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PubMed2005

[Analysis of saponins from panax notoginseng using pressurized solvent extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrum].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for qualitative analysis of saponins from Panax notoginseng using pressurized solvent extraction coupled with LC-ESI-MS. METHODS: The PSE technology was applied to the process of extraction for Panax notoginseng, and the negative ion detection and multiple reaction monitoring model were used. The saponins were investigated based on total ion chromatogram (TIC) and MRM chromatogram. RESULTS: According to the fragment character of saponins, the molecular weight and their structures could be identified. CONCLUSION: The method can be used for qualitative analysis of saponins from Panax notoginseng.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1991

[Separation and identification of main medicinal saponin components from mass cell cultures of Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen].

Five main saponins were separated from the cell cultures of Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen. They were sanchinoside Rb1, Re, R1, Rg1 and Rh1 identified by TLC, HPLC, IR, M. P., 13CNMR and EI-MS. Saponin components of the cell cultures were almost the same as those of the cultivated plants. But the content of saponins was different between the cell cultures and the cultivated plants. Saponin extraction and separation procedure suitable for the cell cultures has to be different from that for the cultivated plants.

Medicine, Chinese Traditional↗
PubMed1991

Antifungal activity and mode of action of saponins from Madhuca butyracea Macb.

The antifungal activity of saponins isolated as a byproduct from the defatted cake of M. butyracea oil seed is reported. The inhibitory concentrations against plant pathogenic fungi ranged from 500 to 2000 ppm. Maximum sensitivity to saponins was shown by Penicillium expansum. Cephalosporium acrimonium, Helminthosporium oryzae and Trichoderma viride. The saponins caused leakage of cell components and underwent degradation by fungus, Trichoderma viride. The usefulness of saponins as antimycotic agents is discussed.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Calendula arvensis L. Impact of saponins on toxicity, hemolytic effect, and anti-inflammatory activity].

The study of the chemical composition of Calendula arvensis var. eu arvensis Maire reveals the presence of saponins. These saponins confer a haemolytic property on the plant. In our work we have, first determined the saponin responsible for the haemolytic property; and then we have studied the impact of the saponins on the acute toxicity and the anti-inflammatory activity induced by carrhageenin oedema.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Reevaluation, using marker enzymes, of the ability of saponin and ammonium chloride to free Plasmodium from infected erythrocytes.

Saponin and ammonium chloride lysis have been applied for some time to the separation of erythrocyte membranes from malarial-infected erythrocytes, allowing easy isolation of the parasites. We present a reevaluation of the use of saponin and ammonium chloride as tools for isolating Plasmodium (knowlesi or falciparum) parasites. Acetylcholine esterase (EC 3.1.1.7) was used as an erythrocyte membrane marker and CDP-choline: 1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.2) as a parasite membrane marker to monitor fractionation by these agents. Both saponin and ammonium chloride produced hemolysis of uninfected and infected erythrocytes, but failed to separate host erythrocyte membrane from the parasite, regardless of its stage. Thus, saponin and ammonium chloride can be used to isolate whole infected erythrocytes, depleted of hemoglobin, by selective disruption of uninfected cells.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1995

[Effects of Chinese ginseng root and stem-leaf saponins on learning, memory and biogenic monoamines of brain in rats].

The present investigation has shown that Ginseng root saponins (ig, 50mg/kg x 7d) facilitate the learning and memory of normal male Wistar rats, while the effect of Ginseng stem-leaf saponins (ig, 50mg/kg x 7d) on antielectrconvulsive shock-induced impairment of memory consolidation in rats is more intensive than that of root saponins. Both Ginseng root and stem-leaf saponins can significantly raise the levels of biogenic monoamines in normal rat's brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Microbiological assay for saponin in alfalfa products.

A bioassay is described for determining medicagenin-type saponin in dried alfalfa, leaf protein concentrates, and alfalfa sprouts. Samples are extracted by refluxing 2 1/2 hr with 50% ethanol, ethanol is evaporated, and aliquots of an aqueous solution are added to potato dextrose agar (PDA) and assayed for saponin by using the fungus Trichoderma viride. The growth of the fungus on PDA is compared with a standard saponin, and saponin levels are calculated by means of a slope ratio analysis.

