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PubMed1990

Effects of televised alcohol messages on teenage drinking patterns.

This paper presents an overview of theoretical perspectives applicable to the effects of television drinking portrayals on adolescent audiences, focusing on the influence of beer and wine advertising and entertainment depictions of drinking behavior. A critical review of survey research evidence indicates that alcohol commercials contribute to a modest increase in overall consumption by teenagers and may have a slight impact on alcohol misuse and drunk driving. There are no studies measuring the effects of entertainment programming on adolescents, but content analyses suggest the potential for increased prodrinking attitudes and behaviors. Policy implications for addressing the deleterious effects of televised drinking are discussed, and priorities for future research are identified.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Smoking and television: review of extant literature.

Smoking cessation programming is appearing with increasing frequency over the medium of television. This report reviews those television quit smoking programs that have been described in the literature. Programming features (e.g., program timing, content, utilization, and cost-effectiveness) are examined in addition to the assessment of the impact on viewers' smoking behavior. Overall, published reports have described a host of intriguing ways the TV medium can be used to encourage widespread smoking cessation. To date, however, there has been relatively less innovation and thoroughness in terms of assessing program impact. Implications are discussed for the burgeoning realm of health promotion programming via the electronic media.

Australia↗
PubMed1990

A televised, self-help, cigarette smoking cessation intervention.

A televised, self-help cigarette smoking cessation intervention was conducted and evaluated. During the 20-day program, reports were broadcast daily on the evening news programs of the local affiliate station of a national television network. Two samples of smokers who requested self-help manuals were interviewed by telephone immediately following the conclusion of the program and again 3 months later concerning their demographic characteristics, participation in the program, and smoking and quitting experiences. In one sample heavier smokers who expressed a greater desire to quit were more likely to participate in the program and, at the three-month followup, 21% reported being abstinent compared to 10% of those who did not participate. Smokers in the other sample were invited to attend three weekly support meetings during the program. More of those who attended meetings (35%) reported quitting during the program than those who did not attend (23%), but this difference did not persist for 3 months. A greater percentage of the meeting sample (27%) than the other sample (21%) reported abstinence initially, but this difference did not persist for three months either. Intervention outcomes are compared with several standards.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Television system for verification and documentation of treatment fields during intraoperative radiation therapy.

Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) involves direct treatment of tumors or tumor beds with large single doses of radiation. The verification of the area to be treated before irradiation and the documentation of the treated area are critical for IORT, just as for other types of radiation therapy. A television system which allows the target area to be directly imaged immediately before irradiation has been developed. Verification and documentation of treatment fields has made the IORT television system indispensable.

Intraoperative Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of a major televised sporting event on emergency department census.

This study examines the effect of a major televised sporting event, the Super Bowl, on emergency department (ED) census. Daily patient census figures for the month of January 1988-1992 were obtained. Individual shift census was divided by monthly mean census to compare relative volume. Census figures for 4 of the 5 Super Bowl days were significantly lower than the remaining 143 days studied. The day of the Super Bowl was the month's slowest shift for 3 of the 5 days. When the local team was a playoff participant, a stronger association was noted. The results demonstrate a significant decrease in ED utilization coinciding with the Super Bowl broadcast. Major televised events can significantly decrease ED volume, especially when local interest is present. Staffing changes may then be made accordingly.

Emergency Service, Hospital↗
PubMed1988

Television as a patient education tool: a review of its effectiveness.

Thirty-three studies of the use of television as a patient-education process are reviewed. While there are many different conditions addressed by the studies and many studies have methodological problems there are consistencies in the results that suggest how this medium has a role to play. Eleven studies randomized subjects and had a control group. All but one reported achieving their objective of knowledge gain, skill training, or behavior change. Video presentation alone was as effective as any other presentation method and was more effective than only written information. Recommendations for the use of television for patient education are included.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2004

Linking obesity and activity level with children's television and video game use.

This study examined the links between childhood obesity, activity participation and television and video game use in a nationally representative sample of children (N = 2831) ages 1-12 using age-normed body mass index (BMI) ratings. Results indicated that while television use was not related to children's weight status, video game use was. Children with higher weight status played moderate amounts of electronic games, while children with lower weight status played either very little or a lot of electronic games. Interaction analyses revealed that this curvilinear relationship applied to children under age 8 and that girls, but not boys, with higher weight status played more video games. Children ages 9-12 with lower weight status used the computer (non-game) for moderate amounts of time, while those with higher weight status used the computer either very little or a lot. This was also true for the relationship between print use and weight status for children of all ages. Results also indicated that children with higher weight status spent more time in sedentary activities than those with lower weight status.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

The role of action effects in 12-month-olds' action control: a comparison of televised model and live model.

