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PubMed1999

Physiological characterization of SusG, an outer membrane protein essential for starch utilization by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.

Results from previous studies had suggested that Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron utilizes starch by binding the polysaccharide to the bacterial surface and subsequently degrading the polymer by using cell-associated enzymes. Most of the starch-degrading activity was localized to the periplasm, but a portion appeared to be membrane associated. This raised the possibility that some breakdown might occur in the outer membrane prior to exposure of the polysaccharide to the periplasmic polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. In this study, we show that SusG, an outer membrane protein which has been shown genetically to be essential for starch utilization, has enzymatic activity. Results of protease accessibility experiments support the hypothesis that SusG is exposed on the cell surface. Results of [(14)C]starch binding assays, however, show that SusG plays a negligible role in binding of starch to the cell surface. Consistent with this, SusG has a relatively high K(m) for starch and by itself is not sufficient to allow cells to grow on starch or to bind starch. Hence, the main role of SusG is to hydrolyze starch, but the binding of starch to the cell surface is evidently mediated by other proteins presumably interacting with SusG.

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins↗

PubMed1995

Role of the carbohydrate moiety of a glucoamylase from Aspergillus awamori var. kawachi in the digestion of raw starch.

The digestion of raw starch by a glucoamylase (GA MU-H) from a mutant strain of Aspergillus awamori var. kawachi was closely correlated with mannoside chains O-linked to the Gp-I region (A470-V514), but not sugar chains N-linked to catalytic GAI' domain of GA MU-H. The partial replacement of mannose residues by glucose residues led to a significant decrease raw starch digestion. By the substitution of D2O for H2O in the reaction mixture, the raw starch digestion of GA MU-H decreased to 80% of that at 30 degrees C, although the rate of hydrolysis of soluble starch by and the ability to bind beta-cyclodextrin of GA MU-H were unchanged. Glycerol, known as an antichaotropic reagent, decreased the raw starch digestion of GA MU-H significantly. However, it did not have any effect on the enzymatic activity for soluble starch when soluble starch was the substrate. The efficient digestion of raw starch with raw starch-digesting glucoamylase needed the mannoside chains O-linked to the Gp-I region, which were suggested to contribute to digestion of raw starch through the interaction with water.

Amidohydrolases↗

PubMed1999

Steam-processed corn and sorghum grain flaked at different densities alter ruminal, small intestinal, and total tract digestibility of starch by steers.

Crossbred steers (n = 7; 400 kg BW), fitted with T-type cannulas in the duodenum and ileum, were used to examine the effects of processing method, dry-rolled (DR) vs. steam-flaked (SF) sorghum grain, and degree of processing (flake density; FD) of SF corn (SFC) and SF sorghum (SFS) grain on site and extent of DM, starch, and N digestibilities and to measure extent of microbial N flow to the duodenum. In Exp. 1, diets contained 77% DRS or 77% SFS with FD of 437, 360, and 283 g/L (SF34, SF28, and SF22). In Exp. 2, diets contained 77% SFC with FD of SF34 or SF22. For sorghum and corn diets, respective average daily intakes were as follows: DM, 6.7 and 8.1 kg; starch, 3.8 and 4.7 kg; N, 136 and 149 g. Steers fed SFS vs. DRS increased (P = .01) starch digestibilities (percentage of intake) in the rumen (82 vs. 67%) and total tract (98.9 vs. 96.5%) and decreased digestibilities in the small intestine (16 vs. 28%; P = .01) and large intestine (.5 vs 1.2%; P = .05). As a percentage of starch entering the segment, digestibility was increased (P = .01) within the small intestine (91 vs. 85%) but was not altered within the large intestine by steers fed SFS vs. DRS. Decreasing FD of SFS and of SFC, respectively, linearly increased starch digestibilities (percentage of intake) in the rumen (P = .03, .02) and total tract (P = .03, .09) and linearly diminished starch digestibilities in the small intestine (P = .04, .09). Starch digestibilities (percentage of entry) within the small or large intestine were not changed by FD. The percentage of dietary corn or sorghum starch digested in the large intestine was very small, less than 2% of intake. Microbial N flow to the duodenum was not altered by SFS compared to DRS, or by decreasing FD of SFS and SFC. Reducing FD of SFS, but not of SFC, tended to decrease (P = .07) microbial efficiency linearly and tended to increase (P = .06) total tract N digestibilities linearly. Steam flaking compared to dry rolling of sorghum grain and decreasing FD of SFC and SFS grain consistently increased starch digestibility in the rumen and total tract of growing steers. The greatest total digestibility of dietary starch occurred when the proportion digested in the rumen was maximized and the fraction digested in the small intestine was minimized. These changes in sites of digestion account, in part, for the improved N conservation and greater hepatic output of glucose by steers fed lower FD of SFS reported in our companion papers.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Nutrient-specific preferences by lambs conditioned with intraruminal infusions of starch, casein, and water.