Biological Assay↗
PubMed1997

[Effect of caffeine and theophylline on Ca2+ sensitivity of troponin and Ca2+ release from SR in saponin-skinned rat cardiac muscle].

Cell membrane of cardiac muscle fiber (rat right ventricular papillary muscle) was chemically skinned (permeability of membrane increased) by treatment with saponin at low concentration (50 micrograms/ml), while the function of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was preserved. The strength of rigor contraction of the skinned fiber was used as a semi-quantitative index of the ability of SR to release Ca2+. When treated with saponin at high concentration (500 micrograms/ml), both sarcolemma and membrane of SR were skinned. Tension-pCa relationship and the Ca2+ concentration required for producing 50% of maximum Ca(2+)-activated tension (pCa50) were respectively taken as qualitative and quantitative index of Ca2+ sensitivity of troponin (TN). The results showed: (1) In low saponin skinned fiber, 5 and 10 mmol/L caffeine respectively produced 89.2 +/- 12.7 and 142.5 +/- 17 mg (n = 4) rigor contraction, 5 mmol/L theophylline did not have this effect. (2) In high saponin skinned fiber 5 mmol/L theophylline, 5 and 10 mmol/L caffeine shifted the tension-pCa relationship curve to the left, pCa50 respectively increased by 0.212, 0.261 and 0.274 pCa units. These results suggest that caffeine and theophylline increase the Ca2+ sensitivity of TN and caffeine can also induce Ca2+ release from SR.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The inhibitory effect of ginseng saponins on the stress-induced plasma interleukin-6 level in mice.

The effect of ginseng saponins on plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) in non-stressed and immobilization-stressed mice were investigated. Ginseng total saponins, ginsenosides Rb2, Rg1 and Rd administered intraperitoneally attenuated the immobilization stress-induced increase in plasma IL-6 level. But, intracerebroventricular injection of each ginsenoside did not affect plasma IL-6 level induced by immobilization stress. Ginsenosides Rb2, Rd and Rg1 significantly decreased norepinephrine and/or epinephrine-induced increase of IL-6 level in macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). Thus, it can be suggested that the inhibitory action of ginseng saponins against the immobilization stress-induced increase of plasma IL-6 level would be in periphery; at least in part, mediated by blocking norepinephrine- and/or epinephrine-induced increase of IL-6 level in macrophage rather than in the brain. Ginseng saponins might be proposed as a possible candidate in the research or therapeutic modulation of stress-related disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Alfalfa Saponins and Their Implication in Animal Nutrition.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is of immense importance as livestock fodder for both developed and lesser developed countries as it contains a high amount of protein, and yield of dry matter is also very high. The main antinutritional components present in this plant are saponins, and their unfavorable effects on animal performance have restricted the optimum use of this high-protein plant as an animal feed. The occurrence, chemistry, analysis, and consequences of intake of alfalfa saponins are reviewed. The information synthesized may lead to planning of more detailed studies on isolation and characterization of saponins and sapogenins to gain a better understanding of the biological activities of the aglycon and carbohydrate moieties of saponins.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Triterpenoid Saponins from Anemone flaccida.

From the rhizome of ANEMONE FLACCIDA Fr. Schmidt, used in Chinese folk medicine, four saponins of oleanolic acid-A,B,C,D were isolated. By means of spectroscopy and chemical transformation, saponins A, B, and D were identified as 3- O-[alpha- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha- L-arabinopyrasyl]-oleanolic acid, 3- O-[alpha- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta- D-xylopyranosyl]-oleanolic acid, and 3- O-[alpha- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta- D-glucopyranosyl]-oleanolic acid. These three saponins are known compounds but isolated from ANEMONE plants for the first time. Saponin C was elucidated as 3- O-[beta- D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta- D-xylopyranosy1]-oleanolic acid, which has not been reported in the literature before, and is named as flaccidoside I.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Effects of dietary quillaja saponin and curcumin on the performance and immune status of weaned piglets.