The present study investigated differences in infant imitation after watching a televised model and a live model and addressed the issue of whether action effects influence infants' action control in both cases. In a 2x2 design, 12-month-old infants observed a live or a televised model performing a three-step action sequence, in which either the 2nd or the 3rd action step was combined with an acoustical action effect. We assumed that infants would use the observed action-effect relations for their own action control in the test phase afterwards. Even though results exhibited differences in the absolute amount of imitation between the two demonstration groups, both groups showed similar result patterns regarding the action effect manipulation: infants imitated the action step that was followed by a salient action effect more often and mostly as the first target action, emphasizing the important role of action effects in infants' action control.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

The effect of television viewing on adolescents' snacking: individual differences explained by external, restrained and emotional eating.

In a nationwide sample of 10,087 Dutch adolescents aged 11-16 years (M = 13.0, SD = .8), on average, 25% of the respondents watched more than three hours of television per day. Lowest levels of television viewing (TVV) were found in Dutch adolescents as compared to other ethnic groups, and in higher compared to lower educational levels. Snacking was negatively associated with physical activity and positively associated with TVV. For both boys and girls, the positive association between TVV and snacking was stronger in adolescents who scored high on external and (only for boys) emotional eating, whereas restrained eating attenuated this association.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Literacy demands of product information intended to supplement television direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertisements.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allows television direct-to-consumer (DTC) prescription drug advertisements that do not fully disclose drug risks if the ads include "adequate provision" for dissemination of the drug's approved labeling. This requirement can be met in part by referring consumers to multiple text sources of product labeling. This study was designed to assess the materials to which consumers were referred in 23 DTC television advertisements. SMOG assessments showed that the average reading grade levels were in the high school range for the main body sections of the materials and college-level range for the brief summary sections. The Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM) instrument identified specific difficulties with the materials, including content, graphics, layout, and typography features. Stronger plain language requirements are recommended. Health care providers should be aware that patients who ask about an advertised drug might not have the full information required to make an informed decision.

Advertising↗
PubMed2006

On the road to obesity: Television viewing increases intake of high-density foods.

Television viewing (TVV) has been linked with obesity, possibly through increased sedentary behavior and/or through increased ingestion during TVV. The proposition that TVV causes increased feeding, however, has not been subjected to experimental verification until recently. Our objective was to determine if the amount eaten of two familiar, palatable, high-density foods (pizza and macaroni and cheese) was increased during a 30-min meal when watching TV. In a within-subjects design, one group of undergraduates (n = 10) ate pizza while watching a TV show of their choice for one session and when listening to a symphony during the other session. A second group of undergraduates (n = 10) ate macaroni and cheese (M&C). TVV increased caloric intake by 36% (one slice on average) for pizza and by 71% for M&C. Eating patterns also differed between conditions. Although the length of time to eat a slice of pizza remained stable between viewing conditions, the amount of time before starting another slice was shorter during TVV. In contrast, M&C was eaten at a faster rate and for a longer period of time during TVV. Thus, watching television increases the amount eaten of high-density, palatable, familiar foods and may constitute one vector contributing to the current obesity crisis.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Mass visual screening via television.

Videotaped programs that could be used for screening of visual acuity and of visual fields by means of broadcast television have been developed and tested. The tests are designed to be effective regardless of the size of the viewer's television screen. Inevitably, false-positive and false-negative results would occur, which would have to be carefully explained at the time the tests were broadcast.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Television retinoscopy with a slit-aperture retinoscope and a highly sensitive camera.

The low light level of the retinoscopic reflex and the small aperture required to obtain the customary shape of the reflex make it difficult to photograph the actual reflex for teaching or permanent recording. We describe the design and application of a television retinoscopy system that solves this problem. The system uses a standard streak retinoscope modified to gather more light, a highly sensitive television camera, and an image processor. The system can be used for live demonstration of retinoscopic techniques or for videotape recordings for teaching or research.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed1996

Improvement of monitoring of melanocytic skin lesions with the use of a computerized acquisition and surveillance unit with a skin surface microscopic television camera.

BACKGROUND: Photographic documentation of melanocytic skin lesions is important. Storage and retrieval of slides, however, take much time and space. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to develop and clinically test a computerized acquisition and surveillance (CAS) unit with a television camera for monitoring including measurements of lesional areas. METHODS: A CAS unit connected with a skin surface microscopic television camera was used for monitoring of melanocytic nevi (MN). The lesional area and the skin surface microscopic appearance (SMA) were analyzed after 10 to 21 months in 54 of 1355 MN. RESULTS: In 19 MN (35.2%), changes were found. In eight cases, changes in size of more or less than 15% were detected; in five cases only the SMA changed. In six cases both characteristics changed. CONCLUSION: In approximately 25% of MN, changes were only detectable in the SMA but not with area measurements. This favors the use of systems such as CAS because only they allow a time-saving comparison of actual and previous images.

