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PubMed2005

Genetic diversity and reproductive success in mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx).

Recent studies of wild animal populations have shown that estimators of neutral genetic diversity, such as mean heterozygosity, are often correlated with various fitness traits, such as survival, disease susceptibility, or reproductive success. We used two estimators of genetic diversity to explore the relationship between heterozygosity and reproductive success in male and female mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) living in a semifree ranging setting in Gabon. Because social rank is known to influence reproductive success in both sexes, we also examined the correlation between genetic diversity and social rank in females, and acquisition of alpha status in males, as well as length of alpha male tenure. We found that heterozygous individuals showed greater reproductive success, with both females and males producing more offspring. However, heterozygosity influenced reproductive success only in dominant males, not in subordinates. Neither the acquisition of alpha status in males, nor social rank in females, was significantly correlated with heterozygosity, although more heterozygous alpha males showed longer tenure than homozygous ones. We also tested whether the benefits of greater genetic diversity were due mainly to a genome-wide effect of inbreeding depression or to heterosis at one or a few loci. Multilocus effects best explained the correlation between heterozygosity and reproductive success and tenure, indicating the occurrence of inbreeding depression in this mandrill colony.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

Statistical theories of success.

The Pareto and the log-normal distributions are commonly used to describe the statistical distribution of success. A detailed comparison of these distributions is made with Lotka's extensive observations on success as measured by rate of publication. These distributions are found to adequately describe the observed distribution only for low and moderate success. Contrariwise, the flat factor analysis of performance recently developed by the author in these Proceedings (59, 1078 (1968)) is shown to give an excellent agreement over the whole range of success. Lotka's data allows a determination of the number of environmental factors.The Pareto distribution does give an excellent agreement with the tail of the success distribution where success is defined as income. An interpretation of this distribution is here presented based upon the expected behavior of entrepreneurs.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Behavioral and sensory basis of courtship success in Drosophila melanogaster.

In Drosophila some individuals are more successful at mating than others. Reproductive fitness is strongly dependent upon the ability to recognize and compete for members of the opposite sex. Experiments were designed to answer two questions. (i) What behavioral components are characteristic or predictive of successful courtship? and (ii) How important is the information transmitted in the different sensory channels for courtship success in each sex? These questions were approached by two experimental procedures. Flies having a sensory deficiency (olfactory, auditory, or visual) competed with wild-type flies of the same sex for mates. Males were found to rely upon sensory channels different from those used by females in order to court successfully. In addition, the courtships of pairs of various genotypes were recorded and subjected to multivariate analysis. The multivariate courtship profiles deviated most widely from those of successful wild-type pairs when the male or female was unable to receive information in the sensory channel most important for successful mating by that sex. Both sequential and quantitative courtship properties were altered when one participant was deficient in ability to receive certain sensory information.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Factors affecting the success of external dacryocystorhinostomy.

PURPOSE: To assess the success rate of external dacryocystorhinostomy (Ext-DCR) and factors affecting it in a university hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a retrospective interventional non-comparative case series, records of 276 Ext-DCRs in 274 patients in a 9-year period were reviewed. 'Complete success' was defined as patent system on irrigation (objective) and absence of symptoms (subjective). Patent system on irrigation with minimal postoperative symptoms was considered as partial success. The chi-square and Fisher's exact tests with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to analyze the data (SPSS release version 9.0, Chicago). RESULTS: The age range was 3-84 years (mean: 41.5, SD: 17.7). The majority of the patients (66.7%) were female. The most common presumed etiology was primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANLDO) (227/276, 82.2%). A silicone tube was inserted in 111 patients (40.2%). Follow-up was from 6 to 89 months (mean: 11.5, SD: 10.4). Overall complete success rate was 89.1% (246/276). It was 92% (209/227) in PANLDO, 72.7% (16/22) in congenital NLDO (P: 0.01, 95% CI: 0.024-0.030), 71.4% (10/14) in traumatic NLDO (P: 0.001, 95% CI: 0.012-0.017), 90% (9/10) in previous failed DCR (P: 0.6, 95% CI: 1), and two out of three patients with previous nasal/sinus surgery. Gender, type of presenting symptoms, duration of preoperative symptoms, silicone tube insertion in PANLDO, and associated canalicular stenosis did not have a significant effect on the success. CONCLUSION: Ext-DCR is an effective and highly successful procedure for the treatment of NLDO regardless of the etiology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Extent of digestion affects the success of amplifying human DNA from blood meals of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae).