We hypothesized that lambs discriminate between postingestive effects of energy and protein and associate those effects with a food's flavor to modify food choices. Based on this hypothesis, we predicted that 1) lambs would acquire a preference for a poorly nutritious food (grape pomace) eaten during intraruminal infusions of energy (starch) or protein (casein) and that 2) shortly after an intraruminal infusion of energy or protein (preload), lambs would decrease their preferences for foods previously conditioned with starch or casein, respectively. Thirty lambs were allotted to three groups and conditioned as follows. On d 1, lambs in each group received grape pomace containing a different flavor and water was infused into their rumens as they ate the pomace. On d 2, the flavors were switched so each group received a new flavor and a suspension of starch (10% of the DE required per day) replaced the water infusion. On d 3, the flavors were switched again, and a suspension of casein (2.7 to 5.4% of the CP required per day) replaced the starch infusion. Conditioning was repeated during four consecutive trials. Lambs in Trial 1 had a basal diet of alfalfa pellets (e.g., free access from 1200 to 1700) and 400 g of rolled barley. Lambs in Trials 2, 3, and 4 received a restricted amount of alfalfa pellets (990 g/d) as their basal diet. After conditioning, all animals received an infusion of water, and, 30 min later, they were offered a choice of the three flavors previously paired with water, starch, or casein. On the ensuing days, the choice was repeated, but starch, casein, and barley replaced the water preload. The nutrient density of the infused preloads was increased during consecutive trials. Lambs preferred the flavors paired with starch > water > casein during Trial 1 (P < .05) and the flavors paired with starch > casein > water during Trials 2 (P < .05), 3 (P < .001), and 4 (P < .001). Preloads of casein decreased preferences for flavors previously paired with casein (P < .10 [Trial 2]; P < .001 [Trial 3], and increased preferences for flavors paired with starch (P < .05 [Trial 2]; P < .001 [Trial 3]). Preloads of energy (barley) had the opposite effect (P < .05 [Trial 3]). These results indicate that lambs discriminated between the postingestive effects of starch and casein and associated the effects with specific external cues (i.e., added flavors) to regulate macronutrient ingestion.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed2004

Effect of corn particle size on site and extent of starch digestion in lactating dairy cows.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of corn particle size (CPS) on site and extent of starch digestion in lactating dairy cows. Animals were fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas. Dry corn grain accounted for 36% of dry matter intake. In experiment 1, 6 cows were used in a duplicate 3 x 3 Latin square design. Semiflint corn was used. Corn processing methods were grinding, medium rolling, and coarse rolling. The mean particle size of the processed corn was 730, 1807, and 3668 microm, respectively. Rumen digestibility of starch linearly decreased from 59% with ground corn to 36% with coarsely rolled corn. Similarly, small intestine digestibility linearly decreased with increased CPS, and consequently, the amount of starch digested in the small intestine was not affected by corn processing. In experiment 2, 4 cows were used in a 2 x 2 crossover design. Dent corn was used. Corn processing methods were grinding and coarse rolling. The mean particle size of the processed corn was 568 and 3458 microm, respectively. Rumen digestibility of starch decreased from 70% with ground corn to 54% with coarsely rolled corn. Small intestine digestibility of starch was not significantly affected by CPS, and the amount of starch digested in the small intestine tended to be greater for rolled than for ground corn. In both experiments, starch total tract digestibility decreased with increased CPS. In conclusion, CPS is an efficient tool to manipulate rumen degradability of cornstarch. In midlactation cows, the decrease in the amount of starch digested in the rumen between grinding and coarse rolling is partly compensated for by an increase in the amount of starch digested in the small intestine with dent genotype, but with semiflint genotype postruminal digestion is not increased and rumen escape starch is not utilized by the animal.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Effects of urea and starch on rumen fermentation, nutrient passage to the duodenum, and performance of cows.