Basal Cell Carcinoma↗
PubMed1998

Television viewing, physical activity, and health-related fitness of youth in the Québec Family Study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationships among television viewing time (TVTIME), physical activity, and health-related fitness in youth 9-18 years of age from the Québec Family Study. METHODS: The sample included 423 males and 361 females 9-18 years of age from the greater Québec city area. TVTIME, daily energy expenditure (EE), and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were estimated. Four health-related fitness variables were tested: knee extension strength, physical work capacity at 150 beats x min(-1), situps, and sum of skinfolds. The body mass index (BMI) was also included. Relationships were assessed using correlations and analysis of covariance. RESULTS: Correlations between TVTIME and EE and MVPA were low and not significant, with no pattern by age group and gender. Those between TVTIME and fitness variables were also low and generally not significant, with no pattern by age and gender. Adolescents in the highest and lowest quartiles of TVTIME showed no consistent differences in EE, MVPA, and the four fitness items. Similarly, adolescents in the highest and lowest quartiles of EE, MVPA, and each fitness item did not consistently differ in TVTIME. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that time watching television has only a weak association with indicators of physical activity and health-related fitness in Québec youth. Since the data are from the early 1980s, generalizations to more current samples should be tempered with care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Spontaneous sigh rates during sedentary activity: watching television vs reading.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous sighs are thought to play an important role in preventing atelectasis and in regulating airway tone. Recent studies have provided a mechanism by which expansion of the lungs could cause relaxation of smooth muscle. OBJECTIVE: To investigate breathing patterns during 2 forms of sedentary behavior: reading and watching television. METHODS: Breathing patterns were monitored for 1 to 2 hours to document respiratory rates and sigh rates. Each participant was monitored while reading and while watching a movie on videotape. During the first experiment (17 controls), metabolic rates were also measured. In the second experiment (18 controls and 9 patients with mild-to-moderate asthma), only breathing patterns were monitored. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in respiratory or metabolic rates between the 2 activities. In contrast, in the first experiment, 13 of 17 controls had lower sigh rates while watching a videotape than while reading (P < .01). In the second experiment, the sigh rate was significantly lower overall while watching a videotape (mean, 13.7 sighs per hour; range, 1.8-26.0 sighs per hour) than while reading (mean, 19.3 sighs per hour; range, 7.7-30.0 sighs per hour) (P < .001). A similar decrease was observed in patients with asthma (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Given that many children and adults watch television for 5 or more hours per day, breathing patterns during this time may be relevant to lung function. Our results demonstrate that prolonged periods of watching a videotape are associated with lower sigh rates than while reading. Further research is needed to determine whether these changes are relevant to increased bronchial reactivity.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Food advertising in the age of obesity: content analysis of food advertising on general market and african american television.

OBJECTIVE: To document the types of foods advertised and weight-related nutritional claims made during advertisements appearing on general market and African American television programming. DESIGN: Content analysis of 553 food advertisements appearing during 101.5 prime-time television hours. OUTCOME MEASURES: Advertisements were classified according to general category (fast-food restaurant, sit-down restaurant, packaged food), specific food type, and the presence of a weight-related nutritional claim. ANALYSIS: The type of foods advertised and nutritional claims made on general market and African American programs were compared using t and chi-squared tests. RESULTS: More food advertisements appeared during African American programs than general market programs. These advertisements were more likely to be for fast food, candy, soda, or meat and less likely to be for cereals, grains and pasta, fruits and vegetables, dessert, or alcohol. Of all of the food advertisements, 14.9% made a weight-related nutritional claim. More claims related to fat content appeared during African American programming, whereas more light and lean claims appeared in general market advertisements. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Practitioners and policy makers should be aware of the prevalence of food advertisements and their potential impact on knowledge and behavior and should consider working more closely with food manufacturers to encourage the creation and promotion of weight-friendly foods. Meanwhile, nutrition educators can help by teaching consumers critical thinking skills as may relate to food advertisements.

Advertising↗
PubMed2005

Effect of the broadcast of a television documentary about a teenager's suicide in Israel on suicidal behavior and methods.

Portrayals of suicide in the media are controversial because they may impact on suicide rates and methods. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the broadcast of a television documentary wherein an adolescent girl is interviewed about her suicide plan and subsequently dies by suicide. National suicide rates during the 8 weeks prior to the program and the 4 weeks following it were compared to the same periods in the previous year. There was no significant difference in the rates of completed and attempted suicides before and after the program. There was a shift toward the method used in the film after the broadcast, but it was found to be nonspecific to that year. A significant decrease was noted in the mean age of suicide attempters in the last promotional week prior to the broadcast compared to the previous year (p = .032). These preliminary findings suggest that the repeated televised promotion of a documentary on suicide may raise the risk of suicide in vulnerable populations. Further investigations in bigger populations are needed.

Adolescent↗