The success of distinguishing blood meal sources of Anopheles gambiae Giles through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) profiling was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification at the TC-11 and VWA human short tandem repeats (STR) loci. Blood meal size and locus had no significant effect on the success of amplifying human DNA from blood meals digested for 0, 8, 16, 24 and 32 h (P = 0.85 and 0.26 respectively). However, logistic regression found a significant negative relationship between time since ingestion and the success probability of obtaining positive PCR products among meals digested for between 8 and 32 h (P = 0.001). Approximately 80% of fresh blood meals were successfully profiled. After 8 h, the proportion of blood meals that could be successfully profiled decreased slowly with time after ingestion, dropping to below 50% after approximately 15 h. There was no significant difference in the success of amplifying human DNA from blood meals of mosquitoes killed at time 0 and 8 h after ingestion (P = 0.272).

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Electronic monitoring of long-term use of the nicotine nasal spray and predictors of success in a smoking cessation program.

This study evaluated the efficacy of prolonged administration (18 months) of a nicotine nasal spray in smoking cessation and attempted to characterize the pattern of use of the nasal spray with a specially developed electronic monitor in an effort to assess the factors associated with cessation success or failure. Study participants were 92 patients in a smoking cessation unit of a medical outpatient clinic in Switzerland. Participants were daily smokers who had smoked for more than 5 years and were highly motivated to quit. The main outcome measure was the number of abstainers at 12 and 24 months. Their use of the spray was monitored using a microchip (MDILog) that recorded the date and time of every actuation. Success rates were 17.4% at 12 months and 9.8% at 24 months. During the first month of study, median use was 12 puffs/day in abstainers and 6 puffs/day in failures (p=.049). Abstainers used the spray less in the morning compared with failures (26.6% vs. 32.8% of the total median daily dose; p=.028). By contrast, abstainers used the spray more in the evening/night compared with failures (35.3% vs. 26.7% of the total median daily dose; p=.007). Abstinence during the first two weeks was associated significantly with cessation success at 6 months (OR=17.10) and 24 months (OR=11.09). Although the pattern of use of the nasal spray differed between successful quitters and failures (used in higher doses by the successful quitters), mean daily consumption during the first month was not predictive of success. Mean daily consumption of the nicotine nasal spray remained lower than expected in most participants, particularly in failures.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2004

Vaginal birth after Cesarean delivery: predicting success, risks of failure.

