Action of sodium salicylate and related compounds on tissue metabolism in vitro.
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Humans↗
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Results for “Sodium Compounds”
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Sodium 5-nitro-2-pyridonate trihydrate
The title compound, alternatively sodium pyridin-2-olate trihydrate, Na(+).C(5)H(3)N(2)O(3)(-).3H(2)O, crystallizes in the P-1 space group. It is made up of edge-shared chains of NaO(6) octahedra with five water molecules and one 5-nitro-2-pyridonate anion. Four of these water molecules are bicoordinating, involved in connecting the adjacent octahedra, and the fifth is coordinated to only one octahedron. The crystal structure is stabilized by a network of strong O-H.O and O-H.N interactions. The organic moieties occupy the space between the chains with an antiparallel alignment.
Journal Article↗
The effect of small cations on the positive electrospray responses of proteins at low pH.
Solutions consisting of protein and small molecule mixtures have been subjected to electrospray ionization to study the influence of small molecule/cation components at high concentrations on the electrospray responses of proteins. Emphasis was placed on solutions consisting of equal parts methanol and water and containing 1 vol % acetic acid. The results, therefore, are relevant to low pH solutions with significant organic content, a commonly used set of conditions in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry that tends to denature proteins. A variety of small cations/molecules were selected to sample a range of chemical characteristics. For example, sodium and cesium cations were studied to represent metal ions, tetrabutylammonium and tetramethylammonium cations were studied to represent quaternary ammonium compounds with different surface activities, and octadecylamine and glycine were studied to represent species that compete for protons but have different surface activities. A methodology for measuring relative ion suppression efficiencies was developed and applied for protein ions derived from bovine cytochrome c. The form of the small cation (i.e., metal ion, quaternary ammonium ion, or protonated molecule) did not appear to be a factor in determining the efficiency with which protein ion signals were suppressed. The extent to which ions are expected to concentrate on the surface, however, was the major factor in determining the ion suppression efficiency. Itwas found that the ion suppression efficiency of the most surface active species in this study was comparable to that of a protein on another protein after normalization by charge. These results are particularly relevant to the development of mixture analysis strategies based on ionization and tandem mass spectrometry applied to mixtures of whole proteins.
Algorithms↗
[Routine determination of low molecular weight sulfur compounds by means of sodium nitroprusside and cyanide].
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Blood↗
Neurotensin-induced mast cell degranulation in human jejunal mucosa. Additive effects of IgE or compound 48/80 and inhibition by sodium cromoglycate.
The effect of sodium cromoglycate (SCG) on neurotensin- and compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation and the effect of combining these secretagogues with each other and with an immunological mast cell degranulation system was studied. Neurotensin reduced the number of intact mast cells from 119 (60-190)/mm2 to 50 (20-101)/mm2. This figure was 76 (34-164)/mm2 when SCG was added to neurotensin, a change that was statistically significant. No such inhibitory effect on mast cell degranulation was seen when SCG was added to compound 48/80, which was active only in high doses. When neurotensin or compound 48/80 was followed by antigen in sensitized tissue specimens, mast cell degranulation was enhanced compared with that taking place with only one of the secretagogues. Neurotensin and compound 48/80 did not cause further mast cell degranulation when applied after IgE followed by antigen or when applied after one another. It is concluded that neurotensin may act through a selective release mechanism, whereas compound 48/80 acts by a cytotoxic mechanism, but that they act on the same group of cells.
Cell Count↗
Sodium, potassium, and chlorine content of feeding stuffs.
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Animals↗
Association studies of aggregated aqueous lutein diphosphate with human serum albumin and alpha1-acid glycoprotein in vitro: evidence from circular dichroism and electronic absorption spectroscopy.
Water-dispersible C40 carotenoid derivatives, with increased utility in mammalian therapeutic applications, include natural stereoisomer-based (3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein (beta,epsilon-carotene-3,3'-diol) derivatives. Esterification with inorganic phosphate and conversion to the sodium salt produced compounds (lutein diphosphate sodium salt; 'LdP') capable of forming red-orange aqueous suspensions after addition to USP-purified water. The aqueous dispersibility of this diphosphate salt reached 29 mg/mL without the addition of heat, detergents, co-solvents, or other additives, and was a potent direct scavenger of superoxide anion (by EPR spectroscopy) in an isolated human neutrophil assay. In the current study, preliminary evidence of the aqueous aggregation of this compound in EPR studies was confirmed using circular dichroism (CD) and electronic absorption (UV-vis) spectroscopy. Evidence for H-type ('card-pack') and J-type ('head-to-tail') self-assemblies was obtained. In vitro analysis of the potential binding interaction between LdP and human serum albumin (HSA) and alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) revealed only non-specific binding with HSA (and none with AGP), contrasting with previous reports of direct interaction between astaxanthin-based soft drugs and the major plasma protein albumin. The rapid in vivo cleavage of this phosphodiester by promiscuous mammalian phosphatases may overcome the aqueous aggregation of the formulated compound. This difference in potential plasma protein interaction with prior reports reflects the subtle structural differences inherent in either the parent carotenoid scaffolds and/or the esterifying moieties.
