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PubMed1998

Sleeping sites, sleeping places, and presleep behavior of gibbons (Hylobates lar).

The sleeping habits of wild white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) were investigated to assess the risk of predation and predation-avoidance behavior. Sleeping sites were distributed throughout home ranges, including areas where they overlapped with neighbors, and appeared to be selected independently of habitat characteristics. Individuals did not build night nests or otherwise manipulate the vegetation around the sleeping place but slept on open branches. Group members usually slept in separate trees, and, except for females with infants, they never shared a sleeping place. Sleeping trees were entered several hours before dusk and were used for about 14-17 h. The majority of sleeping trees were used only once, and fewer were selected repeatedly by the same or other group members. Usually females with infants went into a sleeping tree first, then juveniles, and last were mostly subadult and adult males. Intragroup competition over access to a sleeping place was observed once. Average time difference between the first and last group member to enter a sleeping tree was 13 min. The sequence of departure from sleeping trees was more variable. Gibbon sleeping habits seem to primarily reflect adaptations to minimize predation risk. The predation-risk hypothesis was indirectly supported by observations of mobbing pythons, alarm calls given in response to birdes of prey flying low over the canopy, and more importantly by 1) the predominant use of large sleeping trees, which were among the tallest trees available, particularly by adult females with small infants and juveniles, 2) an unpredictable long-term pattern of reuse of sleeping places, and 3) inconspicuous presleep behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The impact of music upon sleep tendency as measured by the multiple sleep latency test and maintenance of wakefulness test.

Previous work has shown that background noise or music has a small positive impact on performance during sleep deprivation. The current study examined the effect of background music on the ability to fall asleep or remain awake. Twelve normal-sleeping young adults took multiple sleep latency tests (MSLT) and maintenance of wakefulness tests (MWT) after baseline sleep and one night of total sleep deprivation either with background music or under standard (quiet) conditions. It was hypothesized that the music would help maintain wakefulness both under baseline and sleep deprivation conditions. The results of the study showed that sleep latencies were increased in both MSLT and MWT when music was presented, but that this effect occurred primarily before subjects were sleep-deprived (a significant Music by Sleep Deprivation interaction). Sleep latencies were 15 and 11 min on the MSLT (33 and 26 min on the MWT) with Music as compared to Quiet after baseline sleep. Heart rate, used as a measure of physiological arousal, was significantly elevated in MWT and MSLT trials where music was presented. These data support previous work showing that level of arousal has an impact on measured sleep tendency which is independent of that of the sleep system. On a practical level, these data indicate that music may play a small beneficial role in helping to maintain arousal.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Heart rate variability during sleep as a function of the sleep cycle.

In this work, in order to evaluate whether autonomic differences distinguish REM sleep and NREM sleep through the whole sleeping period, statistical analysis on spectral power associated with low frequency and high frequency bands were performed on the whole polysomnographic recording, considering the sleep cycle as a unit of sleep. Our results from nine subjects show that power associated with low frequency is higher in REM sleep than in NREM sleep, while power associated with high frequency is significantly higher in NREM sleep than in REM sleep. Differences between REM sleep and NREM sleep are not of the same magnitude within the whole sleep episode and, independent of sleep stages, specific trends are observable in the autonomic control of heart rate during the night.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Increased delta component in computerized sleep electroencephalographic analysis suggests abnormally deep sleep in primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate sleep and the sleep modulating effect of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) in patients with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis and controls by means of both conventional polysomnography and computerized electroencephalographic (EEG) power analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Adolescents or adults with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (n = 11, 8 females, 3 males: mean age 23.0 +/- 9.8, range 15-49 years) and normal subjects (n = 10, 7 females, 3 males: mean age 23.2 +/- 5.4, range 14-32 years) were admitted to the sleep laboratory of the University Hospital of Aarhus, Denmark, for the investigation of sleep over four consecutive nights. A fixed day-to-night cycle was maintained. Night-time was defined as 23.00-07.00 h. The 1st and 3rd nights were completed without intervention. Sleep was modulated on the 2nd night by a waterload to induce nocturnal micturition. On the 4th night all subjects received DDAVP spray applied intranasally at bedtime. Sleep was evaluated by manual polysomnography according to the rules of Rechtschaffen and Kales and by computerized EEG power analysis on the 1st, 3rd and 4th nights. EEG power was calculated as total power and as power assigned to specific EEG frequency bands. RESULTS: Enuretics showed a significant increase in the EEG delta power component during baseline sleep compared with controls, whereas no difference was encountered using a manual sleep score. During recovery sleep on the 3rd night EEG power in the enuretic group was increased in all EEG frequency bands apart from the alpha and sigma bands and associated with a shortened total sleep period. DDAVP was not found to influence sleep to any significant extent. CONCLUSIONS: EEG power analysis indicates an increased depth of sleep in enuretics inadequately reflected by a conventional polysomnographic technique. No sleep-modulating effect of DDAVP was detected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Slow potential shifts at sleep--wake transitions and shifts between NREM and REM sleep.