OBJECTIVES: To identify predictors of successful trial of labor in women after one low transverse Cesarean delivery and no prior deliveries, and to assess perinatal morbidity associated with a failed vaginal birth after Cesarean delivery (VBAC). METHODS: Retrospective chart review of women with one low transverse Cesarean delivery in their first pregnancy who delivered their next pregnancy at our institution. Clinical characteristics and intrapartum data were reviewed to identify predictors of successful VBAC. Perinatal outcomes were reviewed to assess morbidity associated with VBAC attempt and failed VBAC. RESULTS: Of 768 women studied, 522 (68%) attempted VBAC and 344 (66%) of these were successful. Uterine rupture occurred in 0.8% of the VBAC group. On initial examination, women with cervical dilation >1 cm, effacement > 50% and station lower than -1 were more likely to deliver vaginally. Women with successful VBAC had more spontaneous labor (85.2 vs. 76.4%, p=0.02) and less oxytocin use (49.7 vs. 70.8%, p < 0.0001). There were no differences in outcomes between failed and successful VBAC, except more frequent 1-min Apgar scores < 5 (10.1 vs. 4.1%, p=0.01) and increased endometritis (9.6 vs. 2%, p=0.0002) with failed VBAC. Compared with elective repeat Cesarean delivery, VBAC attempt was associated with amnionitis (5.9 vs. 0%, p < 0.0001) and low 1- and 5-min Apgar scores (6.1 vs. 2.4%, p=0.03 and 2.3 vs. 0%, p=0.01, respectively), but not endometritis, admission to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), ventilation, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) or seizures. Failed VBAC had more amnionitis (7.3 vs. 0%, p < 0.0001), postpartum fever (11.2 vs. 2.4%, p=0.0003) and endometritis (9.6 vs. 2.0, p=0.0007) than elective repeat Cesarean delivery and was associated with low 1- and 5-min Apgar scores (10.1 vs 2.4%, p < 0.001 and 2.8 vs. 0%, p=0.01, respectively), but not NICU admission, ventilation, IVH or seizures. CONCLUSIONS: Favorable initial pelvic examination, spontaneous labor and a lack of oxytocin use are associated with successful VBAC in women with a single prior low transverse Cesarean delivery and no prior vaginal deliveries. While attempted VBAC and failed VBAC have more maternal infectious morbidity and lower Apgar scores, infant outcomes are similar to those of elective repeat Cesarean delivery.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Which model of successful ageing should be used? Baseline findings from a British longitudinal survey of ageing.

BACKGROUND: there is increasing interest in how to age 'successfully' and in reaching consensus over its definition. OBJECTIVE: to assess different models of successful ageing, using a British longitudinal survey of ageing in 2000-1. SETTING: community settings in Britain. METHODS: five models of successful ageing were tested on a British cross-sectional population survey of 999 people aged 65+. The models were biomedical, broader biomedical, social, psychological and lay based. RESULTS: the lay model emerged as the strongest. Respondents who were classified as successfully aged with this model, compared with those not successfully aged, had over five times the odds of rating their quality of life (QoL) as good rather than not good [odds ratio (OR) = 5.493, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 2.655-11.364]. CONCLUSION: the lay-based, more multidimensional, model of successful ageing predicted perceived QoL more powerfully than unidimensional models and should be used to evaluate the outcomes of health promotion in older populations.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Successful aging and well-being: self-rated compared with Rowe and Kahn.

PURPOSE: This research evaluates the utility of two different definitions of successful aging in predicting well-being. DESIGN AND METHODS: We assessed the definitions of (a) self-rating and (b) Rowe and Kahn's criteria of absence of disease, disability, and risk factors; maintaining physical and mental functioning; and active engagement with life. We made associations with well-being for each definition using data from 867 Alameda County Study participants aged 65-99 years. RESULTS: The percentage of those rating themselves as aging successfully was 50.3% compared with 18.8% classified according to Rowe and Kahn's criteria. Although absence of chronic conditions and maintaining functioning were positively associated with successful aging for both definitions, many participants with chronic conditions and with functional difficulties still rated themselves as aging successfully; none were so classified according to Rowe and Kahn's criteria. On 14 of 15 measures, self-rated successful aging resulted in sharper contrasts for well-being. IMPLICATIONS: Understanding criteria used by older persons to assess their own successful aging should enhance the conceptualization and measurement of this elusive concept.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

What is the most relevant standard of success in assisted reproduction? Is there a single 'parameter of excellence'?

