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PubMed1991

[The drug sensitivity of meningococci and the characteristics of its determination].

The results obtained in the study of antibiotic and sulfamide sensitivity of 197 Neisseria meningitidis strains of groups A, B and C, isolated from the spinal fluid and blood of patients with meningococcal infection hospitalized in the 2nd Clinico-Infectious Hospital, Moscow, in 1984-1989 and studied with the use of the disc diffusion method and the method of serial dilutions of antibiotics in solid culture media, are presented. As revealed in this study, N. meningitidis strains retained their high sensitivity to penicillin and ampicillin (MIC50 = 0.016 and 0.032 micrograms/ml respectively). Sensitivity to tetracycline decreased (MIC50 = 0.5 micrograms/ml) and to rifampicin increased (MIC50 = 0.063 micrograms/ml). 48.5% of strains were resistant to streptomycin. In recent years the proportion of N. meningitidis, resistant to sulfanilamide preparations, significantly decreased and MIC50 was equal to 2.5 micrograms/ml in comparison with 5-10 micrograms/ml in the preceding period. The results of testing sensitivity to antibiotics by both methods coincided. Still the disc diffusion method can be used in epidemiological surveillance on meningococcal infection, while for more exact differentiation of N. meningitidis strains the use of the method of serial dilutions is necessary.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1991

[An open randomized trial, Pediazole versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute otitis media in children].

The combination of erythromycin ethylsuccinate and acetyl sulfafuroxazole (Pediazole = ES) is effective against Hemophilus influenzae, including beta-lactamase-producing strains, and against Streptococcus pneumoniae, including macrolide-resistant strains. In this study, mean daily dosage was 40-50 mg/kg for cefaclor and 50 mg/kg ES + 150 mg/kg sulfamide for Pediazole. Both products were given in three divided doses per day for ten days. Tolerance was evaluable in 106 children and effectiveness in 103 children including 52 in the ES group and 51 in the cefaclor group. Mean age was 23.5 months and both groups were comparable as concerns age, weight, previous ENT disease, and severity of the otitis media. Tolerance was satisfactory in both groups. Clinical results were as follows: failures before or at completion of the course, 5/52 in the ES group versus 13/51 in the cefaclor for the treatment of children with acute otitis media.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The search for new antiparasitic agents. 3. The synthesis of haloid-containing sulfonamidobenzamides with a benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole radical in the sulfonamide group and a study of their acute toxicity].

Sulfamidobenzamides containing benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole ring in the sulfamide group were synthesized and examined for acute toxicity. All the compounds were shown to have low toxicity (when administered orally in a dose of 4 g/kg to mice), the above fact makes possible the search for agents with anthelminthic activity.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A possible approach to the analysis of protease mixtures].

A problem of quantitative assay of proteases in complex mixtures is solved by using a set of peptide substrates with detectable (chromogenic or fluorogenic) groups (DGs). Quantitation of separate DGs released in reaction of enzyme mixture with a set of substrates is carried out in chromatographic analysis of reaction products. Reaction of peptide derivatives of aminonaphthalene sulfamides with a mixture of thrombin and proteases from viper venom shows the amounts of produced DGs to be proportional to the amounts of both thrombin and venom proteases, confirming the validity of proposed approach. There are cases of mutual influence of some components in proteases mixtures as illustrated by inhibition of trypsin activity in presence of viper venom; one determines enzyme activities in this specific mixture rather than their amounts.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Urinary tract infection and surgical disorders of the lower urinary tract].

Infection is a constant concern during perioperative period. Bacteremia occur during intervention and immediate postoperative period. They are the risk of acute complications, mainly septic shock with a high mortality rate. Escherichia coli is the germ most often found, then Enterococcus and other gram-negative germs. Diagnosis of an urinary infection is made difficult because the presence of a vesical catheter; so, 10(3) bacteria per ml. have to be considered as pathological. Two therapeutic behaviours can be considered in practice: suitable antibiotherapy in obvious infections, but sterilization of urines must not delay surgical intervention, short-time peri-operative prophylaxis cephalosporins of the 2nd or 3rd generation are most often utilized. Overseas, trimethoprim associated with sulfamides can be administrated per os every 2 hours before surgical intervention, at the time of anesthesia for example.

Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary↗
PubMed1989

[Monitoring and treatment of toxoplasmosis in the pregnant woman, fetus and newborn].

A protocol of monitoring and treatment in toxoplasmosis is suggested by the authors. During pregnancy, the administration of spiramycine at a 9 m UI daily dose remains the basic preventive treatment when a seroconversion occurs after a 4 week post-conception period. In the fetus, the antenatal diagnosis is made by ultrasound started on the 18th week after conception and repeated every 4 weeks, amniocentesis and eventually umbilical cord puncture associated with a pyrimethamine-sulfamide drug treatment in case of positive diagnosis. A therapeutic pregnancy termination is considered when lesions have been detected by ultrasound. In the newborn (neonatal or post-natal period), the diagnosis is made by transfontanel ultrasonography, ocular fundi and spinal fluid examination, detection of specific IgM antibodies in cord blood and the evolution and importance of serum antibodies response requiring a drug treatment during 15-18 months with spiramycine and pyrimethamine + sulfadoxine (Fansidar).

