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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

White spot syndrome virus envelope protein VP28 is involved in the systemic infection of shrimp.

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a large DNA virus infecting shrimp and other crustaceans. The virus particles contain at least five major virion proteins, of which three (VP26, VP24, and VP15) are present in the rod-shaped nucleocapsid and two (VP28 and VP19) reside in the envelope. The mode of entry and systemic infection of WSSV in the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, and the role of these proteins in these processes are not known. A specific polyclonal antibody was generated against the major envelope protein VP28 using a baculovirus expression vector system. The VP28 antiserum was able to neutralize WSSV infection of P. monodon in a concentration-dependent manner upon intramuscular injection. This result suggests that VP28 is located on the surface of the virus particle and is likely to play a key role in the initial steps of the systemic WSSV infection in shrimp.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Determination of hydroxytryptophan isomers in gamma-irradiated egg white, chicken meat, and shrimps.

The radiation induced products of tryptophan (TRP) were determined in gamma-irradiated egg white, chicken meat and shrimps using RP-HPLC and electrochemical detection. A two-step hydrolysis with proteinase K and carboxypeptidase A was developed to release the radiation products from egg white and chicken meat and with proteinase K and pronase E from shrimps. The four hydroxytryptophan isomers (OH-Trp) were identified and quantified as radiation products in all samples. The amounts ranged between 0.02 and 1.97 mg/kg protein. A significant difference between irradiated and unirradiated samples was found for irradiation doses of more than 3 kGy for egg white and chicken meat. For shrimps no significant increase of OH-Trp isomers was measured up to a radiation dose of 5 kGy.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed2000

Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding alpha-glucosidase in the digestive gland of the shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei.

The complete sequence of the 3-kb cDNA and the 5' genomic structure are reported for the gene encoding the shrimp alpha-glucosidase. Alpha-glucosidase cDNA was isolated from a shrimp digestive gland cDNA library. The 2830-base pair cDNA contains an open reading frame that encodes 919 amino acids. The shrimp alpha-glucosidase cDNA shows a high level of identity with that of the human sucrase-isomaltase, human maltase-glucoamylase, and human acid lysosomal alpha-glucosidase, indicating that the protein shares the same structural domains. The similarities among these proteins are found as clusters and characterize the glycosyl hydrolase family 31. To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe a satellite sequence in the 5' genomic structure before the TATA box in an invertebrate sequence.

5' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed2003

Acetylcholinesterase activity in grass shrimp and aqueous pesticide levels from South Florida drainage canals.

Freshwater drainage canals in South Florida are utilized to manage water in agricultural, urban, and water conservation areas and, as a result, collect urban and agricultural storm runoff that is discharged into the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Pesticides in this runoff may be toxic to the biota inhabiting these waters. This study evaluated the effects of contaminants in South Florida canals draining into Biscayne Bay on the estuarine grass shrimp (Palaemonetes intermedius), a representative invertebrate species. Results of surface water analysis for pesticides indicated that eight pesticides out of 52 analyzed were detected. The herbicide metolachlor was found at all nine sites in the five canals sampled at concentrations up to 119 ng/L. Atrazine was detected at seven sites at concentrations up to 29 ng/L. Three organophosphate insecticides (chlorpyrifos, malathion, diazinon) were detected at three sites in two canals (Military and North). Grass shrimp from these three sites showed significantly reduced levels of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme as compared to control shrimp. These two canals are similar in the land use areas drained--urban and suburban and agriculture. The results suggest that monitoring organisms for AChE levels can be a means of detecting exposure to organophosphorus pesticide contamination.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1997

Developmental toxicity of three carrier solvents using embryos of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio.