An optimal standard of success reflects all risk and safety aspects of the treatment-related procedures. In this debate, we question whether one single standard of success can cover the complexity of assisted reproduction technology (ART). To emphasize the use of different parameters as standards of success, we calculated data from all IVF and ICSI cycles initiated at the Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark between 1999 and 2001. Several already established parameters were computed and, additionally, new suggestions for end-points were calculated. Three parameters were proposed as the best standards of success in ART: (i) number of oocytes per aspiration (8.7); (ii) number of ongoing implantations per embryo transferred (20%); and (iii) number of deliveries per embryo transferred (14%). These parameters cover aspects of all steps in ART, i.e. the stimulation, laboratory and embryo transfer/outcome phase, also termed the pre-in vitro, in vitro and post-in vitro phase. We suggest that the final description of an ART programme should be a balanced choice of the three standards of success proposed herein. If these standards are implemented as national gold standards, the future goal of homogeneous reporting of success rates in ART is within reach.

Female↗
PubMed2002

Sources of variation of Helicobacter pylori treatment success in adults worldwide: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: A vast number of Helicobacter pylori treatment trials have been conducted. Regimens may vary in efficacy in different patient populations. METHODS: We identified sources of treatment effect variation from 618 treatment groups using weighted cross-classified multi-level meta-regression models. Summary effect estimates were calculated within groups that lacked identified heterogeneity. RESULTS: Overall, treatment was less successful with shorter treatment duration and dual drug (versus triple or quadruple drug) therapies. For nitroimidazole-based regimens, treatment was less successful in populations with frequent childhood H. pylori infection or metronidazole resistance and more successful in northeastern Asia. Non-nitroimidazole treatments of longer duration and those from less recent reports were most successful. Some one-week regimens--(nitroimidazole/ tetracycline/bismuth, ranitidine bismuth citrate/amoxicillin/clarithromycin, and clarithromycin/amoxicillin/proton pump inhibitor) were highly successful in northeastern Asia regardless of metronidazole resistance. The most successful regimen in populations with both a high prevalence of metrondiazole resistance and frequent infection in children (metronidazole/furazolidone/amoxicillin) eliminated fewer than 70% of infections. CONCLUSIONS: More effective treatments are needed for most populations of the world where H. pylori infection in children and drug resistance are common. Current treatment guidelines do not coincide with the best treatment regimens identified in this meta-analysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effectiveness and prognostic factors of success in 12 smoking cessation clinics in the hospitals of Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris.

We evaluated whether the location of a smoking cessation clinic in a hospital enhances the success rate compared to that found in the literature, regardless of the type of treatment. We assessed the results and identified prognostic factors of success in 12 smoking cessation clinics situated in 12 hospitals of the Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP). The clinics were included in the study after a call for participation. The response rate was 60%. The study design was prospective, multicentric and descriptive. The study lasted 9 months. Follow-up took place 3 and 6 months after the first visit. The definition of success was self-reported total abstinence from cigarette smoking during the month preceding the 6-month follow-up. Success rate was 27%, failures were 66%, and 7% were lost to follow-up. Prognostic factors of success were not related to the hospital setting. We conclude that for a number of structural reasons that we explain, according to this study, the location of smoking cessation clinics in hospitals does not enhance their success rate compared to that found in the literature.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Laboratory comparison of feeding success among Triatoma infestans, T. guasayana, and T. sordida (Hemiptera: Reduviidae).

Success in obtaining a blood meal and rapid access to hiding places after feeding are the principal requirements triatomines have as they colonize artificial ecotopes. Feeding success and postfeeding location of 3rd and 5th instars of Triatoma sordida (Stål), of T. guasayana Wygodzinsky & Abalos, and T. infestans (Klug) were studied in an experimental box in which triatomines and a chicken were left to interact overnight. The bird was enclosed in a glass cube, slightly raised to allow triatomines to get in and out, turning the space outside into an extensive refuge area. Four bunches of dry corn husks and a wooden panel were also offered as shelters. The number of live and dead insects and their locations at the end of the experiment were recorded. Predation--as the percentage of missing insects--and success--as the percentage of insects alive and fed--were calculated. Interactions with the host were different among species and sometimes also between individuals of different life stages of the same species. Predation was always > 20%. T. sordida was the best exploiter of the blood source, because 3rd instars were more successful and 5th instars were as successful as the corresponding T. infestans stages. Performance of T. guasayana was equivocal because survival and feeding success were different for both instars. T. infestans showed a pronounced tendency to climb, and 3rd instars of T. guasayana were equally distributed in the upper half of the box and in the corn husks, whereas the majority of T. sordida and 5th instars of T. guasayana sheltered in the husks.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Successful pregnancies in women on renal replacement therapy: report from the EDTA Registry.