The objective of this study was to determine whether dietary quillaja saponin and curcumin (extract of turmeric) can modify piglet immune status and performance immediately after weaning. Piglets (n = 192) were weaned at 29 +/- 0.1 d and allocated to treatment (six replicates of eight pig per treatment) accounting for weight, litter, and gender, using a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were diets with or without (as-fed basis) quillaja saponin (750 mg/kg during wk 1, 300 mg/kg during wk 2 to 3) and with or without dietary curcumin (200 mg/kg). Diets were fed ad libitum for 20 d after weaning. Feed intake was measured daily. Piglets were weighed at weaning, d 7, 14, and 20 after weaning. On each of d 6 and 20 after weaning, eight pigs per treatment were sacrificed for blood and tissue collection. Treatment had no effect on piglet growth. The ADFI and G:F were similar for all treatments between d 0 and 14 of the trial. Between d 15 and 20, ADFI and G:F were lower in quillaja-supplemented piglets (ADFI = 621 vs. 572 g/d; G:F = 0.75 vs. 0.85; P < 0.05). Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA, interferon-gamma, and C-reactive protein (CRP) did not differ among treatments on d 6 after weaning. On d 20, IgG and CRP were greater (P < 0.05) in saponin-supplemented pigs (IgG = 17.5 vs. 11.4 mg/mL; CRP = 26.98 vs. 12.5 mg/mL). Small intestine villus and crypt measurements did not differ among treatments on either d 6 or 20. Saponin supplementation during the postweaning period seemed to potentiate an immune response in the weaned piglet but had a detrimental effect on the utilization of feed. Dietary curcumin had no influence on any measured aspect of pig performance or immune status.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

[The modulating effect of panax pseudoginseng wall saponins on the DAG-PKC signal pathway and TNF secretion of macrophages].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the roles of panax pseudoginseng wall saponins on the DAG-PKC signal pathway and TNF secretion of macrophages. METHODS: The changes of the activities of postburn inositol lipid signal system factors such as PLC, DAG, cytomembrane PKC, cytoplasma PKC, and intracellular calcium concentration and the secretory amount of macrophage TNF were observed. RESULTS: Panax pseudoginseng wall saponins could reduce the increased PLC activity from 57.58 +/- 8.19 to 27.00 +/- 2.31 and the intracellular calcium concentration from 393.18 +/- 392.62 to 90.56 +/- 7.21. With the role of panax pseudoginseng wall saponins, DAG activity reduced from 488.10 +/- 40.20 to 288.30 +/- 30.00, cytomembrane PKC activity decreased from 3081.50 +/- 698.50 to 1699.50 +/- 218.50, and cytoplasmic PKC activity from 2 188.60 +/- 258.30 to 848.40 +/- 138.30. The secretory TNF amount of macrophage decreased by 55%. CONCLUSION: Panax pseudoginseng wall saponins might play an very important role in the modulating of the DAG-PKC signal pathway and decreased TNF secretion of macrophage.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Preparation and characterisation of quillaja saponin with less heterogeneity than Quil-A.

Immunisation against pathogens remains one of the most effective ways of preventing or reducing losses due to infectious diseases in animal husbandry. When inactivated vaccines are used, adjuvants are most often required to obtain satisfactory immune responses. One such type of adjuvant is saponin derived from the bark of Quillaja saponaria Molina, a tree of the rose family. A few different commercial sources exist, but due to the structural complexity and heterogeneity of these saponin preparations, it has been difficult to establish exactly which components are responsible for the adjuvant activity. By carefully selecting the bark source, we have succeeded in preparing a much less heterogeneous preparation of quillaja saponin. In this report we describe the preparation, in terms of structural complexity, hemolytic activity, adjuvant activity, and its ability to form ISCOM matrix. This new preparation could have implications for use per se, or as starting material for more effective preparation of pure substances.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1999

Mechanism of antiviral activity of triterpenoid saponins.