Embryos of the grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) have shown sensitivity to the water soluble fraction of number 2 fuel oil. To determine the possible use of carrier solvents in grass shrimp bioassays, detailed concentration-response experiments for ethanol (EtOH), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and acetone were performed and LC50 values were obtained using two test methods. The 4-d assay included development prior to the time of hatch through the time of hatch, a critical life stage of these embryos. The 12-d assay included development from the tissue cap stage embryos (late gastrula) through two days post-hatch. The average 4-d LC50s for EtOH, DMSO, and acetone were 12.07, 22.57, and 6.78 g/L, whereas the average 12-d LC50s were 3.63, 12.33, and 6.94 g/L, respectively. The coefficient of variation for each test was less than 25.2%. Based on concentration-response curves, the maximum allowable limit of EtOH, DMSO, and acetone to be used as a carrier in the grass shrimp embryo toxicity studies should be <1, <6, and <4 g/L, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Diversity of the penaeidin antimicrobial peptides in two shrimp species.

Penaeidins, a unique family of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with both proline and cysteine-rich domains, were initially identified in the hemolymph of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Described here are the results of an investigation of penaeidin diversity in individual shrimp from two species, L. vannamei and L. setiferus (Atlantic white shrimp). We report the discovery of a novel penaeidin class, designated penaeidin 4 present in both L. vannamei and L. setiferus, and that all penaeidin classes were expressed in a single individual. In addition, nearly all penaeidins, regardless of class, shared an identical leader sequence while differing dramatically in the remainder of the peptide. Several new class 3 isoforms were identified, as well as sequence variants of Lv3a, which differ in the 3' untranslated region. Penaeidin sequence variability (especially of class 3), within and between individuals, is not interpretable as simple allelic polymorphism and may reflect alternate transcriptional mechanisms. Penaeidins are encoded by a small number of genetic loci and are not likely representatives of a large gene family produced by whole gene duplication, but rather may be products of a multi-component locus. Based on phylogenetic analysis, penaeidins fall into three classes where 1 and 2 are combined while classes 3 and 4 remain distinct. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that all classes of penaeidin were likely present in both species prior to speciation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Colorado river floods, droughts, and shrimp fishing in the upper gulf of California, Mexico.

Accurate procedures that measure hydrologic variability would have great value for evaluating ecosystem impacts of upstream water use in the Colorado River Basin. Many local extractive income-based stakeholders rely directly or indirectly on ecosystem health and are adversely affected when the river does not flow. This study focuses on the impact of little or no Colorado River flow on the Mexican shrimp industry. Although there have been complaints that U.S. diversions of Colorado River flow have greatly impaired the shrimp fishery, this research demonstrates that freshwater rarely reaches the Gulf even during times of flooding, and that other factors such as overfishing may influence the instability of shrimp populations. Advanced very-high-resolution radiometer (AVHRR) satellite imagery was used to assess water volumes diverted away from the channel of the Colorado River and ultimately the Gulf of California during flooding periods. Analysis of data demonstrated that little freshwater actually reaches the Gulf even during floods because of its diversion into a large dry lake bed basin known as Laguna Salada. Fuller use of the Colorado River throughout its entire course to the sea is possible and could benefit a large cohort of users without catastrophic habitat destruction in delta ecosystems. Reconstruction of a natural earthen berm, as proposed by Ducks Unlimited, would maximize the use of floodwaters for ecosystem benefits. These findings have profound implications for local economic activities dependent on hydrologic resources in the Colorado River Delta and Upper Gulf.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

An antifungal chitinase produced by Bacillus cereus with shrimp and crab shell powder as a carbon source.

The production of inexpensive chitinolytic enzymes is an element in the utilization of shellfish processing wastes. In this study, shrimp and crab shell powder prepared by treating shrimp and crab processing wastes with boiling and crushing was used as a substrate for the isolation of an antifungal chitinase-producing microorganism. Bacillus cereus YQ 308, a strain isolated from the soil samples, excreted one chitinase when cultured in a medium containing 2% (wt/vol) shrimp and crab shell powder as major carbon source. The chitinase, purified by sequential chromatography, had an Mr of 48 kDa and pI of 5.2. The purified chitinase (2 mg/ml) inhibited the hyphal extension of the fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium ultimum.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Changes in caridac output and hemolymph flow during hypoxic exposure in the gravid grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio.