Four midlactation, multiparous Holstein cows fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of supplementing urea or starch or both to diets containing fish meal on passage of nutrients to the small intestine and performance of lactating cows. The treatments (in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement) were 1) control and control plus 2) urea, 3) starch, or 4) starch and urea. Supplementing diets with urea did not affect DMI; ruminal, postruminal, or total tract digestibilities of DM, starch, ADF, or NDF; ruminal fluid VFA concentrations or molar percentages; or ruminal fluid or particulate dilution rates. Feeding additional starch depressed DMI but did not alter ruminal or postruminal digestion of OM or VFA concentrations and molar percentages in ruminal fluid. Ruminal fluid ammonia concentration was increased by feeding urea and decreased by feeding additional starch. Passage of nonammonia N, nonammonia nonmicrobial N, or microbial N to the small intestine and efficiency of microbial CP synthesis were not affected significantly by supplying either urea or additional starch. Feeding urea increased passage of methionine to the small intestine, whereas feeding additional starch increased passage of methionine and arginine. Passage of other amino acids to the small intestine was not altered significantly by feeding urea or additional starch. Production of milk and milk protein was increased, but yields of fat and SNF were not altered by feeding diets supplemented with urea. Production of milk and milk fat was not affected, but yields of CP and SNF were decreased when additional starch was fed to cows.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1994

Influence of corn and sorghum starch on the in vitro kinetics of forage fiber digestion.

In vitro digestion experiments were conducted to examine the interactions of starch source and pH on kinetics and apparent extent of ruminal NDF digestion. Alfalfa hay, bromegrass hay, and each hay with either raw sorghum, raw corn, or pure corn starch in ratios to simulate a 28% NDF diet were incubated at pH 5.5, 6.2, or 6.8. Ash-free NDF was measured at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h of fermentation; logarithmic transformation and linear regression were used to estimate digestion parameters. Significant forage by starch interactions on lag and rate of NDF digestion and significant forage and starch by pH interactions on rate and potential extent of NDF digestion indicated that forage type must be considered when the effect of pH and starch source on NDF digestion is predicted. For both forages, raw or pure corn starch increased lag more than sorghum starch, especially at low pH. Raw sorghum starch decreased the rate of NDF digestion more for bromegrass hay than for alfalfa hay, and pure corn starch had the largest negative impact on fiber digestion, especially at low pH. Sources of starch influenced lag and rate of NDF digestion differently at pH from 6.8 to 5.5, which led to dramatic differences in apparent extent of ruminal NDF digestion.

Animal Feed↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Small intestinal malabsorption and colonic fermentation of resistant starch and resistant peptides to short-chain fatty acids.

Some starch and protein, as well as fiber, remains unabsorbed in the small intestine and is degraded by anaerobic bacteria to short-chain fatty acids, hydrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide in the large intestine. The production of butyrate from starch has received the most attention, because butyrate seems to possess several important functions in the large bowel, including antineoplastic properties. In 16.6% fecal homogenates, starch polysaccharides, whether digestible or resistant to in vitro hydrolysis by amylase, pectin, and glucose, were all completely degraded to equal amounts of short-chain fatty acids (mean 60 wt/wt%; range 49-67 wt/wt%). However, starch that was resistant to hydrolysis by amylase was much more slowly fermented with the production of proportionally less butyrate and propionate than digestible starch (butyrate, 15 and 33%, respectively; propionate, 3 and 20%, respectively). The daily intake of 35 g resistant starch (100 g amylomaize starch) by 7 ileostomy subjects increased ileal dry-matter effluent by 38 +/- 2 g/day, due exclusively to increased excretion of carbohydrates of nonfiber origin (starch-polysaccharides and oligo- and monosaccharides) from 14 +/- 1 to 51 +/- 2 g/day, with no change in excreted nonstarch polysaccharides, nitrogen, and ileal volume. The ileal excreted resistant starch increased the formation of total short-chain fatty acids by 50% in fecal homogenates incubated with ileal dry matter from the amylomaize starch period, with comparatively little effect on the ratio of produced butyrate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Banana starch breakdown in the human small intestine studied by electron microscopy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the origin of the poor digestibility of banana starch granules in the human small intestine. DESIGN: The subjects received the same experimental meal. SETTING: Nutrition Research Unit, Laënnec Hospital, CHU, Nantes. SUBJECTS: Six healthy young subjects. INTERVENTIONS: The digestion of raw green banana flour in the upper part of the gut was studied by the intubation technique. After ingestion of 30 g banana flour mixed with a complex meal, ileal samples were continuously collected during 14 h. In order to determine the structural nature of this resistant starch, the dried ileal samples were observed with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy was performed after treatment with periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver nitrate. RESULTS: Banana starch proved very resistant to in vivo amylase hydrolysis since 84% of the starch ingested reached the terminal ileum. The microscopic observations showed that raw banana flour contained irregularly shaped dense starch granules with smooth surfaces. After their passage through the small intestine, starch granules appeared exocorroded, with porous surfaces, and some exhibited several irregular pits, crevices or holes by which the enzymes had penetrated and hydrolysed the inner part. Cell walls closely associated with starch granules could have hindered enzyme access to starch. CONCLUSIONS: Encapsulation could be partly responsible for the low digestibility of starch in banana flour, together with the intrinsic resistance of banana starch granules.

