboratory findings, 88%. The prevalence of group A streptococci was 42%. Tests performed by assistants were significantly less sensitive (52%) than tests carried out by the physicians themselves (77%). The sensitivity of office cultures was 83% for blood agar plates supplemented with bacitracin discs, and 77% for Streptocult. We conclude that antigen detection tests should not presently be substituted for office cultures in the diagnosis of group A streptococcal throat infections.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1991

[A study on hemolytic streptococci (group A, B, C and G) isolated from throat of the middle-aged and advanced-aged--especially as compared with elementary school children].

Hemolytic streptococci were isolated from throat of middle-aged and advanced-aged and these organisms were classified into groups A, B, C and G. 1) Persons 15 to 39 years old were included in one group and persons from 40 years of age upward were divided into 5 groups every 10 years. Comparison of these groups were done. Generally, group B organisms were most often isolated. The detection rate of group B organisms was higher in the older age group. The detection rates of group A and G organisms were approximately equal, but both organisms were isolated from a few persons. No organism of group C was isolated from males, while only two strains belonged to group C organism were isolated from females. 2) A number of strains of group A hemolytic streptococci were isolated from school children, particularly in the lower classes. But the proportion of group B organism to isolated streptococci showed an increase in upper classes, noticeably in females. 3) For middle-aged and advanced-aged, blood samples were obtained simultaneously on examination of the throat, and ASO value and ASK titer were determined. ASO values were higher in persons infected with groups A, C or G organisms than in persons infected with group B organism or no hemolytic streptococcus. ASK titers revealed a similar results to ASO values, though the relation between ASK titers and isolated hemolytic streptococci was less positive.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

[Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from throat swab by polymerase chain reaction].

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers directed against the 16S-rRNA gene of Mycoplasma pneumoniae was used to diagnose M. pneumoniae infections, and the results were compared with those of culture and serology methods. Eighty (22%) of 363 throat swab samples from patients with acute respiratory complaints gave positive results by using the PCR method. Sixty-seven (18.5%) of the samples were positive in culture method. Of 35 samples which were unreliable culture results due to contamination with other bacteria, 13 gave positive results in the PCR method. Of the 97 cases obtained throat swabs and paired sera, 28 (28.9%) showed positive results by the PCR assay, and 29 (29.9%) by serology method (particle agglutination test). The positive rate was increased to 36% by using both the PCR and the serology methods. From these results it was concluded that the PCR method is useful for laboratory diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infections.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1984

Effect of aztreonam on throat and stool flora of cancer patients.

Eighteen patients with hematological malignancies received aztreonam in one of two dosing regimens, 1 or 2 g every 8 h for a total of 7 to 9 days. Throat and stool cultures were obtained before and during treatment with aztreonam. Aztreonam had little effect on the predominant throat flora. In contrast, facultatively anaerobic gram-negative bacilli were markedly decreased in stools during the administration of aztreonam. Strict anaerobes in the stool were variably affected by aztreonam.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Nose, throat, and fecal flora of beagle dogs housed in "locked" or "open" environments.

The microbial flora of the nose, throat, and feces of male beagle dogs housed in a "locked environment" (i.e. confined to germfree-style isolators and supplied with sterile food, air, and water) or an open environment were assessed between 26 and 30 months into the study. Forty-five genera and 170 different species or types of microorganisms were cultured from the nose, throat, and feces of the beagles. Clostridia, eubacteria, corynebacteria, bacteroides, lactobacilli, and anaerobic, gram-positive cocci accounted for most of the microbial diversity in the flora. Some of the facultative anaerobes, especially streptococci and lactobacilli (in feces), occurred in numbers that were comparable to the most numerous anaerobic species. Confinement to the locked environment resulted in an increased diversity of microorganisms in the flora, but the total microbial counts did not increase to any great extent. Even with the increased diversity of bacteria in the flora of confined dogs, some bacteria seemed to favor certain areas of the gastrointestinal tract over others. The increased diversity of bacteria observed in these confined dogs may pose some infectious disease problems for other mammals (including humans) that may be confined to a locked, ultra-clean environment for a prolonged period of time.

Aerobiosis↗

PubMed1976

Bacterial interference: effects of oral antibiotics on the normal throat flora and its ability to interfere with group A streptococci.