The cardiovascular response of decapod crustaceans to hypoxic exposure is well documented; however, information is limited concerning the influence of reproductive state on cardiovascular demands during hypoxic exposure. Given the additional metabolic demand of reproduction, we investigated the cardiovascular adjustments employed by gravid grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio to maintain oxygen delivery during hypoxic stress. Cardiac output values were elevated in gravid compared to nongravid grass shrimp. Gravid grass shrimp were exposed to hypoxia and the stroke volume, heart rate, cardiac output and hemolymph flow were determined using video-microscopy and dimensional analysis. Oxygen consumption rates were determined using respirometry. There where no changes in the cardiac output values of gravid females until reaching 6.8 kPa O2, with a significant redistribution of hemolymph flow at 13.7 kPa O2. Flow was significantly decreased to the anterior lateral arteries that supply the ovaries and hepatopancreas, the anterior aorta and the posterior aorta. The redistribution of hemolymph flow away from these vessels results in an enhanced hemolymph flow to the sternal artery that supplies the ventral segmental system, the gills, the buccal apparatus and the ventral nerve cord. The data suggest that during hypoxic stress, gravid females place a priority on survival.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Survival of deep-sea shrimp (Alvinocaris sp.) during decompression and larval hatching at atmospheric pressure.

We report successful larval hatching of deep-sea shrimp after decompression to atmospheric pressure. Three specimens of deep-sea shrimp were collected from an ocean depth of 1157 m at cold-seep sites off Hatsushima Island in Sagami Bay, Japan, using a pressure-stat aquarium system. Phylogenetic analysis of Alvinocaris sp. based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit gene sequences confirmed that these species were a member of the genus Alvinocaris. All 3 specimens survived to reach atmospheric pressure conditions after stepwise 63-day decompression. Two of the specimens contained eggs, which hatched after 10 and 16 days, respectively, of full decompression. Although no molting of the shrimp larvae was observed during 74 days of rearing under atmospheric pressure, the larvae developed conventional dark-adapted eyes after 15 days.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Isolation and mapping of telomeric pentanucleotide (TAACC)n repeats of the Pacific whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, using fluorescence in situ hybridization.

To develop genetic and physical maps for shrimp, accurate information on the actual number of chromosomes and a large number of genetic markers is needed. Previous reports have shown two different chromosome numbers for the Pacific whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, the most important penaeid shrimp species cultured in the Western hemisphere. Preliminary results obtained by direct sequencing of clones from a Sau3A-digested genomic library of P. vannamei ovary identified a large number of (TAACC/GGTTA)-containing SSRs. The objectives of this study were to (1) examine the frequency of (TAACC)n repeats in 662 P. vannamei genomic clones that were directly sequenced, and perform homology searches of these clones, (2) confirm the number of chromosomes in testis of P. vannamei, and (3) localize the TAACC repeats in P. vannamei chromosome spreads using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Results for objective 1 showed that 395 out of the 662 clones sequenced contained single or multiple SSRs with three or more repeat motifs, 199 of which contained variable tandem repeats of the pentanucleotide (TAACC/GGTTA)n, with 3 to 14 copies per sequence. The frequency of (TAACC)n repeats in P. vannamei is 4.68 kb for SSRs with five or more repeat motifs. Sequence comparisons using the BLASTN nonredundant and expressed sequence tag (EST) databases indicated that most of the TAACC-containing clones were similar to either the core pentanucleotide repeat in PVPENTREP locus (GenBank accession no. X82619) or portions of 28S rRNA. Transposable elements (transposase for Tn1000 and reverse transcriptase family members), hypothetical or unnamed protein products, and genes of known function such as 18S and 28S rRNAs, heat shock protein 70, and thrombospondin were identified in non-TAACC-containing clones. For objective 2, the meiotic chromosome number of P. vannamei was confirmed as N = 44. For objective 3, four FISH probes (P1 to P4) containing different numbers of TAACC repeats produced positive signals on telomeres of P. vannamei chromosomes. A few chromosomes had positive signals interstitially. Probe signal strength and chromosome coverage differed in the general order of P1>P2>P3>P4, which correlated with the length of TAACC repeats within the probes: 83, 66, 35, and 30 bp, respectively, suggesting that the TAACC repeats, and not the flanking sequences, produced the TAACC signals at chromosome ends and TAACC is likely the telomere sequence for P. vannamei.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Use of Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in Penaeid Shrimp.

