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PubMed1989

Retirement responses to social security changes.

Workers often retire at an age later than the age at which they accept Social Security benefits. This study employed a life-cycle model of individual utility to examine the effects of Social Security provisions on the timing of benefit acceptance and retirement. The behavioral responses of older workers are estimated with a two-equation logit model using data from the Retirement History Study. The results indicate that the legislated increase in the age of eligibility for full Social Security benefits beginning in the 21st century will have relatively small effects on the ages of retirement and benefit acceptance. The mandated decrease in the earnings test tax also is predicted to have only a small effect on the behavior of older persons.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1993

Change in social support after retirement: longitudinal findings from the Normative Aging Study.

Although retirement is generally thought to lead to a decline in social support due to a loss of social contacts with coworkers, the evidence for this is at best contradictory. This longitudinal study examined change in social support among 1,311 men, participants in the Veterans Administration Normative Aging Study, over a 3-year period. In general, long-term retirees reported the least quantitative social support, and the continuing full-time workers the most; however, change in workforce status produced no apparent effect on quantitative support over the duration of this study. In general, qualitative support showed no retirement effects. We also examined more specific patterns of coworker friendship and again found a pattern similar to that of general quantitative support. The findings support our earlier suggestion of a distinction between retirement as a transition and retirement as a state, and also support the convoy model of social support in late life and the selectivity theory of developmental adaptation to aging.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Retirement intentions among black professionals: implications for practice with older black adults.

This study examined the preretirement intentions of black professionals. The sample consisted of 234 blacks and was stratified by gender, age, and professional status. Based on a model developed for predicting the retirement intentions and attitudes of a sample of white professionals, six categories of independent variables (sociocultural, work history, alienation, leisure and social activities, financial planning, and plans for retirement life) were included in the analysis. Professionals who were highly committed to their work, had few financial investments, and socialized primarily with co-workers tended to avoid planning for retirement. These results have important implications for practitioners concerned with more effectively meeting the preretirement and retirement needs of older black adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Retirement patterns and employee benefits: do benefits matter?

This article investigates the impact of postretirement employee benefits on the likelihood that workers expect to retire before age 62 and age 65. Using data from the 1992 Health and Retirement Study, probit regression models were estimated to explore the effect of pension plans and retiree health insurance on the expectation of early retirement. With respect to pension plans, the effects of both the type of pension plan and the expected benefits from those plans are explored. Similar effects were explored for retiree health benefits. The results indicate that postretirement pension benefits and the availability of retiree health benefits have a significant influence on workers' retirement age expectations.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Psychological determinants of financial preparedness for retirement.

PURPOSE: Economists predict that in the coming decades an unprecedented number of American baby boomers will enter retirement lacking adequate resources. The present investigation was designed to examine the factors that influence individuals' financial preparedness for retirement. DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 230 participants each completed a multifaceted questionnaire on their own personal retirement planning practices. Structural equation modeling techniques were used to examine the relationships among individuals' personality characteristics, their financial knowledge, and financial preparedness. RESULTS: The adopted structural model revealed that both personality constructs and financial knowledge were significant predictors of pre-retirement planning. IMPLICATIONS: The findings from this study have important implications for how educational and marketing efforts should be developed for individuals who are differentially prone toward saving.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Association between recurrent concussion and late-life cognitive impairment in retired professional football players.

OBJECTIVE: Cerebral concussion is common in collision sports such as football, yet the chronic neurological effects of recurrent concussion are not well understood. The purpose of our study was to investigate the association between previous head injury and the likelihood of developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease in a unique group of retired professional football players with previous head injury exposure. METHODS: A general health questionnaire was completed by 2552 retired professional football players with an average age of 53.8 (+/-13.4) years and an average professional football playing career of 6.6 (+/- 3.6) years. A second questionnaire focusing on memory and issues related to MCI was then completed by a subset of 758 retired professional football players (> or = 50 yr of age). Results on MCI were then cross-tabulated with results from the original health questionnaire for this subset of older retirees. RESULTS: Of the former players, 61% sustained at least one concussion during their professional football career, and 24% sustained three or more concussions. Statistical analysis of the data identified an association between recurrent concussion and clinically diagnosed MCI (chi = 7.82, df = 2, P = 0.02) and self-reported significant memory impairments (chi = 19.75, df = 2, P = 0.001). Retired players with three or more reported concussions had a fivefold prevalence of MCI diagnosis and a threefold prevalence of reported significant memory problems compared with retirees without a history of concussion. Although there was not an association between recurrent concussion and Alzheimer's disease, we observed an earlier onset of Alzheimer's disease in the retirees than in the general American male population. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the onset of dementia-related syndromes may be initiated by repetitive cerebral concussions in professional football players.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Progress of work career, retirement-orientation and health in middle-aged workers.