This study reports the geographical incidence of successful pregnancies in women on renal replacement therapy (RRT) and related information on gestation and clinical status of newborns. The impact of successful pregnancy on graft function was assessed by means of a retrospective case-control study. Since 1977 special questionnaires have been sent to each dialysis and transplant centre which reported babies born to mothers on RRT on the yearly centre questionnaire. After 10 years of data collection, a total of 490 pregnancies and 500 babies were available for analysis. A percentage of 88.4 of the babies were born to mothers with a functioning graft, 11.2% to mothers on chronic haemodialysis, and the remaining 0.4% to mothers on CAPD. Almost 50% of all successful pregnancies were reported from the UK. The number of successful pregnancies increased steadily and in parallel with the increasing number of females of childbearing age with a functioning renal transplant. The majority of mothers delivered at age 24-32. For transplanted mothers delivery occurred most commonly during the 3rd and 4th year after successful transplantation. In approximately 85% of cases the duration of pregnancy was shorter than the lower 10th percentile of normal. Birthweight was reduced in accordance with gestational age. Newborn mortality was 1.8%. Fifty-three mothers with a successful pregnancy in 1984-1987 were computer matched with controls according to a number of criteria. The serum creatinine concentration recorded in coded form at the end of each year on the individual EDTA patient questionnaire was used to assess changes in graft function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Factors related to successful work hardening outcomes.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors that predict successful work hardening outcomes. Two measures of success were used: return to work and case closure (ie, resolution of medical treatment issues). SUBJECTS: Persons with spine-related injuries who completed a work hardening program were the subjects. One hundred fifteen subjects participated in a 3-month follow-up survey, and 111 subjects participated in a 12-month follow-up survey. METHODS: Data were collected on subject characteristics, treatment history, job factors, program payer, and program factors. Subjects were contacted by telephone at 3 and 12 months after program completion to determine work status. Logit analysis was used to identify predictors of successful versus unsuccessful outcomes. RESULTS: Three months after program completion, 68% of the subjects had returned to work and 86% had successful case closure. Twelve months after program completion, 77% of the subjects had returned to work and 90% had successful case closure. The more treatment subjects received prior to entering the program, the less likely they were to be working or achieving case closure following treatment. Subjects' work status and initial time off of work were factors predicting early return to work, but not 12 months after program completion. Subjects who were working with an attorney were less likely to achieve case closure than those who were not working with an attorney. Subjects who were satisfied with the program were more likely to have achieved case closure or return to work than those who were not satisfied with the program. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: Several factors have been identified that predict successful work hardening outcomes. This information can be used to identify clients who are unlikely to benefit from work hardening.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Explanation of vegetation succession in subtropical southern China based on ecophysiological characteristics of plant species.

A stomatal conductance model and a photosynthesis model were applied to field measurements of transpiration and photosynthesis of seven tree species growing in subtropical southern China. Parameter values of drought resistance and tolerance and biochemical assimilation capacity were obtained by means of nonlinear statistical regression, and were used to quantify species succession. The analysis indicated that the models adequately described the ecophysiological behavior of the trees under various environmental conditions. We found a general pattern of decreased drought resistance and tolerance, but increased biochemical assimilation capacity from pines to heliophilus broadleaf trees to mesophilus broadleaf trees. Succession was explained on the basis of these physiological characteristics together with positive feedbacks caused by changes in soil physical properties. The ecophysiological explanation of succession implies that: (1) fitness of a species for a particular succession stage at a particular location can be measured by stomatal behavior and biochemical assimilation capacity under local climate and soil conditions; (2) selection of species for a particular location at a particular succession stage can be guided by the parameter values provided in this study; and (3) succession may be accelerated by selecting trees with large root systems and large soil-root conductances that facilitate soil hydraulic redistribution of water.