A rapid and reliable polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed for the detection of infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) in penaeid shrimp. The oligonucleotide primers amplify a 1681-bp fragment of IHHNV, which encompasses the coding sequence for one of the viral coat proteins. The PCR method detects IHHNV in hemolymph and homogenized tissue obtained from the cephalothorax or pleopods of infected shrimp. The technique was also successfully applied to tissue samples preserved in 70% ethanol. The correct size fragment was amplified using IHHNV obtained from six different geographic regions in three different species of penaeid shrimp. No DNA extraction method was necessary for this technique. The use of hemolymph or pleopods provides a nondestructive screening method by which to test juveniles and adult broodstock for the presence of IHHNV.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Ecological risk assessment of abandoned shrimp ponds in southern Thailand.

The potential ecological risks associated with contaminants from 15 abandoned shrimp ponds in southern Thailand were assessed at the screening level. Shrimp ponds reported as out of production for more than 2 years were selected as sampling sites. The assessment endpoint was identified as the protection of aquatic life from hazard of multiple agents or stressors in water or sediment from the ponds. The measurement endpoints were amount of toxic phytoplankton species, Yellow Head Viruses, SEMB viruses, oxytetracycline, cadmium, copper, and manganese. Data from field measurements and laboratory analyses obtained primarily from April to June 2003 were used in the risk analysis. The results showed that insignificant amounts of stressors were present, except for the metals. So, only concentration values of the metals were used in the calculation of hazard quotients (HQ) for risk characterization. The highest potential ecological risk characterized by the highest HQ value observed for each metal was 19 for manganese, 4.3 for cadmium, and 1.8 for copper. These findings indicated a need for further ecological risk assessment at a more detailed level to focus on the bioavailability and effects of metals from abandoned shrimp farms, with manganese the highest priority.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Rickettsial and mollicute infections in hepatopancreatic cells of cultured Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei).

Infections by multiple species of bacteria occurred in hepatopancreatic epithelial cells of cultured Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Grossly, hepatopancreases of moribund shrimp were pale white. Light microscopically, hepatopancreatic tubules appeared atrophied and were associated with granulomas. Examination by scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed heavy cytoplasmic infections by three forms of microorganisms: (1) a rickettsia-like bacterium, (2) a helical form of a mollicute-like bacterium, and (3) a filamentous mollicute-like bacterium. The rod-shaped rickettsia (900 nm long by 300 nm wide) appeared to be free in the cytoplasm and had both a plasma membrane and a cell wall. Neither form of mollicute possessed a cell wall. The helical mollicute was blunt at its wide end (about 260 nm in diameter) where it contained electron-lucent bodies. Helical turns along its tapered axis resembled those of a spiroplasma (the only helical form of mycoplasma in the class Mollicutes) or a spirochete. The helical bacterium did not possess periplasmic flagella characteristic of spirochetes, which lends support to its being a type of spiroplasma. The filamentous mollicute consisted of masses of short, branched filaments 60 nm wide with intermittent spherical dilations and terminal blebs on the branches. The presumed mollicutes have not been reported previously in crustaceans. Each bacterium, or concurrent infections of the bacteria, are pathogenic to cultured shrimp, could impact culture operations and thus deserve more study.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunostimulation of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) hemocytes for generation of microbicidal substances: analysis of reactive oxygen species.