Digestion↗

PubMed2006

Isolation, identification and characterisation of starch-interacting proteins by 2-D affinity electrophoresis.

A 2-D affinity electrophoretic technique (2-DAE) has been used to isolate proteins that interact with various starch components from total barley endosperm extracts. In the first dimension, proteins are separated by native PAGE. The second-dimensional gel contains polysaccharides such as amylopectin and glycogen. The migration of starch-interacting proteins in this dimension is determined by their affinity towards a particular polysaccharide and these proteins are therefore spatially separated from the bulk of proteins in the crude extract. Four distinct proteins demonstrate significant affinity for amylopectin and have been identified as starch branching enzyme I (SBEI), starch branching enzyme IIa (SBEIIa), SBEIIb and starch phosphorylase using polyclonal antibodies and zymogram activity analysis. In the case of starch phosphorylase, a protein spot was excised from a 2-DAE polyacrylamide gel and analysed using Q-TOF MS/MS, resulting in the alignment of three internal peptide sequences with the known sequence of the wheat plastidic starch phosphorylase isoform. This assignment was confirmed by the determination of the enzyme's function using zymogram analysis. Dissociation constants (Kd) were calculated for the three enzymes at 4 degrees C and values of 0.20, 0.21 and 1.3 g/L were determined for SBEI, SBEIIa and starch phosphorylase, respectively. Starch synthase I could also be resolved from the other proteins in the presence of glycogen and its identity was confirmed using a polyclonal antibody and by activity analysis. The 2-DAE method described here is simple, though powerful, enabling protein separation from crude extracts on the basis of function.

1,4-alpha-Glucan Branching Enzyme↗

PubMed1970

Enzymes of starch metabolism in the developing rice grain.

The levels of starch, soluble sugars, protein, and enzymes involved in starch metabolism-alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, phosphorylase, Q-enzyme, R-enzyme, and starch synthetase -were assayed in dehulled developing rice grains (Oryzasativa L., variety IR8). Phosphorylase, Q-enzyme, and R-enzyme had peak activities 10 days after flowering, whereas alpha- and beta-amylases had maximal activities 14 days after flowering. Starch synthetase bound to the starch granule increased in activity up to 21 days after flowering. These enzymes (except the starch synthetases) were also detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their activity in grains at the midmilky stage (8-10 days after flowering) was determined in five pairs of lines with low and high amylose content from different crosses. The samples had similar levels of amylases, phosphorylase, R-enzyme, and Q-enzyme. The samples consistently differed in their levels of starch synthetase bound to the starch granule, which was proportional to amylose content. Granule-bound starch synthetase may be responsible for the integrity of amylose in the developing starch granule.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1989

Evidence that the rb Locus Alters the Starch Content of Developing Pea Embryos through an Effect on ADP Glucose Pyrophosphorylase.

The aim of this work was to discover whether the rb locus of peas (Pisum sativum L.) affects seed starch content through action on an enzyme of starch synthesis in the developing embryo. The phenotypic effects of this locus are like those of the better characterised, unlinked r locus, which affects seed starch content through action on starch-branching enzyme. Embryos recessive at one or both of these loci (RRrbrb, rrRbRb, rrrbrb) have lower starch contents from an early stage of development than embryos dominant at these loci (RRRbRb). Maximum catalytic activities of enzymes of the pathway from sucrose to starch (sucrose synthase EC 2.4.1.13, UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase EC 2.7.7.9, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase EC 2.7.7.27, ADP glucose-starch synthase EC 2.4.1.21, starch-branching enzyme EC 2.4.1.18) were compared in developing embryos of three lines of rbrb peas and four lines of RbRb peas. The only consistent difference between the two sorts of embryo was in the activity of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase, which was at least tenfold lower in rbrb than in RbRb embryos. The activity in rbrb embryos was in most cases less than the estimated rate of starch synthesis of RRRbRb embryos. We conclude that the effect of the rb locus on the starch content of pea seeds is mediated through an alteration in the activity of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase in the developing embryo.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of dietary starch, fat, and bicarbonate content on exercise responses and serum creatine kinase activity in equine recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis.