Scalp-recorded direct current (DC) potentials and their topographical distribution (F3, F4, C3, C4 and Pz) were investigated at the transition from wakefulness to sleep, and during NREM-REM sleep and REM-NREM sleep transitions in 11 healthy men during normal sleep. Changes in endexpiratory CO2 partial pressure (ETCO2), scalp temperature and polysomnographic data were simultaneously measured. The transition to sleep was associated with a negative potential shift reaching significance bilaterally at frontal and central sites 5 to 10 minutes after sleep onset (p < 0.05). Largest shifts were found at frontal locations 10 to 15 minutes after sleep onset averaging (mean +/- SEM) -512 +/- 103 mu V. Negative DC potential shifts also occurred at the transitions from NREM to REM sleep and from REM to NREM sleep, but were, however, less pronounced. The negative DC shift at NREM-REM sleep transitions preceded the REM sleep onset (assessed conventionally by polysomnographic criteria) by about 1.5 minutes. Changes in temperature, ETCO2 and eye movements were ruled out as factors significantly contributing to the generation of these shifts. Assuming a neuronal origin of the DC potential, the negative shifts at the wake--sleep transition and between NREM and REM sleep suggest a temporary phase of increased cortical excitability.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Sleep disorders in regional sleep centers: a national cooperative study. Coleman II Study Investigators.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: In the last two decades there has been an increase in the awareness of and professional expertise in sleep disorders. The objective of this study was to determine the spectrum of sleep-related disorders diagnosed in regional sleep centers and compare this to a previous survey published in 1982. DESIGN: A two-month prospective point-prevalence survey SETTING: Nineteen accredited regional sleep centers in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Patients evaluated at regional sleep centers during a two-month period. INTERVENTIONS: NA. RESULTS: Obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and restless legs syndrome were the top three reported primary diagnoses with a prevalence of 67.8%, 4.9%, and 3.2%, respectively. The entire range of sleep disorders, however, was represented in the study sample. Nearly a third of patients had either a primary or secondary diagnosis of a non-respiratory sleep disorder. Referral physicians were most likely to be from internal medicine, pulmonary medicine, and otolaryngology. Compared to the previous survey from 1982, there has been an absolute increase in patient referrals/center with a two- to four-fold increase in the number of patients/center with a final diagnosis of a non-respiratory sleep-related problem. Moreover, there has been a greater than twenty-fold increase in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea. CONCLUSION: Regional sleep centers are encountering increasing patient referrals and a broad range of sleep-related disorders. The predominant reasons for referral are related to obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and restless legs syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Murine Multiple Sleep Latency Test: phenotyping sleep propensity in mice.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Objectives were to (1) establish a measure of sleep propensity for a more comprehensive characterization of sleepiness in murine genetics and interventional studies and (2) to characterize sample sizes necessary for statistical differences in effect. DESIGN: Average multiple sleep latency values were compared in mice, varying strain, circadian time, and forced-wakefulness conditions. SUBJECTS: Adult male mice of inbred strains were studied. INTERVENTIONS: Mice were implanted with electroencephalographic and electromyographic recording electrodes. Twenty-four-hour periods of stable baseline sleep activity (> 600 minutes) were confirmed prior to baseline sleep-latency testing. Average sleep latencies were obtained across 10- and 20-minute nap opportunities within 4 consecutive 30-minute periods. Forced wakefulness protocols were performed prior to additional sleep-latency tests. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Sleep-latency testing with 20-minute nap opportunities every 30 minutes revealed a shorter sleep latency in the lights-on period (12.4 minutes +/- 0.9 vs 16.5 +/- 1, P < .001), a substantial reduction in sleep latencies in mice subjected to 6-hour forced wakefulness (eg, C57BL/6J baseline: 12.4 +/- 0.9 minutes, and forced wakefulness, 8.5 +/- 0.9 minutes, P < .01), and strain differences in latencies following short-term forced wakefulness (P < .01). Sample sizes for 85% power to detect a 25% reduction in the 20-minute daytime Murine Multiple Sleep Latency Test require fewer than 20 mice per group for commonly used transgenic background strains. CONCLUSIONS: The Murine Multiple Sleep Latency Test is a robust measure of sleep propensity, and the latency varies with homeostatic and circadian influences. The test requires minimal added time to standard murine sleep recordings, yet yields important additive information.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Persistence of the circadian rhythm of REM sleep: a variety of experimental manipulations of the sleep-wake cycle.