A lifelong work career has been stated to have an influence on a worker's health and ability to work. Nevertheless, the significance of the work career has been neglected in most retirement-studies. The aim of the present study was to describe the associations between progress of the work career, the retirement-orientation, health and ability to work among aged workers. The data was obtained by a postal questionnaire and clinical examinations. The study group consisted of 706 (70%) middle-aged urban persons (383 women and 323 men), who were 55 years old and who lived in northern Finland. The state of health and ability to work were significantly better among the work-oriented than among the retirement-oriented workers and the health of the retired was the worst. Correspondingly, the state of health and ability to work were estimated to be better among the participants who advanced during their work career than among the other participants.

Career Mobility↗
PubMed2004

Ill-health retirement: a survey of decision making by occupational physicians working for local authority fire and police services.

AIMS: To investigate the effect of qualifications, experience and service on ill-health retirement decisions made by police force and fire brigade medical advisers. METHODS: Doctors advising UK fire and police authorities attending a conference were given 16 case summaries from experienced fire and police advisers and asked to predict the outcome in terms of return to work or ill-health retirement. The answers were scored by assessing whether the outcome predicted by the participant agreed with the case setter. Correlation coefficients were calculated and a kappa coefficient was determined for assessing inter-participant variation. RESULTS: Forty-seven doctors attended, 44 participated and the responses of 39 (86%) were analysed. Over half the doctors participating had held their post for less than 5 years. The majority (>50%) agreed with the case setter in 11 case summaries and in five cases the agreement was strong (>75%). The majority disagreed in five cases, with < or =80% dissenting in three cases. There was wide variation in the inter-participant variation (kappa = -0.333 to +0.5) but the total agreed score correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with experience and service as a fire or police adviser (kappa = 0.33) and ill-health retirement agreement correlated significantly with experience (kappa = 0.49). There was no correlation between the level of qualification and total correct decisions. CONCLUSIONS: Whilst we found general agreement overall, our results suggest that there is inconsistency in ill-health retirement decision making by police and fire service medical advisers in certain cases. Experience appears to improve the likelihood of agreement in decision making.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Change in blood pressure and total cholesterol with retirement.

This study examines change in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and total serum cholesterol over a three-year span in two groups of men aged 55-74 years at follow-up: 1) 262 men who were working at baseline but retired at follow-up, and 2) 409 age peers who remained employed at both measurement times. Measures were obtained from medical examinations conducted since the early 1970s as part of the prospective Veterans Administration Normative Aging Study in Boston. Regression analyses showed an average increase of 3.44 mmHg in systolic blood pressure, 1.62 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure, and 5.56 mg/dl in cholesterol for retirees compared with workers. The relative increases in the blood pressure variables were statistically significant. However, a logistic regression analysis did not show a greater incidence of hypertension among retirees compared with workers. The odds ratio, standardized for baseline blood pressure, body mass index, and age, was 0.90 (95 per cent confidence interval 0.56-1.45). Among retirees only, analyses of covariance showed that levels of blood pressure and cholesterol were comparable from one six-month interval to the next in the three years preceding and following retirement. Overall, the effects of retirement were not of sufficient magnitude to conclude that retirement had a clinically significant impact on blood pressure or cholesterol.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Does having more time after retirement change the demand for physician services?

Various aspects of the demand for ambulatory services of physicians have been studied by researchers, but so far the effect of increased availability of nonwork time due to retirement on demand has not been examined. This study investigated whether discouraging early retirement (which was the intent of the 1983 Amendments to the Social Security Act) will reduce the use of medical services because persons who continue to work have less time than retirees for visits to doctors. This study found that, for men whose health does not interfere with work and who have had no in-hospital care in the study year, retirement does not increase the demand for ambulatory services when compared with being a part-time or full-time employee. However, compared with full-time self-employment, retirement increases the probability of using any physician services in the year by 14% and the number of physician visits by two visits. Although the self-employed have more control over their work time than employees, they may be more affected than employees by the loss of output and earnings associated with absence from the workplace.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Firefighter heart presumption retirements in Massachusetts 1997-2004.