To determine the effect of dietary starch, bicarbonate, and fat content on metabolic responses and serum creatine kinase (CK) activity in exercising Thoroughbreds with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER), 5 RER horses were fed 3 isocaloric diets (28.8 Mcal/d [120.5 MJ/d]) for 3 weeks in a crossover design and exercised for 30 minutes on a treadmill 5 days/wk. On the last day of each diet, an incremental standardized exercise test (SET) was performed. The starch diet contained 40% digestible energy (DE) as starch and 5% as fat: the bicarbonate-starch diet was identical but was supplemented with sodium bicarbonate (4.2% of the pellet): and the fat diet provided 7% DE as starch and 20% as fat. Serum CK activity before the SET was similar among the diets. Serum CK activity (log transformed) after submaximal exercise differed dramatically among the diets and was greatest on the bicarbonate-starch diet (6.51 +/- 1.5) and lowest on the fat diet (5.71 +/- 0.6). Appreciable differences were observed in the severity of RER among individual horses. Postexercise plasma pH, bicarbonate concentration, and lactate concentration did not differ among the diets. Resting heart rates before the SET were markedly lower on the fat diet than on the starch diet. Muscle lactate and glycogen concentrations before and after the SET did not differ markedly among the diets. A high-fat, low-starch diet results in dramatically lower postexercise CK activity in severely affected RER horses than does a low-fat, high-starch diet without measurably altering muscle lactate and glycogen concentrations. Dietary bicarbonate supplementation at the concentration administered in this study did not prevent increased serum CK activity on a high-starch diet.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1999

Evaluation of selected high-starch flours as ingredients in canine diets.

Cereal grains represent 30 to 60% of the DM of many companion animal diets. Once incorporated into a diet, the starch component of these grains can provide an excellent source of ME. However, crystallinity and form of starch are variable and can cause incomplete digestion within the gastrointestinal tract. Diets fed in this experiment included one of six high-starch flours as the main source of carbohydrate. The flours originated from barley, corn, potato, rice, sorghum, and wheat. The diets were extruded and kibbled. Starch fraction concentrations of flours consisted of nearly 100% rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and slowly digestible starch (SDS) combined. Starch fraction concentrations of diets paralleled concentrations in flours. Flours varied widely in concentrations of CP, fat, starch, and total dietary fiber. Ileal OM and CP digestibilities were lowest for the potato flour treatment (74 and 64%, respectively). Ileal and total tract starch digestibilities were different (P<.05) among treatments; however, the starch component of all diets was nearly completely digested (>99%). Total tract digestibility of DM and OM was lowest for sorghum (80 and 84%, respectively) compared to all other diets. Crude protein digestibility was highest for corn (87%). Wet fecal weights tended (P<.08) to be greatest for dogs fed the barley treatment (175 g/d). However, dry fecal weights (dried at 55 degrees C) were greatest for dogs consuming the sorghum diet (51 g/d). Fecal scores were consistently greater (i.e., looser stools) for the barley treatment. Any of these flours could be used without negative effects on digestion at either the ileum or in the total tract. Fecal consistency data for dogs consuming the barley treatment indicate that diets containing large amounts (>50%) of barley may not be advantageous for dog owners who house their animals indoors for most of the day.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed2006

[Changes in the activities of enzymes involved in starch synthesis and accumulation in caryopsis of transgenic rice with antisense Wx gene].