China↗
PubMed2002

Central neuraxial blockade promotes external cephalic version success after a failed attempt.

UNLABELLED: External cephalic version (ECV) has been successfully used to decrease the fetal and maternal morbidity and costs of cesarean delivery. As there are limited data regarding the use of central neuraxial blockade in the setting of previously failed ECV attempts, we sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of spinal and epidural anesthesia in this setting. A retrospective review of all ECV attempts performed by a single experienced obstetrician between 1995 and 1999 was conducted. Standardized tocolytic and anesthetic regimens were used. A total of 77 patients underwent ECV attempts; of these, 37 (48%) were unsuccessful, 15 of which consented to further attempts with anesthesia. Neuraxial anesthesia was associated with frequent ECV success in both multiparous 4/4 (100%) and nulliparous 9/11 (82%) parturients. Overall 5/6 (83%) and 8/9 (89%) (P = NS) ECV attempts were successful with spinal and epidural anesthesia, respectively, with 2/5 (40%) and 6/8 (75%) (P = NS) resulting in vaginal deliveries. One successful ECV in the epidural group had an urgent cesarean delivery for persistent fetal bradycardia with good neonatal and maternal outcomes. We conclude central neuraxial anesthesia promotes successful ECV after previously failed ECV attempts. IMPLICATIONS: Our retrospective analysis of central neuraxial techniques, both epidural and spinal anesthesia, noted a significant success rate in the setting of previously failed external cephalic version attempts.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Nasal mechanical ventilation for hypercapnic respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: determinants of success and failure.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of nasal mechanical ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypercapnic respiratory failure and to identify predictors of success or failure of nasal mechanical ventilation. DESIGN: Prospective case series. SETTING: Medical intensive care unit in Veterans Administration Medical Center. PATIENTS: Twelve chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients treated during 14 episodes of hypercapnic respiratory failure. INTERVENTIONS: Nasal mechanical ventilation in addition to conventional therapy to treat hypercapnic respiratory failure. Patients underwent nasal mechanical ventilation for at least 30 mins, or longer if the therapy was tolerated. Responses to therapy and arterial blood gases were monitored. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Half of the episodes were successfully treated with nasal mechanical ventilation. There were no differences in age, prior pulmonary function, baseline arterial blood gases, admission arterial blood gases, or respiratory rate between those patients successfully treated and those patients who failed nasal mechanical ventilation. Unsuccessfully treated patients appeared to have a greater severity of illness than successfully treated patients, as indicated by a higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (mean 21 +/- 4 [SD] vs. 15 +/- 4; p = .02). Unsuccessfully treated patients were edentulous, had pneumonia or excess secretions, and had pursed-lip breathing, factors that prevented adequate mouth seal and contributed to greater mouth leaks than in successfully treated patients (the mean volume of the mouth leak was 314 +/- 107 vs. 100 +/- 70 mL; p < .01). Successfully treated patients were able to adapt more rapidly to the nasal mask and ventilator, with greater and more rapid reduction in PaCO2, correction of pH, and reduction in respiratory rate. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who failed nasal mechanical ventilation appeared to have a greater severity of illness; they were unable to minimize the amount of mouth leak (because of lack of teeth, secretions, or breathing pattern) and were unable to coordinate with the ventilator. These features may allow identification of poor candidates for nasal mechanical ventilation, avoiding unnecessary delays in endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation.

Acute Disease↗