Amniocentesis↗
PubMed1989

[Determination of the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics by an agar diffusion method and use of the API ATB system: a comparative study].

130 bacterial strains were studied for their antibiotics sensitivity by an agar diffusion method and using API ATB System: 50 Enterobacteriaceae, 12 other Gram negative bacilli, 48 Staphylococci and 20 Streptococci. The results concurred in 83 p. cent of the cases. Discrepancies were essentially observed for coagulase negative Staphylococci and Streptococci. Strains appeared more resistant by API ATB System than by the agar diffusion method. Discrepancies mostly concerned beta-lactam antibiotic sensitivity for Gram negative bacilli or aminoglycosides and macrolides sensitivity for Staphylococci. They also concerned sulfamides and trimethoprim sensitivity for all bacterial species.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed1989

[Development of antibiotherapy at the General Hospital Center R Ballanger of Aulnay-sous-Bois between 1978 and 1986: comparison of 2 prevalence surveys].

Two investigations of the prevalence of antibiotherapy and pathology due to infections have been conducted in 1978 and 1986 in a General Hospital (650 beds). In the first investigation, 29%, and, in the second one, 20% of hospitalized patients received a curative antibiotherapy. Among these patients, microbiology tests scored positive in 44% of cases in the first investigation and in 36% of cases in the second one. In the last inquiry, it was found that: the prescription was adapted to the infection in 95% of cases; the choice of antibiotic was adequate in 78% of curative treatments. Preventive antibiotherapy accounts for 30% of treatments in both investigations. In the second investigation, the prescription was adequate in 97% of cases and the length of treatment was less than 72 hours in 53% of cases. The frequency of Gram-positive cocci infections was increased while Gram-negative bacilli infections were reduced. Between the two investigations, antibiotic treatments have changed. Most noticeably, there is an increase in the number of prescriptions of macrolides, cephalosporins, nitro-imidazole derivatives and a reduction of tetracyclines, urinary antiseptics, quinolones of the 1st generation, sulfamides and penicillins. However, penicillins remain the most commonly used antibiotics family.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Drug-induced immunodeficiency associated with nodal Kaposi's sarcoma.

A 40-year-old male showed a syndrome of acquired immunodeficiency after a prolonged use of antidiabetic sulfamides. The lesions were revealed by the biopsic examination of inguinal lymph nodes. Immunodeficiencies are usually associated with malignant lymphoma: our case was, however, associated with Kaposi's sarcoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Resistance to antibiotics of Salmonellae other than typhi and paratyphi isolated in Algeria from 1979 to 1985].

Monitoring of the antibiotic resistance patterns of non typhoid Salmonella is needed. In this paper, we report the results of our study of strains isolated in Algeria from 1979 through 1985. Studied strains were isolated in our laboratory from stool or blood samples or sent to us for confirmation of the diagnosis. We used agar diffusion with IPA 20 medium (Mueller-Hinton medium with tryptophan). Of 3,072 strains tested, 2,467 (80.3%) were resistant to one or more antibiotics. For the most frequent serotypes, the resistance was about 99% whereas, for less frequent ones, it was about 51%. The most part of strains were found to be resistant to more than two antibiotics. The strains showed high rate of resistance to (in decreasing order): ampicillin, sulfamides, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and tetracycline.

Algeria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Human basophil degranulation test in drug allergy.

We have evaluated the usefulness of HBDT as an in vitro method for the diagnosis of drug allergy. Two hundred and thirty six patients with suspected drug sensitization to penicillin, streptomycin, sulfamides, pyrazolones and A.S.A. were analyzed. Seventy-nine of them were allergic; in 43 cases it was confirmed by in vivo methods. Other patients were diagnosed by clinical history only if they had more than two reactions to the same drug. In order to be included in this group patients with reactions to pyrazolones and A.S.A. had to have tolerated other NSAI, therefore these patients were allergic to one compound only. All patients were considered non-allergic were determined by a negative provocation test. In the group of allergic patients we obtained 63 (79%) positive degranulations and 16 (21%) negative. One hundred and thirty two (84%) negative degranulations and 25 (16%) positive were obtained in the group of non-allergic patients. Once having analyzed 10 statistical parameters with each drug, the HBOT appears to be a useful method for these drugs except for streptomycin. In 16 (80%) out of 20 aspirin sensitive asthmatic patients we found that their basophils were degranulated. In 7 patients with urticaria and/or angioedema by A.S.A. and other NSAI the degranulation was negative, confirming the absence of the involvement of basophils in this reactions.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗
PubMed1986

[Brain toxoplasmosis: from a case disclosing AIDS. Recall of diagnostic, developmental and therapeutic elements].