Triterpenoid saponins are naturally occurring sugar conjugates of triterpenes possessing various biological activities, including antiviral action. Two substances isolated from natural sources were tested against herpes simplex virus type 1 replication. They did not show evidence of cytotoxicity under antiviral test conditions. The triterpenoid saponin, isolated from a Brazilian plant (s21), represents the oleanane group and inhibited herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA synthesis. The triterpenoid saponin, isolated from a Chinese plant (s17), represents the ursane group and seemed to inhibit viral capsid protein synthesis of herpes simplex virus type 1.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Anti-elastase and anti-hyaluronidase activities of saponins and sapogenins from Hedera helix, Aesculus hippocastanum, and Ruscus aculeatus: factors contributing to their efficacy in the treatment of venous insufficiency.

Triterpene and steroid saponins and sapogenins of medicinal plants (Aesculus hippocastanum L., Hedera helix L., Ruscus aculeatus L.) are claimed to be effective for the treatment/prevention of venous insufficiency. In this work we evaluated the inhibitory effects of these plant constituents on the activity of elastase and hyaluronidase, the enzyme systems involved in the turnover of the main components of the perivascular amorphous substance. The results evidence that for Hedera helix L., the sapogenins only non-competitively inhibit hyaluronidase activity in a dose-dependent fashion, showing comparable IC50 values (hederagenin IC50 = 280.4 microM; oleanolic acid IC50 = 300.2 microM); both the saponins hederacoside C and alpha-hederin are very weak inhibitors. The same behaviour is observed for serine protease porcine pancreatic elastase: the glycosides are devoid of inhibitory action, while genins are potent competitive inhibitors (oleanolic acid IC50 = 5.1 microM; hederagenin IC50 = 40.6 microM). Constituents from Aesculus hippocastanum L. show inhibitory effects only on hyaluronidase, and this activity is mainly linked to the saponin escin (IC50 = 149.9 microM), less to its genin escinol (IC50 = 1.65 mM). By contrast, ruscogenins from Ruscus aculeatus L., ineffective on hyaluronidase activity, exhibit remarkable anti-elastase activity (IC50 = 119.9 microM; competitive inhibition). The mechanism of elastase inhibition by triterpene and steroid aglycones, with a nitroanilide derivative as substrate, is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

HPLC determination of four active saponins from Panax notoginseng in rat serum and its application to pharmacokinetic studies.

Four main active saponins (ginsenosides Rg1, Rb1, Rd and notoginsenoside R1) in Panax notoginseng in rat serum after oral and intravenous administration of total saponins of P. notoginseng (PNS) to rats were determined using a simple and sensitive high-performance chromatographic method. The serum samples were pretreated with solid-phase extraction before analysis. The calibration curves for the four saponins were linear in the given concentration ranges. The intra-day and inter-day assay coefficients in serum were less than 10.0% and the recoveries of the method were higher than 80.0% in the high, middle and low concentrations. This method was applied to study the pharmacokinetics following oral and intravenous administration of PNS.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Simultaneous determination of 11 saponins in Panax notoginseng using HPLC-ELSD and pressurized liquid extraction.

A new HPLC coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) method was developed for simultaneous determination of 11 major triterpene saponins, namely notoginsenoside R1 (1), ginsenosides Rg1 (2), Re (3), Rf(4), Rb1 (5), Rg2 (6), Rc (7), Rb2 (8), Rb3 (9), Rd (10), and Rg3 (11) in Panax notoginseng, a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was employed for sample preparation, and the analysis was achieved using a Zorbax ODS C18 column eluted with gradient water-ACN in 60 min. The drift tube temperature of ELSD was set at 60 degrees C, and nitrogen flowrate was at 1.4 L/min. The method provided good repeatability and sensitivity for quantification of 11 saponins with overall precision (including intra- and interday) and LOD of less than 2.9% (RSD) and 98 ng, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to quantify 11 saponins in 28 samples of P. notoginseng collected in different places, which is helpful to control the quality of P. notoginseng and its related products.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