Many studies of nocturnal sleep, daytime naps, and phase shifts of sleep time indicate that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has a circadian rhythm with an acrophase in the early morning, whereas slow wave sleep (SWS) correlates positively with the length of prior wakefulness. We confirmed that REM sleep has a stable circadian variation; large REM sleep amounts occurred in morning naps despite increase of SWS, owing to 1 night of total sleep deprivation. Heart rate and oral temperature both continued to show a circadian rhythm in spite of 1 night of total sleep deprivation. The lowest point of both cycles occurred in the early morning and the highest point in the late afternoon. The amount of REM sleep was largest near the low point of the circadian cycle of oral temperature and heart rate, and smallest at the high point, indicating a phase reversal relationship between the circadian rhythm of REM sleep and the autonomic functions. During 1 week of absolute bed rest under entrained conditions, subjects were most able to sleep near the low point of their oral temperature cycle and least able to sleep near the high point, and the amount of REM sleep was largest near the low point of the oral temperature and smallest at the high point.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-reported sleep complaints with long and short sleep: a nationally representative sample.

OBJECTIVE: Although the problems associated with insufficient sleep have been thoroughly researched, there has been far less substantiation of problems associated with long sleep. Recent evidence shows that habitual sleep duration greater than 7 hours is associated with increased rates of mortality. This study compared the rates of sleep problems in both long and short sleepers. METHODS: Self-reported sleep complaints (eg, sleep onset latency, awakenings during the night, early morning awakenings, nonrestorative sleep, and daytime sleepiness) of nearly 1000 adults who participated in the National Sleep Foundation's 2001 Sleep in America Poll, were compared with reported hours of weekday sleep. RESULTS: There are U-shaped relationships of sleep complaints with reported weekday total sleep time. More specifically, 8-hour sleepers reported less frequent symptoms than long sleepers or 7-hour sleepers. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, long sleepers, as well as short sleepers, report sleep problems, focusing attention to the often-overlooked problems of the long sleeper.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Effect of the use of sleep medication in Dutch hospitals on the use of sleep medication at home.

Insomnia is an important nursing problem in hospitals. Although the use of sleep medication is often criticized, it is one of the commonest interventions with regard to sleep problems. In this study, the effect of the administration of sleep medication in Dutch hospitals on the use of sleep medication at home is investigated. Only patients were included who had never used sleep medication before admittance in hospital. Results show that patients who used sleep medication for at least 5 days in hospital (n = 233) used sleep medication more often at home after discharge than patients who did not use sleep medication in hospital (n = 55). Furthermore, the study showed that those patients who used at least 5 days' sleep medication, especially those patients who used sleep medication more often in hospital, also used sleep medication more often at home. This is in line with the addictive effects of sleep medication. From these results it can be concluded that the administration of sleep medication is not without danger. Therefore, it is recommended to search for alternative interventions, especially for patients who are in hospital for a longer period.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Sleeping tablet consumption, self reported quality of sleep, and working conditions. Group of Occupational Physicians of APSAT.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to assess the frequency of sleep disorders in relation to working conditions. DESIGN: This was a cross sectional study. Data were collected prospectively, on a standardised form, by 13 occupational physicians. The quality of sleep was assessed by self perceived sleep disturbances and consumption of sleeping tablets. Working conditions were described by the worksite physician as well as by the participants. SETTING: 2769 small or medium sized firms in the Paris area. PARTICIPANTS: A random sample of 7629 wage earners was studied. Among the participants, 61% were men and 39% women; 44% were blue collar workers. MAIN RESULTS: The prevalence of sleeping tablet consumption was 6.1% and 11.3% respectively for men and women. Sixteen percent of men and 26% of women stated that they had sleep disturbances (p < 0.001). In both sexes, drug consumption and sleep disturbances increased with age and were highest among individuals aged 55 years and more. No association between working conditions (exposure to noise, assembly line working, or physical workload) and sleep disturbances or drug consumption was found. Sleeping tablet consumption was higher among subjects reporting a bad atmosphere at work; the same was true for men with little interest in their job and for women working under time pressure. For both sexes, subjects reporting any of these conditions were more likely to report sleep disturbances. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of self reported sleep problems and related drug consumption was observed. Physical working conditions were not related to the quality of sleep in contrast to perceived job conditions. The results suggest that sleep quality might be a useful health indicator for the occupational physician.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1985

Effect of midazolam and sleep deprivation on day-time sleep propensity.