The authors are studying from a personal case revealing an AIDS, and from bibliographical cases, the treated evolution of toxoplasmic encephalitis in immuno-depressed patients and the elements of the diagnosis. They are insisting on the interest of the brain biopsy, and on the importance of the inflammatory brain oedema. The therapy consists on sulfamides and anti-oedematous drugs. They are thinking that the corticosteroids must be avoided. The evolution of cerebral lesions, seen on the repeated computed tomographies is often good but the prognosis remains bad according to the immuno-deficiency.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

[Illicit sales of drugs in Senegal. Consequences for community health].

The relatively recent development of parallel drug markets in the Third World has not yet been specifically studied. A research on illicit drug sale was carried out in Pikine, a 600,000 people suburb of Dakar: all items provided by all sellers observed on the markets of the town were inventoried; their indications and posologies were given by a sample of 20 among the 100 identified sellers; complementary information was obtained from the official structures of drug distribution. The list of all medications available shows 23 items--12 directed at [symptoms], and 11 at [causes]. The indications and posologies are remarkably similar for the 20 sellers, whose training was done in well-structured channels outside the official network. Evaluation of the potential consequences of these parallel markets for community health shows: 1) a probably beneficial impact of some medications, such as analgesics, antimalarials, antibiotic eye ointment; 2) exposure to individual risks (tetracyclines, sulfamids) and collective risks (antibiotics, not widespread yet, but capable of selecting resistant germs). Moreover, this illicit sale must be understood in its social context where buying drugs on the markets is the least expensive and most accessible solution for underprivileged people, because of scarcity of resources in the dispensaries. Thus, rather than to automatically condemn illicit drug sale, it seems more appropriate and urgent to evaluate the risks of medications available in each of the countries involved, to develop health information in the population, and meanwhile to make access to drugs in primary health care structures easier.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Children typhoid fever in Saigon (Vietnam) : epidemiological and biological aspects (author's transl)].

A review of 130 children cases of typhoid fever in Saigon (Vietnam). Leuco-neutropenia is far from regular but thrombopenia is frequent. The typhoid bacillus is generally cultivated from blood during the first two weeks of the evolution. There is evidence in most S. typhi strains of a plasmid resistance for streptomycine, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and sulfamides. Strains of the various other enterobacteria of the intestinal flora are generally resistant for many more antibiotics than S. typhi.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

[Multiple antibiotic resistance in actinomycetes].

Native strains of Actinomycetes from three systematic groups of Streptomyces (blue, gray and globisporine) have been characterized for their resistance to antibiotics and sulfamids. Most strains are found to possess stably inheritable multiple resistance to many antibiotics. The resistance of a number of strains to the aminoglycoside antibiotics and penicillins appears to be due to the presence of inactivating enzymes in these strains. The resistance to erythromycin, lyncomycin, tetracycline and ristomycin is likely to have an inducible nature in S. coelicolor A3(2). Linkage analysis for resistance determinants in pairs suggests random distribution of the majority of determinants among tested strains. Non-random distribution has been shown for determinants of resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and ristomycin in Tc Cm, Tc Rm combinations.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

[Resistance of enterobacteria to the sulfonamide-trimethoprim combination. Course during the last 10 years].

From january 1972 to december 1981, nearly 54.000 strains of enterobacteria isolated from clinical specimens were tested for susceptibility to the trimethoprim-sulfamide combination (co-trimoxazole). During that period, the overall resistance to trimethoprim increased from 17.9% to 32.7%, and there was a fourfold increase in the number of strains exhibiting high level resistance; 246 trimethoprim-resistant plasmids were transferred into E. coli K 12. The number and frequency of the other resistance markers co-transferred with trimethoprim are constantly increasing and as a result, more and more antibiotics are likely to be responsible for the selection of trimethoprim-resistant plasmids. In contrast, the proportion of trimethoprim-resistant mutants decreased from 11% to 5%. The use of co-trimoxazole in France may explain this low incidence.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMed1983

[Should preventive antibiotics be prescribed in surgery of the appendix, biliary tract, stomach and duodenum?].

Most infections occurring after biliary or gastrointestinal surgery are caused by dissemination of organisms present in the lumen of the biliary or the gastrointestinal tract at the time of operation. Randomized prospective studies have been performed with antibiotics active against organisms usually found in wound infections. Results have shown that cephalosporin, lincosamide and imidazole in appendicectomy, aminoside, cephalosporin, lincosamide and sulfamide in biliary surgery, and cephalosporin in gastro-duodenal surgery decreased wound infections. These results and prediction of wound sepsis following operations suggest a discriminate use of antibiotic prophylaxis in appendicectomy, gastro-duodenal and biliary tract surgery.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