NBT staining was used to determine the presence of superoxide anions (O2-) produced by tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) hemocytes attached to a coverslip. When cells were treated with beta-glucan, blue granules were observed in 41% of studied hemocyte cytoplasm. For zymosan-treated, PMA-treated, and control cells, the percentages of hemocytes showing similar blue granules were 31, 9, and 5%, respectively. A comparison of stimulative effects on 15 hemocyte suspensions, each collected from a single tiger shrimp, showed that beta-glucan had the strongest effect on intracellular O2- generation, followed by zymosan and PMA (2.5, 2, and 1.3 times greater than the O2- generated by the control group, respectively). After oxidizing phenol red to measure the amounts of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produced by the hemocytes, we found that beta-glucan had the strongest stimulative effect (12.2 nmol/mg protein), followed by zymosan and PMA (7.2 and 2.6 nmol/mg, respectively). However, a luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence analysis of hypochlorites (OCl-) produced by the experimental hemocytes showed that neither zymosan nor beta-glucan had a stimulative effect on OCl- production. However, following PMA stimulation, hemocyte chemiluminescence was detected although only at 1.7 mV. Using H2O2 as substrate and guaiacol as an electron acceptor, the enzyme activity of crude enzyme extract derived from broken hemocytes was analyzed; enzyme activity similar to that of human myeloperoxidase (MPO) (0.104 U/mg protein) was observed. The data showed that only PMA had any stimulative effect on MPO-like enzyme activity (2.23 times that of the control group); zymosan and beta-glucan did not have any observable effects on this specific enzyme activity. This is the first documented demonstration of a respiratory burst in shrimp hemocytes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evidence for circulating hemocyte proliferation in the shrimp Penaeus japonicus.

We have observed by flow cytometric analysis that a small but consistent percentage of circulating hemocytes in phases S, G2 and M of the cell cycle can be detected in Penaeus japonicus. Significantly increased percentages of proliferating hemocytes (approximately three-fold increase) were observed after stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), p43 (an immunosuppressive lymphocyte mitogenic protein produced by Candida albicans) and a combination of LPS and p43. Moreover, an approximately six-fold increase in the percentage of proliferating hemocytes was also observed in animals infected with Fusarlum opp., as compared to non-infected shrimps. Furthermore, [3H] thymidine uptake in circulating hemocytes was 26 times greater in LPS stimulated than in non-stimulated shrimps. The present study suggests that circulating hemocytes of the shrimp P. japonicus can divide in vivo and that proliferation can be increased significantly after mitogenic or infectious stimulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Tolerance to cadmium and cadmium-binding ligands in Great Salt Lake brine shrimp (Artemia salina).

Information on the accumulation of cadmium in cytosolic proteins of Great Lake brine shrimp (Artemia salina) was obtained from animals collected directly from the lake and also from animal hatched and maintained in three sublethal concentrations of cadmium (0.5, 2.0, 5.0 ppm) in saltwater aquaria. Brine shrimp growth under these conditions was monitored by measuring body lengths during a 7-day exposure period. Heat-stable, cadmium-binding ligands were isolated and identified by Sephadex G-75 chromatography and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Cadmium was found to be equally distributed between high and low molecular weight proteins in animals collected from the lake and the 0.5 ppm cadmium group. There was also a slight growth stimulation noted in the 0.5-pm group. Higher cadmium incorporation was noted in low molecular weight fractions with increasing cadmium concentration in the exposure media. Low molecular weight fractions were also found to have high uv absorption characteristics at 250 nm and low absorption at 280 nm. Molecular weight of the cadmium-binding ligands was found to be 11,000 as estimated by the gel filtration method. De novo synthesis of this protein was increased as a function of cadmium concentration in the media. However, slow accumulation of cadmium in other protein fractions was also noticed in higher cadmium exposure groups, suggesting the existence of possible tolerance mechanisms in brine shrimp exposed to suspected acute cadmium concentrations.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) evaluation of 4-hexylresorcinol for use as a processing aid for prevention of melanosis in shrimp.

4-Hexylresorcinol (C12H18O2) is proposed for use as a processing aid for prevention of melanosis ("black spot") in shrimp and as an alternative to the currently approved sulfites. A safety evaluation was conducted to affirm, based upon scientific procedures, the generally recognized as safe ("GRAS") status of 4-hexylresorcinol for proposed use. The GRAS safety evaluation compiled, reviewed, and analyzed data on the following areas: chemical identity, analytical methodology, historical and proposed uses, functionality, and safety. The publicly available safety data on 4-hexylresorcinol cover a broad range of potential toxicity concerns including acute and subacute toxicity, subchronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and allergenicity. These studies, along with the aforementioned data, demonstrate that 4-hexylresorcinol presents no risk of toxicity at the levels proposed for treatment of shrimp, and the use of 4-hexylresorcinol as a processing aid to prevent melanosis in shrimp is GRAS.

Animals↗