The combined effect of midazolam (Ro 21-3981, Dormicum) and sleep deprivation on day-time sleep propensity was investigated in young, healthy adults. The oral administration of midazolam (15 mg) or placebo at bedtime was followed either by a sleep period of 7 or 4 h, or by no sleep at all. Sleep propensity was recorded at 2-h intervals throughout the following day by the multiple sleep latency test and self-ratings of tiredness. Performance was assessed in the morning and afternoon by a psychomotor test. Partial and total sleep deprivation caused a marked and significant increase of day-time sleep propensity. However, there was no significant difference between the midazolam and placebo condition after 7 or 4 h of sleep. After total sleep deprivation, sleep propensity was higher after placebo than after midazolam. Neither the treatment nor sleep duration had a significant effect on performance. The results show that a bedtime dose of 15 mg midazolam followed by normal or restricted sleep does not significantly affect day-time alertness.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of pneumotachographic recording of breathing on sleep and respiration during sleep.

Pneumotachographic recording of ventilation requires an air-tight nasobuccal face-mask which might disturb the subjects' sleep and modify their breathing patterns. In a cross-over randomized study, we compared recordings obtained with and without a face-mask in 20 healthy normal volunteers (10 males, 10 females, mean age: 21.7 +/- SEM 0.5 years). The sleep modifications that resulted from the presence of the face-mask were a lengthening of the REM-sleep latency (+ 38%, p less than 0.01), an increase in intrasleep waking-time (+ 55%, p less than 0.05), an increase in sleep stage-1 duration (+ 40%, p less than 0.02), and a decrease in REM-sleep duration (-20%, p less than 0.01), resulting in a decrease in total sleep duration (-9%, p less than 0.05). The sleep-latency, the number of awakenings, the sleep stage-2 duration, the deep slow wave sleep duration, the sleep stability and the number of sleep cycles were not significantly modified. The respiratory frequency was unchanged in any of the sleep stages. No obstructive or mixed apnoea was observed during the nights when the subjects wore the face-mask. The apnoea index for central apnoeas was low and remained unchanged with and without the face-mask (0.30 +/- 0.10 and 0.35 +/- 0.10 respectively). Thus the observed modifications do not rule out the basic advantage of the pneumotachographic method, that of being the only method to-date providing a direct quantitative measurement of respiratory flow and flow rate during sleep.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Changing from communal to familial sleep arrangement in the Kibbutz: effects on sleep quality.

Sleep was actigraphically investigated in 27 Kibbutz children while sleeping in communal sleeping houses, and 1 year after changing to familial sleeping arrangements. Three independent control groups of city-living children were also recorded. Two of them were age-comparable, and the third control group was included in order to examine possible effects of the Gulf War on the communal sleep group. The results showed that the sleep quality of Kibbutz children improved significantly after moving to familial sleep. Comparison with the data from the two control groups revealed a greater resemblance between sleep of the Kibbutz children after moving to live with their families and that of the city-living children. Comparing the sleep of the children in communal sleep to that of the additional group of children examined during the Gulf War strengthened the above results, i.e. the communal sleep group that was investigated before the war slept worse than the control children that were investigated during the war. After discarding developmental and physical condition-related changes, it was concluded that the improvement in sleep quality was due to the children's increased sense of security when sleeping with their families.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2004

[Sleep disorders and sleep-related breathing disorders].

Normal sleep consists of 4-5 sleep cycles including light-, deep- and rapid eye-movement sleep. Restoration of physical and psychological function are the main effects of sleep. In most cases, disturbances of normal sleep become clinically evident as problems of initiating and maintaining sleep and/or as increased daytime sleepiness. Approximately 10% of adults suffer from pronounced insomnia, a similar percentage from markedly increased daytime sleepiness. Sleep disorders cause high socio-economic costs due to increased accident risk, cardiovascular sequelae and sick leave. Most of the 88 distinct diagnoses summarized in the international classification of sleep disorders can be differentiated and managed according to patients history. In patients with severe daytime sleepiness - sleep disordered breathing being the most frequent cause - the diagnostic evaluation and treatment in the sleep laboratory is required. Effective therapeutic strategies are available for many sleep disorders. According to the underlying disorder, treatment includes a variety of measures like life style changes, differentiated medical treatment and the use of nasally applied positive pressure in patients suffering from sleep disordered breathing.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Effects of three hypnotics on the sleep-wakefulness cycle in sleep-disturbed rats.