Binding Sites↗
Effect of phthalate acid esters on transport in toad bladder membrane.
Sclerosing peritonitis is a serious complication in patients on long-term peritoneal dialysis; it markedly decreases transport of water and solute across the peritoneal membrane. Although the precise mechanism is unknown, organic compounds (i.e., plasticizers) from plastic tubing and dialysis bags have been suggested to be a cause of the syndrome. The effects of three such compounds on water and sodium transport in vitro were studied in the toad bladder. The compounds studied were didodecylphthalate, dioctylphthalate, and benzylbutylphthalate. After 4 hr incubation in vitro, dioctylphthalate and benzylbutylphthalate significantly inhibited vasopressin-stimulated water flow in toad bladder. Basal water flow was not affected by any of the three compounds. Sodium transport, as measured using short-circuit current, was decreased to an equivalent degree by all compounds; inhibition of short-circuit current was dose dependent and was approximately 30% at 10(-3) M. The onset of action was between 3.5 and 4 hr, and the effect on short-circuit current was not reversible. These results demonstrate that the plasticizers (to which patients of all sorts are commonly exposed) inhibit transport across living membranes. In the toad bladder these compounds decrease sodium transport and maximal water flow. Although other evidence suggests that the cumulative toxic effects of these compounds may play a causal role in sclerosing peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis, our study suggests that chronic exposure to the phthalate acid esters in patients with normal renal function may result in sodium wastage, polyuria, and a concentrating defect resistant to AVP.
Animals↗
GC-MS comparison of the behavior of chlorine and sodium hypochlorite towards organic compounds dissolved in water.
The reaction pathways of aqueous chlorination of anisole, ethylbenzene and o-methoxybenzoic acid being structural fragments of humic matter were studied using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chlorine and sodium hypochlorite were used as commonly employed disinfecting agents. Comparison of the chlorinating agents was performed in terms of the assortment and relative amounts of reaction products. Detailed schemes of the selected substrates transformation were proposed. Quantum chemical calculations were applied to propose structures of the reacting particles and a numerical parameter to estimate an extent of conversion of aromatic substrates during chlorination.
Chlorine↗
Potassium channels of adult locust (Schistocerca gregaria) muscle.
Two types of K+ channels have been identified in patches of plasma membrane of metathoracic extensor tibiae muscle fibres of adult locust, Schistocerca gregaria. One channel had a maximum conductance of 170 pS, fast open-closed kinetics, and a linear current/ voltage relationship. In inside-out patches it was activated by "internally applied" Ca2+, but at unexpectedly low levels (between 10(-10) and 10(-9)M). The other channel had a maximum conductance of 35 pS, slower open-closed kinetics, and was not activated by Ca2+. In cell-attached patches, its channel conductance measured in symmetrical salines was about three times greater for hyperpolarisations than for depolarisations. This inward rectification was proved to be due to block by intracellular Mg2+. For both channels, open probability (Po) and mean open time increased during depolarisations and decreased during hyperpolarisations, resulting in outward rectifications in terms of net current (I n, product of the single-channel current and Po). For both channels, the K+ conductance was 10 times greater than that for Na+. Internally applied tetraethylammonium or tetramethylammonium ions blocked both channels.
Animals↗
CaO--P2O5--Na2O-based sintering additives for hydroxyapatite (HAp) ceramics.
