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PubMed1997

Comparison of systemic and renal hemodynamics measured by Doppler ultrasonography in canine experimental hypovolemia.

The aim of this study was to examine renal hemodynamics at the hypovolemic and recovery phases in two different hypovolemic shock models using Doppler ultrasonography, and to compare this with systemic hemodynamics. In experiment 1, the hypovolemic phase was induced in 6 mongrel dogs by removing arterial blood at 30 ml/kg for 60 min. In the recovery phase, this blood was reinfused at 30 ml/kg over 60 min. In experiment 2, hypovolemia was induced in 12 beagle dogs by rapid blood removal until blood pressure decreased to 40 mmHg and was maintained at this pressure for 30 min. Six of the dogs were then infused with 20 ml/kg hydroxyethyl starch over 5 min, and the other 6 were infused with 60 ml/kg lactated Ringer's solution also over 5 min. Parameters for systemic and renal hemodynamics were measured by using a polygraph and the Doppler method, respectively. The decrease of diastolic blood flow, resulted in an increase of vessel resistance, and was detected in the hypovolemic kidney by the Doppler method. The rapid and large volume infusion of resuscitation fluids was effective for the recovery of both systemic circulation and renal blood flow, however this induced an increase of kidney vessel resistance, a result of the autoregulation mechanism of the kidney. The changes in these parameters at the main renal artery and interlobar artery were similar.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Complications after bone marrow transplantation are manifestations of systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

Bone marrow transplantation has been established as a useful treatment for various hematological disorders and is now performed widely, but the mortality rate is still high due to various complications. A clear therapeutic policy for such complications has not yet been established because of their complex nature. We investigated whether the major complications occurring after bone marrow transplantation could be classified as aspects of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Subjects were 10 patients who developed severe complications after bone marrow transplantation (graft-versus-host disease, thrombotic microangiopathy, respiratory disorders, and cytomegalovirus interstitial pneumonitis) and 16 patients without complications. Their symptoms, serum cytokines, and factors related to vascular endothelial damage were compared before and after transplantation. Whereas all 10 patients who developed complications had fever in the aplastic phase after transplantation, 15 of the 16 patients without complications remained afebrile (P < 0.001, t-test). When compared with the patients who did not develop complications, the patients with complications also showed significantly higher cytokine levels during the recovery phase after transplantation (P < 0.0001, t-test). Thus, the patients with complications developed fever in the aplastic phase and showed an increase of cytokines during the recovery phase, which triggered the occurrence of vascular endothelial damage shown by factors such as the thrombomodulin and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. This sequence of events corresponds with that occurring during systemic inflammatory response syndrome, so many of the complications of bone marrow transplantation can be considered as manifestations of this syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Conserved function in Nicotiana tabacum of a single Drosophila hsp70 promoter heat shock element when fused to a minimal T-DNA promoter.

To demonstrate the extent of evolutionary conservation in the mechanism of induction of heat shock genes between plants and animals, the minimal sequence from the Drosophila hsp70 promoter sufficient to confer heat shock inducible transcription in tobacco was determined. Segments of the hsp70 promoter were fused to a minimal promoter of the T-DNA indole-3-acetamide hydrolase (iaaH) gene, in a chimaeric gene fusion to a neomycin phosphotransferase (NPT II) reporter gene. Sequences bearing one or more heat shock elements (HSEs) rendered the minimal promoter heat shock inducible, with a 37 bp fragment containing a single complete HSE sufficing. The induced NPT II mRNA peaked during the heat shock period, but the maximal level of NPT II activity was not observed until 4 h later in the recovery phase, showing that the translation of the NPT II mRNA was shifted from the heat shock period of the recovery phase. That similar sequences containing a single HSE of the Drosophila hsp70 promoter could function in both flies and tobacco indicates the high degree of homology between the two heat shock gene induction systems.

Amidohydrolases↗
PubMed2001

Multiple inhibitory effects of zatebradine (UL-FS 49) on the electrophysiological properties of retinal rod photoreceptors.

Effects of the bradycardiac agent zatebradine (UL-FS 49) were determined in intracellular and patch-clamp experiments of amphibian rod photoreceptors. Zatebradine (0.3-100 microM) greatly enhanced the bright-light-induced hyperpolarization of membrane potential in frog retinal rods and caused damped oscillations during the membrane potential recovery phase. In inner segments of the rod photoreceptor cells, the hyperpolarization-activated inward current ( Ih) contributes to the recovery of the photoresponse. Patch-clamp recordings from newt rod photoreceptor cells revealed that zatebradine caused use- and concentration-dependent (0.1-100 microM) inhibition of Ih: conductance was reduced without effects on the reversal potential or activation voltage. Our data confirmed that the pharmacological properties of Ih in rod photoreceptors were similar to those of Ih in cardiac myocytes. In addition, zatebradine inhibited voltage-gated outward K+ currents ( IK), but did not affect L-type Ca2+ currents ( ICa). These results are consistent with the inhibition of IK and Ih by zatebradine in other cells, and may explain the oscillations evoked during the recovery phase of the membrane potential. These multiple actions of zatebradine on channels in rod photoreceptors may explain its effects on the electroretinogram (ERG) in vivo and its adverse effects on vision in clinical studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Cell-mediated immune response in anaplasmosis as measured by a micro cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay and leukocyte migration-inhibition test.