OBJECTIVE: "Heart Presumption" legislation is common throughout North America. We sought to study Massachusetts firefighters retiring with heart disability awards. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective review of Massachusetts firefighters: 362 receiving Heart Presumption pensions (1997-2004) and a comparison group of 310 professionally active firefighters. RESULTS: Of retirements, 77% were due to coronary heart disease and 23% for other cardiovascular conditions. Only 42% of the retirements were related to discrete on-duty events. Fire suppression (odds ratio = 51, 95% confidence interval = 12-223) and alarm response (odds ratio = 6.4, 95% confidence interval = 2.5-17) were associated with markedly higher risks of duty-related heart retirement events than nonemergency activities. Cardiovascular risk factor prevalence was high among all retiree subgroups and significantly greater than among control firefighters in almost all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Our study supports calls for improved cardiovascular prevention and risk reduction strategies among firefighters.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1995

Employment, retirement and elderly persons with an intellectual disability.

A national Australian study of people with an intellectual disability of 55 years of age and over investigated their employment and retirement patterns, attitudes to work and retirement, and the degree to which they were involved in leisure or recreational programmes. Two cohorts were recruited: one included all known members of the target group who agreed to participate in the study in the states of Queensland and Western Australia; and the second was a proportional, random sample drawn from a national database on a state population basis. A large number of the participants had never been involved in full- or part-time employment, either in a competitive or supported environment, or in workshops. The majority of those who had worked expressed strong positive attitudes toward employment and concern about retirement, suggesting the need for pre-retirement programmes including transition and choice-making skills to prepare participants for the future.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Propensity for osteoarthritis and lower limb joint pain in retired professional soccer players.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the prevalence of osteoarthritis and the severity of pain in the lower limb joints of players retired from English professional soccer. METHOD: An anonymous self administered questionnaire was distributed to 500 former players registered with the English Professional Footballers' Association. The questionnaire was designed to gather information on personal details, physical activity loading patterns, history of lower limb joint injury, and current medical condition of the lower limb joints. RESULTS: Of 500 questionnaires distributed, 185 (37%) were returned. Nearly half of the respondents (79: 47%) retired because of injury; 42% (33) were acute injuries and 58% (46) chronic injuries. Most of the acute injuries that led to early retirement were of the knee (15: 46%), followed by the ankle (7: 21%) and lower back (5: 15%). Most of the chronic injuries that led to early retirement were also of the knee (17: 37%), followed by the lower back (10: 22%) and the hip (4: 9%). Of all respondents, 32% (59) had been medically diagnosed with osteoarthritis in at least one of the lower limb joints. More respondents had been diagnosed with osteoarthritis in the knee joints than either the ankle or the hip joints. Significantly (p<0.001) more respondents reported pain in one lower extremity joint during one or more daily activities than those who did not (joint pain: 137, 80%; no joint pain: 35, 20%). CONCLUSION: The risk for professional soccer players of osteoarthritis in at least one of the lower extremity joints is very high and significantly greater than for the general population. The results support the suggestion that professional soccer players should be provided with health surveillance during their playing career.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

Retrospective analysis of census data on general practitioners who qualified in South Asia: who will replace them as they retire?

OBJECTIVES: To determine the number and geographical distribution of general practitioners in the NHS who qualified medically in South Asia and to project their numbers as they retire. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of yearly data and projection of future trends. SETTING: England and Wales. SUBJECTS: General practitioners who qualified medically in the countries of Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka and who were practising in the NHS on 1 October 1992. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportion and age of general practitioners who qualified in South Asia by health authority; the Benzeval and Judge measure of population need at the health authority level. RESULTS: 4192 of 25 333 (16.5%) of all unrestricted general practitioners practising full time on 1 October 1992 qualified in South Asian medical schools. The proportion varied by health authority from 0.007% to 56.5%. Roughly two thirds who were practising in 1992 will have retired by 2007; in some health authorities this will represent a loss of one in four general practitioners. The practices that these doctors will leave seem to be in relatively deprived areas as measured by deprivation payments and a health authority measure of population need. CONCLUSION: Many general practitioners who qualified in South Asian medical schools will retire within the next decade. The impact will vary greatly by health authority. Those health authorities with the greatest number of such doctors are in some of the most deprived areas in the United Kingdom and have experienced the most difficulty in filling vacancies. Various responses will be required by workforce planners to mitigate the impact of these retirements.