We have assessed the effect of CaO--P2O5--Na2O-based sintering additives on mechanical and biological properties of hydroxyapatite (HAp) ceramics. Five different compositions of sintering additives were selected and prepared by mixing of CaO, P2O5, and Na2CO3 powders. 2.5 wt% of each additive was combined with commercial HAp powder, separately, followed by ball milling, and sintering at 1250 degrees C and 1300 degrees C in a muffle furnace. Green and sintered densities of the compacts were analyzed for the influence of additives on densification of HAp. Phase analyses were carried out using an X-ray diffractometer. Vickers microhardness testing was used to evaluate hardness of sintered compacts of different compositions. A maximum microhardness of 4.6 (+/- 0.28) GPa was attained for a composition with 2.5 wt% addition of CaO:P2O5:Na2O in the ratio of 3:3:4. Results from mechanical property evaluation showed that some of these sintering additives improved failure strength of HAp under compressive loading. Maximum compressive strength was observed for samples with 2.5 wt% addition of CaO. Average failure strength for this set of samples was calculated to be 220 (+/- 50) MPa. Cytotoxicity, and cell attachment studies were carried out using a modified human osteoblast cell line called OPC-1. In vitro results showed that these compositions were non-toxic. Some sintering aids enhanced cell attachment and proliferation, which was revealed from SEM examination of the scaffolds seeded with OPC-1 cells.
Bone Substitutes↗
The crystallization of an aluminosilicate glass in the K2O-Al2O3-SiO2 system.
OBJECTIVES: The aims of the study were to explore the nucleation and crystallization kinetics of an aluminosilicate glass in K2O-Al2O3-SiO2 system and to characterize it. OBJECTIVES: A starting glass composition of wt%; 64.2% SiO2, 16.1% Al2O3, 10.9% K2O, 4.3% Na2O, 1.7% CaO, 0.5% LiO and 0.4% TiO2 was heated in an electric furnace and later quenched to produce glasses. The glass powders were heat treated using differing heat treatment schedules and quenched. Dta, Xrd, Eds and Sem analyses were used to characterize and explore the crystallization kinetics of the glasses. RESULTS: Phase separation of the glasses was identified and characterized in the glasses. Tetragonal leucite, cubic leucite and sanadine glass-ceramics were produced. Fine leucite crystals (1 microm2) were crystallized with minimal matrix microcracking. SIGNIFICANCE: Amorphous phase separation appeared to be an important precursor to nucleation and crystal growth in the alkali aluminosilicate glasses explored. It was possible to control the crystallization of tetragonal leucite and sanidine phases by selected heat treatment of glass powders and monoliths, resulting in the production of fine grained tetragonal leucite glass-ceramics.
Aluminum Oxide↗
Use of laterite for the removal of fluoride from contaminated drinking water.
The effects of different operational variables on the mechanistic function of laterite in removal of fluoride have been investigated. Thermodynamic parameters such as free energy change, enthalpy, and entropy of the process, as well as the sorption isotherm, were evaluated. The extent of solute removal is determined by initial solute concentration, operational conditions, laterite dose, and solution pH. For a fixed set of experimental conditions, a model equation is developed from which the percent removal corresponding to each load of fluoride is determined. The mechanism of fluoride adsorption is governed by the zero point charge of laterite and follows a first-order rate equation. pH has a vital role influencing the surface characteristics of laterite. To simulate the flow dynamics, fluoride solution was run through a fixed bed column. The pattern of breakthrough curves for different influent fluoride concentration, pH, and column bed height was characterized. The column efficiency was tested from the bed depth-service time model. The elution of the retained fluoride was studied and the effectiveness of column operation was determined by the retention-elution cycles.
Adsorption↗
Studies of the trigonal field parameters and g factors for magnetic semiconductor NaCrS2.
The trigonal field parameters v and v' of magnetic semiconductor NaCrS2 are calculated from the superposition model, and its g factors g parallel and g perpendicular are calculated from the high-order perturbation formulas of 3d3 ions in trigonal symmetry obtained by the one and two spin-orbit coupling parameter models. These calculations are based on the structural data of NaCrS2 crystal. The calculated results suggest that the superposition model is effective to the analyses of the low-symmetry field parameters of 3dn ions in crystals and that the two spin-orbit coupling parameter model (where the contributions from both the spin-orbit coupling parameter of 3dn ion and that of ligand are considered) is preferable to the one spin-orbit coupling parameter model (in which the contribution from only the spin-orbit coupling parameter of 3dn ion is considered) in the explanations of g factors in the cases that ligands have large spin-orbit coupling parameter in 3dn clusters.
Chromium Compounds↗
Modification of ion chromatographic separations by ionic and nonionic surfactants.