Two in vitro assay systems to measure cell-mediated immunity in experimentally induced anaplasmosis in splenectomized and intact calves were compared. In intact calves, the cell-mediated cytotoxic assay detected a cell-mediated immunity response early, which subsequently decreased during the recovery phase of the disease, whereas the leukocyte migration-inhibition test was negative initially and became positive during the recovery phase of the disease. In splenectomized calves, the 2 test results were not as conclusive. Positive values with the cell-mediated cytotoxic assay were noticed later in the experimental period, but higher and persistent values were observed. The leukocyte migration-inhibition test was positive at various times during the experimental period. The 2 assay systems did not correlate.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed2000

Serum vascular endothelial growth factor: a new predictive indicator for the occurrence of coronary artery lesions in Kawasaki disease.

UNLABELLED: We investigated serum vascular endothelial growth factor (SVEGF) levels in Kawasaki disease and determined whether these levels had any association with the development of coronary artery lesions. We measured SVEGF levels in 66 patients with Kawasaki disease, 18 patients with active infections and 18 afebrile controls. SVEGF levels of patients in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease (0.0-2003.6 pg/ml, median 59.87 pg/ml) were significantly higher than those of patients with active infections (0.0-45.2 pg/ml, median 8.10 pg/ml; P < 0.05) or afebrile controls (0.0-49.8 pg/ml, median 7.75 pg/ml; P < 0.05) and decreased to undetectable or low levels in the recovery phase (n = 31, acute phase: 0.0-2003.6 pg/ml, median 62.50 pg/ml versus recovery phase: 0.0-146.5 pg/ml, median 26.90 pg/ml; P = 0.0007) of the disease. There existed a positive correlation between SVEGF levels and serum C-reactive protein concentrations in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease (rs = 0.347, P = 0.0051). In addition, SVEGF level and duration of fever were found to be major risk factors for the occurrence of coronary artery lesions by univariate (P = 0.012 and P = 0.003, respectively) and multivariate (P = 0.037, OR 6.16 and P = 0.0059, OR 7.59, respectively) analyses. CONCLUSION: Serum vascular endothelial growth factor level, in combination with persistence of fever, could be a powerful predictor for the development of coronary aneurysms.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1987

[Future perspectives for anesthesia induction and recovery].

The provision of separate rooms for the induction of anesthesia and the recovery phase is said to allow for a higher frequency of surgical procedures. However, the use of special rooms for the recovery phase is unnecessary from a practical and economic point of view. The availability of separate rooms for the induction of anesthesia may be important whenever the frequency of regional anesthesia is high. The induction of general anesthesia in low-risk patients can be performed in the operating room (OR) without too much delay between cases. Anesthesia in high-risk patients should be induced and reversed in the OR while problems of monitoring during transport remain unsolved.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed2001

Phase retrieval in TEM using Fresnel images.

As an alternative to sideband holography in an electron microscope, methods for phase recovery by in-line holography utilising Fresnel images of aperiodic objects were tested with computed simulations and experimental data. Phases were recovered by minimising an error functional defined as a measure of the differences between experimental and calculated image intensities. The probability of convergence to local minima of the error function was reduced by increasing the ratio of known to unknown parameters, partly by use of several Fresnel images at different defoci, and also by an incremental relaxation of the phase bandwidth. Iterative methods did not converge reliably to a global minimum, but a conjugate gradient algorithm usually recovered the phases exactly, even for object arrays which included large phase variations. In practice, it was essential to use analytic expressions for the error gradients with respect to the phases, defoci and beam direction. Phase shifts of several radians were measured near the edge of a contaminated aperture. The factors that limit the accuracy and reliability of phase recovery from Fresnel images are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

To eat or not to eat: affective and physiological mechanisms in the stress-eating relationship.

The current study aggregated methods from the cardiovascular reactivity and dietary restraint paradigms in an attempt to advance our understanding of stress-induced eating behavior. Seventy-seven female subjects completed a protocol consisting of distinct baseline, stress-induction, and recovery phases during which we monitored blood pressure, heart rate, and self-reported affect. Food was inconspicuously made available to participants during the recovery phase. Our results replicated the restraint x affect level interaction observed in the restraint literature, while showing that physiological measures could further explain distressed eating behavior. Physiological arousal was found reliably to predict reduced food consumption, but only among unrestrained eaters. Analysis of the recovery data showed that food consumption was associated with impaired physiological recovery rates for restrained but not for unrestrained participants. We believe that our results help to reconcile findings in the stress, eating, and dietary restraint fields and offer support for recently developed theories of stress-induced overeating.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

In vitro demyelination by serum antibody from patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome requires terminal complement complexes.