RATIONALE: New sleep disturbance model in rats is useful for estimating the characteristics of some hypnotics. OBJECTIVES: The present study was undertaken to investigate the utility of a sleep disturbance model by placing rats on a grid suspended over water using three kinds of hypnotics, that is, short-acting benzodiazepine (triazolam), intermediate-acting benzodiazepine (flunitrazepam) and long-acting barbiturate (phenobarbital). METHODS: Electrodes for measurement of EEG and EMG were implanted into the frontal cortex and the dorsal neck muscle of rats. EEG and EMG were recorded with an electroencephalogram. SleepSign ver.2.0 was used for EEG and EMG analysis. Total times of wakefulness, non-REM and REM sleep were measured from 0900 to 1500 hours. RESULTS: In rats placed on the grid suspended over water up to 1 cm under the grid surface, not only triazolam but also flunitrazepam and phenobarbital caused a shortening of sleep latency. Both flunitrazepam and phenobarbital were effective in increasing of total non-REM sleep time in rats placed on sawdust or the grid, and the effects of both drugs in rats placed on the grid were larger than those in rats placed on sawdust. Measurement of the hourly non-REM sleep time was useful for investigating the peak time and duration of effect of the three hypnotics. Phenobarbital showed a decrease in total REM sleep time in rats placed on the grid, although both triazolam and flunitrazepam were without effect. CONCLUSIONS: The present insomnia model can be used as a sleep disturbance model for testing not only the sleep-inducing effects but also the sleep-maintaining effects including non-REM sleep and REM sleep of hypnotics.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1978

[Sleep in children with episodic sleep phenomena: a comparison with the normal child].

(1) The sleep pattern of 23 children, aged 5-12 years, with episodic nocturnal phenomena (night-terrors, somnambulism, rhythmic movements) was recorded during two successive nights. It was compared with that of a group of 21 normal children of the same age. (2) In the pathological group, slow wave sleep (SLP, stages 3 and 4) was significantly shortened during the 2 nights. This deficit mainly involved the first 3h of sleep. (3) As for the slow wave sleep, REM sleep (SP) modifications prevailed during the first hours of sleep. The first REM period was delayed and preceded by more numerous and atypical partial REM periods. The duration of the first REM period increased faster as a function of its latency than in the normal child. (4) In contrast with this difficulty for REM sleep to occur during the first part of the night, the subsequent REM sleep pattern was similar in the 2 groups (total REM sleep duration, mean REM period duration, mean REM cycle duration). For equal latencies, REM periods had similar duration. Finally, the total REM sleep amount was a linear function of the total sleep time, with more or less identical coefficients for the two groups. (5) The part played by these modifications during the first hours of sleep in the occurrence of night terrors and somnambulism is discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1986

The immediate effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment on sleep pattern in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

We studied the immediate effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) applied nasally on the pattern of sleep in 12 patients, aged 30-58 years, with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. All patients demonstrated a moderate to severe syndrome on the control night; apnea index ranged 28-83 apneas/h sleep. Nasal CPAP completely abolished all obstructive apneas and allowed apnea-free breathing in all 12 patients. Nasal CPAP had a marked effect on the sleep pattern. It significantly reduced stage I/II non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and markedly increased stage III/IV NREM and REM sleep on the first treatment night. Stage I/II NREM sleep decreased from a control of 62.7 +/- 2.3% to 29.1 +/- 2.3% on the first treatment night. Stage III/IV NREM sleep increased from a control of 6.7 +/- 1.6% to 31.5 +/- 1.6%. The rebound in this sleep stage was especially marked in 3 patients aged 55-58 years. REM sleep increased from a control of 18.4 +/- 2.0% to 30.6 +/- 2.0% on the first treatment night. There was an increase in REM density. All patients were treated for another 2 nights and their sleep pattern analyzed on the third night. All sleep stages were still significantly different to the control night. The possible mechanisms involved are discussed.

Adult↗