New findings are reported on simple ways to modify an ordinary HPLC column to obtain efficient ion chromatographic (IC) separations. Permanently coating a column with an ionic surfactant is known to produce an effective column for IC. We now show that incorporation of a nonionic surfactant in the coating, or coating in separate layers, results in a dramatic reduction of ion retention times and gives sharper peaks. Dynamic coating by incorporating a small amount of an alcohol, diol or zwitterion in the aqueous mobile phase permits good separations of alkanecarboxylic acids. A mobile phase containing a quaternary ammonium cation and a zwitterion anion provides excellent separations of common anions on a silica C18 column. An aqueous eluent containing a mixture of a zwitterion 4-(2-hydroxyethyl) acid and methanesulfonic acid can be used in conjunction with a standard cation exchange column. After passing through a membrane suppressor, the mobile phase has a slightly acidic pH, permitting divalent transition metal ions (as well as others) to be detected by conductivity.
Anions↗
Microstructural dependence on relevant physical-mechanical properties on SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5 biological glasses.
Bioactive glasses of the system SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5 have been prepared by the normal melting and annealing technique. The elastic moduli, attenuation, Vickers hardness, fracture toughness and fracture surface energy have been obtained using the known method at room temperature. The temperature dependence of elastic moduli and attenuation measurements have been extended over a wide range of temperature from 150 to 500 K. The SiO2 content dependence of velocities, attenuation, elastic moduli, and other parameters show an interesting observation at 45 wt% of SiO2 by exhibiting an anomalous behaviour. A linear relation is developed for Tg, which explores the influence of Na2O on SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5 bioactive glasses. The measured hardness, fracture toughness and fracture surface energy show a linear relation with Young's modulus. It is also interesting to note that the observed results are functions of polymerisation and the number of non-bridging oxygens (NBO) prevailing in the network with change in SiO2 content. The temperature dependence of velocities, attenuation and elastic moduli show the existence of softening in the glass network structure as temperature increases.
Biocompatible Materials↗
Selenite inhibition of Coxsackie virus B5 replication: implications on the etiology of Keshan disease.
Keshan disease is a cardiomyopathy of unknown origin reported in some areas of China. Because of epidemiologic features, this disease was ascribed to an infectious agent, likely a Coxsackie virus, but it has also been thought to depend on selenium deficiency, mainly because selenite is effective in its prophylaxis. We examined the hypothesis that pharmacological activity of selenite on Coxsackie virus growth was associated with prevention of Keshan disease. We studied the antiviral effects of three selenium compounds on Coxsackie virus B5 replication: five microM selenite reduced viral replication, whilst 10 microM selenate and selenomethionine did not exhibit any antiviral activity. The inhibitory activity of selenite on viral replication was due to its toxicity following its interaction with thiols, as that activity could be blocked by dithiothreitol, a sulfhydryl-protecting agent known to reverse several toxic effect of selenite. Zinc, another inhibitor of selenite toxicity, also counteracted the antiviral effect of selenite. The selenium compounds showed only limited activity against herpes simplex 1 virus and IHD strain of vaccinia virus. A direct inhibitory effect of selenite on Coxsackie virus replication might explain the efficacy demonstrated by this compound in the prophylaxis of Keshan disease.
Animals↗
Ormaplatin resistance is associated with decreased accumulation of its platinum (II) analogue, dichloro(D,L-trans)1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum (II).
Ormaplatin (also known as tetraplatin) is a platinum-containing analogue which has recently undergone clinical trials. Ormaplatin may undergo conversion to dichloro(D,L-trans)-1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum(II) [P1Cl2(trans-dach)]. The cisplatin-resistant murine lymphoma cell lines E8 and E5, were found to be cross-resistant to ormaplatin and PtCl2(trans-dach). We found an inverse rank correlation between drug resistance and drug accumulation for PtCl2(trans-dach) similar to our previous findings with cisplatin; however, accumulation of ormaplatin in the resistant cells was increased. Ormaplatin cytotoxicity appears to result primarily from extracellular conversion to PtCl2(trans-dach), since ormaplatin cytotoxicity was decreased under conditions where extracellular conversion to PtCl2(trans-dach) was minimised. Co-incubation with different inhibitors of energy metabolism resulted in a 65-70% increase in PtCl2(trans-dach) accumulation in the parental cell line R1.1 and a 113-307% increase in the resistant cell line E5 which suggests that the decrease in accumulation in E5 may be at least partly energy dependent. We conclude from these findings that cross-resistance to ormaplatin is associated with an energy-dependent decreased accumulation of PtCl2(trans-dach) in these cisplatin-resistant cell lines.
Animals↗