The effects of orally administered penicillin and tetracycline on the composition of the normal throat flora and its interference with the growth of group A streptococci were evaluated by throat culture and an agar overlay technique. Tetracycline caused only a slight, transient quantitative decrease in the composition of the flora and interference activity. Penicillin caused significant quantitative and qualitative decreases in both the composition of the flora and interference activity. The diminution in interference activity persisted up to 3 weeks after therapy. The differences observed between the antibiotic regimens correlated with differences in initial susceptibility of the flora to the antibiotic used and emergence of the resistance during therapy. Results indicated that although effects of antibiotics on the composition of the flora are transient, effects on its ability to interfere with group A streptococci may persist long after therapy is discontinued. It is thus possible that penicillin therapy may enhance susceptibility of certain individuals to subsequent infection with group A streptococci.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1982

Serogrouping of beta-hemolytic streptococci from throat swabs with nitrous acid extraction and the Phadebact streptococcus test.

A direct extraction of the antigen of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci from 373 throat swabs was done with a microtechnique of the nitrous acid extraction-Phadebact coagglutination method. The technique yielded a 96% agreement with the results obtained by a standard throat culture method in which the Phadebact grouping procedure with overnight broth supernatants was employed.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1982

Preliminary identification of beta-hemolytic streptococci in throat swab cultures with a commercial blood agar slide (streptocult).

A commercial blood agar slide (Streptocult, Orion Diagnostica) was used for preliminary identification of beta-hemolytic streptococci of groups A, C, and G in throat swab specimens. The sensitivity of the test was 93.6% and the specificity was 94.7%, as judged from 580 specimens. A model is suggested for routine processing of throat swab specimens, involving inoculation and reading of the slide in general practice and transport of positive or inconclusive slides to a bacteriology laboratory for isolation and serological grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococci. The model combines preliminary detection of beta-hemolytic streptococci within 24 h with the reliability of serological groupings, and should reduce the volume of specimens sent to the laboratory considerably.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1985

Evaluation of a rapid method for the detection of streptococcal group A antigen directly from throat swabs.

Throat swabs from 196 pediatric patients were processed by a direct extraction-latex agglutination method (Group A Strep Direct Antigen Identification Test [DAI]) that detects group A streptococci in the specimen. The method requires a 45-min enzymatic extraction period at 37 degrees C and a 4-min reaction period with antibody-linked latex particles. The results were compared with those of the culture and fluorescent antibody methods and the clinical presentation of the patient for pharyngitis. Ninety-three percent of the specimens resulted in agreement by all tests, and 28% were culture positive for group A streptococci. Compared with the culture method, the DAI had a sensitivity and a specificity of 83% and 99%, respectively. The positive predictive values were 98% versus the culture method and 93% versus the fluorescent antibody method, whereas the negative predictive values were 94% versus both other methods. Of the 14 discrepant results when both clinical presentation of an acute pharyngitis and the test results were compared, the culture method provided the best correlation. An additional 64 specimens were processed by the DAI and another direct extraction-latex agglutination method (Culturette Ten-Minute Group A Strep ID Test), and the results were compared with those of the culture method. This group had a 40.6% culture isolation rate for group A streptococci. The sensitivity and specificity of the DAI and Strep ID methods versus the culture method were 81 and 100%, and 77 and 97%, respectively. These results indicate that the DAI is accurate for diagnosing group A streptococcal pharyngitis directly from throat swabs. However, negative results in the presence of a symptomatic patient must be confirmed by standard culture techniques.

Antigens, Bacterial↗

PubMed1985

Detection of group A streptococcal antigen directly from throat swabs with a ten-minute latex agglutination test.

Results obtained with the Culturette brand 10-Minute Group A Strep ID system were compared with culture results to measure the ability of this system to detect group A streptococci directly from more than 800 throat swabs. Our study showed a sensitivity of 92.4% and a specificity of 92.8% for this acid extraction, latex agglutination method when compared with anaerobic culturing for group A streptococci. The results suggest that the 10-Minute Group A Strep ID method may prove to be a useful, very rapid and easy method for diagnosing group A streptococcal pharyngitis directly from throat swabs. Further studies are suggested to determine whether this diagnostic method could stand alone or would have to be used in conjunction with culture.

Agglutination↗

PubMed1994

Detection and sequencing of rotavirus VP7 gene from human materials (stools, sera, cerebrospinal fluids, and throat swabs) by reverse transcription and PCR.

Human rotavirus RNAs from stool samples, sera, cerebrospinal fluids, and throat swabs of 15 children with rotavirus gastroenteritis were detected and serotyped by reverse transcription and PCR. The reverse transcription-PCR method may allow us to consider rotavirus infections in other parts of the body in addition to the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, sequence analysis of the VP7 gene was performed on seven samples (one stool, two serum, three cerebrospinal fluid, and 1 throat swab sample). There were no appreciable differences in viral sequences between samples from cerebrospinal fluids, sera, or stools.

Acute Disease↗