Asia↗
PubMed2004

An occupational health intervention programme for workers at risk for early retirement; a randomised controlled trial.

AIMS: To evaluate an occupational health intervention programme for workers at risk for early retirement. METHODS: Between April 1997 and May 1998, 116 employees of a large company who were older than 50 years indicated that they would not be able to work up to their retirement. They were randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 61) or control group (n = 55). The intervention programme lasted six months and was executed by an occupational physician. Job position and number of sick leave days after two years were collected from the company's computer database. A questionnaire was sent to the employees at baseline, after six months, and after two years; it included the Work Ability Index, the Utrecht Burn Out Scale, and the Nottingham Health Profile measuring quality of life. RESULTS: Fewer employees (11%) in the intervention group retired early than in the control group (28%). The total average number of sick leave days in two years was 82.3 for the intervention group and 107.8 for the control group. Six months after baseline, employees in the intervention group had better work ability, less burnout, and better quality of life than employees in the control group. Two years after randomisation no differences between the two groups were found. CONCLUSIONS: This occupational health intervention programme proved to be a promising intervention in the prevention of early retirement.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Relation between job mobility during working life and health state after retirement: a cross sectional study of 627 subjects living in the Paris area.

The relation between job mobility during working life and health state after retirement was studied in a random sample of 627 retired men and women living in the Paris area who were beneficiaries of an interprofessional supplementary pension fund. State of health was evaluated by the number of health impairments that these subjects reported at the time of interview. Job mobility was defined by a dichotomic variable based on the number of different companies and branches of economic activity in which the subjects had worked. This information was obtained from the individual records supplied by the pension fund. For both sexes, a significant relation was found between the number of health impairments and job mobility: for men, the mean number of impairments was 1.7 in the high mobility group and 1.3 in the low mobility group, and for women these numbers were respectively 2.1 and 1.7. This finding seemed independent of the effects of selection and of the effects of factors such as age at the time of interview, age at retirement, previous diseases, past work accidents, and previous occupational exposures. These results suggest that a high job mobility during working life might be a risk factor for health after retirement.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Respiratory health among retired grain elevator workers.

Previous studies of grain elevator workers have shown exposure-related increased rates for respiratory symptoms and reduced levels of lung function compared with those of other employed populations. However, some reports have suggested that this effect may be reversible after cessation of exposure. To investigate this, we conducted a respiratory health survey among 75 retired grain elevator workers and 37 retired civic workers. Methods included a standard respiratory questionnaire, routine spirometry, chest radiography, a 6-min walk test, and a specialized questionnaire to assess the impact of breathing trouble on the activities of daily life. Grain retirees were slightly older than civic retirees (69 versus 67 yr, p < 0.05) and less likely to be atopic (7 versus 35%, p < 0.01). Grain elevator retirees reported more dyspnea (44 versus 11%, p < 0.01) and had significantly lower levels for both FEV1 (78.6 versus 88.2% pred) and FVC (90.0 versus 97.7% pred) (both p < 0.05). Compared with civic retirees, grain retirees reported the same average level of breathlessness after the 6-min walk test, but they walked a significantly shorter distance (p < 0.01); they also scored higher on the impairment of activities scale and had a greater proportion of persons reporting impairment of daily activities caused by breathing trouble (p < 0.05). Comparison of the changes in lung function from 1975 to the present study (i.e., from active employment to retirement) showed that grain workers had consistently lower levels of lung function than did civic workers while still employed, with no reversibility after retirement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

A community of buddies: support groups for veterans forced into early retirement.

Ongoing support groups for veterans who have made a poor adjustment to involuntary early retirement are offered by a mental hygiene clinic in a Veterans Administration hospital. Most of the veterans have been forced to retire for medical reasons. The groups are intended to strengthen their support systems and to reduce the negative psychosocial consequences of involuntary early retirement, such as isolation, boredom, depression, and impaired social relationships. A survey of group members indicated their functioning had improved after group participation. They reported better mental health, improved social relationships, higher activity levels, and greater satisfaction with retirement.

Consumer Behavior↗