The amylose content of rice caryopsis is determined by Wx protein, one kind of granule-bound starch synthetase which is encoded by Wx gene. Different rice types and species have different levels of Wx gene expression and have different amylose contents in their caryopsis. Wuyunjing No.7 (2200), the japonica rice with an amylose content 17% and its transgenic rice lines with antisense Wx gene (2201 and 2203, with amylose contents 8.5% and 2% respectively), and Longtefu (LP03), the indica rice with a high amylose content (28%) and its transgenic rice with antisense Wx gene (A199, with an amylose content 9%) were used to investigate the effects of Wx protein content decrease on the activities of enzymes involved in starch synthesis and thereby starch accumulation. The results indicated that with the decrease in Wx protein, the amylose content in transgenic caryopsis was reduced accordingly, whereas the amylopectin content per caryopsis (mg/grain) was not affected, and made the total starch content in transgenic caryopsis markedly lower than their parents. With the development of caryopsis, the amylose/total starch ratio was not changed significantly in the two parent caryopses, LP03 and 2200, but it went down gradually in their transgenic caryopses. The amylose/total starch ratio in transgenic caryopses was very significantly lower than their parents in the same period. The activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPG-PPase), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), soluble starch synthase (SSS) and starch branching enzyme (SBE) rose rapidly in early periods of grain filling, and soon reached their maximum, then reduced quickly until the middle and later periods of grain filling. Compared with the parents, the GBSS activity in transgenic caryopsis was significantly lowered, and correlated with the amylose reduction. Besides, the maximum activity of GBSS appeared earlier, and the range of the activity was smaller. In transgenic caryopsis, the activities of ADPG-PPase and SSS were higher than their parents in early and middle periods of grain filling, while the SBE activity was higher than their parents in middle and late periods.

1,4-alpha-Glucan Branching Enzyme↗

PubMed1996

Washout kinetics of colloidal starch as a partial or full replacement for plasma exchange.

Colloidal starch has been used safely as a plasma expander and an erythrocyte sedimenting agent for over 25 years. However, there remains some concern in regard to the long term sequelae of the administration of large volumes of colloid starch such as would be administered if colloidal starch were used as a plasma replacement during serial plasma exchanges. We identified mathematical relations that allowed for the calculations of the theoretical circulating residual starch in a patient undergoing serial plasma exchanges and used it to model a variety of possible clinical scenarios. Following six one plasma volume exchanges, one would expect only 11, 13, 14, or 17% of the total infused starch to be remaining in the circulation. For example, in the case of a 4L exchange with full replacement, only the starch in 4.1 liters (4L x 6 exchanges x 17% = 4.1L) would be expected to remain in the circulation despite an infusion of 24 L (4L x 6 exchanges = 24L) of starch. The results suggest that relatively small amounts of starch would be expected to remain circulating relative to the large amounts infused following a series of plasma exchanges with partial or full starch replacement.

Colloids↗

PubMed1998

Analysis of starch structure using fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis.

The analysis of the fine structure of starches is important to the investigation of linkages between starch structure and function and to the investigation of the properties and roles of starch biosynthetic, modifying and degradation enzymes. Fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis has recently been introduced as a method for the analysis of the oligosaccharide populations released by the enzymatic digestion of starches, which has advantages in resolution and sensitivity over previously used methods, and provides the capacity for the facile analysis of oligosaccharide populations on either a molar or mass basis. The use of fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis for the analysis of oligosaccharides is reviewed with particular reference to the choice of label, efficiency of labeling and separation techniques. Examples of separations using slab gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencer analysis and capillary electrophoresis are presented and we conclude that on the basis of resolution and reproducibility, capillary electrophoresis is the method of choice for the separation of oligosaccharides of degree of polymerization from 1 to 100. Examples of isoamylase-debranched starches and glycogens analyzed by capillary electrophoresis are presented. The capillary electrophoresis analysis of starch structure through the analysis of oligosaccharides released by the debranching of limit dextrins derived from starches and glycogens is introduced as a useful diagnostic of starch structure. The potential for future development of novel diagnostics for starch structure using fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Nutritional value of broad bean seeds. Part 1: Starch and fibre.

This paper characterizes starch and dietary fibre in the seeds of fine-size and large-size seed varieties of broad bean and in edible varieties of pea for comparison. The experimental material included seeds at full physiological maturity. The fine-size seed varieties of broad bean, Gobik and Goral, contained slightly less total starch (62.32% and 62.19% of dry matter) than the large-size seed varieties, Windsor Bialy and Bartom (65.32% and 65.26% of dry matter). It was shown that fine-size seed varieties of broad bean are a good source of resistant starch, which is comparable to large-size seed varieties. As far as the content of total starch is concerned, the share of this form of starch in broad bean seeds amounted to 1/3. Digestible starch in broad beans was in the range of 39-42% of dry matter, pea contained approximately one half less starch of this type. Moreover, it was found that the relation of rapidly digestible starch to slowly digestible starch amounted to 1:1 irrespective of broad bean variety. Dietary fibre in broad beans was in the range of 20.36%-26.79% of dry matter while half of it was found to be concentrated in the seed coat. The soluble fraction of the total content of fibre amounted to 11.81% in the Bartom variety and up to 15.89% in the Gobik variety.

Dietary Carbohydrates↗