Serum from 7 patients who had acute-phase Guillain-Barré syndrome with high anti-peripheral nerve myelin antibody activity (54 to 210 units/ml) was compared with serum from 3 patients in the recovery phase (0 to 17 units/ml) and serum from 7 disease control subjects (0 to 24 units/ml) and 7 normal control subjects (0 to 7 units/ml) for its ability to demyelinate rodent dorsal root ganglion cultures. The demyelinating capacity of each serum was quantitated by counting the percent of damaged internodal segments in each of four cultures. All sera from patients in the acute phase GBS caused 50 to 78% demyelination, in contrast with 6 to 19% by the sera from all 3 patients in the recovery phase and all other control subjects. The degree of demyelination correlated with anti-peripheral nerve myelin antibody activity of the sera and demyelination was complement-dependent. Further, cultures were treated with an immunoglobulin M (IgM) fraction of an acute-phase Guillain-Barré syndrome plasma plus normal human serum depleted of complement component C7. Only those cultures treated with IgM and C7-depleted human serum reconstituted with purified C7 resulted in 50.8% demyelination, which was significantly greater than the 14.2 to 16.2% demyelination observed in the presence of heat-inactivated, C7-depleted human serum plus purified C7 or in the absence of C7 or antibody. In summary, our work suggests that anti-peripheral nerve myelin antibody in Guillain-Barré syndrome mediated complement dependent-demyelination of rodent dorsal root ganglion cultures. Further, this in vitro demyelination required generation of activation complexes of the terminal complement cascade.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

Febrile neutropenia in allogeneic transplantation.

Infections post allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) are a major problem. Post BMT, three periods with infectious complications are discerned: pre-engraftment and early recovery, mid recovery and late recovery. In the first period mucosal damage and neutropenia are the major host defence deficits. Bacterial infections with Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, and fungal infections are seen in this period. In the mid recovery phase graft versus host and its treatment contribute to diminished host defences. Viral infections and fungal infections predominate. In the late recovery phase chronic graft versus host reaction impairs the monocyte macrophage function and CD4 counts are low. In this phase patients are at risk for infections with encapsulated bacteria, fungi, Pneumocystis carinii and Toxoplasma. Strategies for the management of febrile neutropenia are similar to those in 'high risk' neutropenic patients: immediate broad spectrum I.V. antibiotics (3rd or 4th generation cephalosporin+/-aminoglycoside or carbapenem) and early amphothericin B (lipid formulation) if fever persists beyond 5 days despite adequate I.V. antibiotics. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis or better preemptive therapy guided by viraemia is accepted practice. Prevention of infection measures, antimicrobial, antifungal and viral prophylaxis are generally accepted strategies but would differ from center to center. The post transplant infection history will change with different transplant techniques and evolving prophylactic and preemptive treatments.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1995

[Clinical significance of platelet volume indices estimated by automated blood cell analyzer].

Clinical significance of platelet volume indices (Platelet distribution width: PDW, Mean platelet volume: MPV, Platelet large cell ratio: P-LCR) estimated by automated blood cell analyzer (Sysmex NE-8000) was studied in 29 ITP cases and 17 cases with platelet hypoproduction which diagnosis was established by platelet kinetic study, megakaryocyte counts and the amount of platelet-associated IgG. These indices were not obtained by analyzer in 48% of 23 cases with platelet count less than 50 x 10(9)/l and 23% of 31 cases with platelet counts ranged in 50-100 x 10(9)/l. The coefficient of variation (CV) of PDW, MPV and P-LCR estimated 5 times in samples with platelet count more than 100 x 10(9)/l was 2%, 1% and 2.3%, respectively. In samples with platelet count less than 50 x 10(9)/l, CV of each index increased 3 times or more. Only four out of 22 ITP cases with platelet count less than 100 x 10(9)/l showed increased platelet volume and remaining 18 cases showed normal volume. In 12 cases with platelet hypoproduction, 3 cases showed increase of platelet volume and one case showed decrease of volume. Significant correlation was observed in between PDW and platelet survival time (r = -0.41, p < 0.05) and in between PDW and platelet turnover rate (r = 0.38, p < 0.05) in 29 ITP cases. Although the various changes of platelet volume indices during recovery phase after chemotherapy were observed in cases of acute leukemia or malignant lymphoma, these one were not a characteristic change in recovery phase of platelet under-production but rather different in each individual.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed1984

[Peripheral K lymphocytes in patients with subacute thyroiditis].

In a previous study, we showed that immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) was markedly increased in the acute phase in patients with subacute thyroiditis (SAT). In order to investigate the immunological abnormalities in SAT, peripheral K lymphocytes in SAT and hyperthyroidism were measured by the plaque-forming technique using sheep-red-blood cells as a target. The effect of the patients' serum on K-cells in normal lymphocytes was also investigated. The percentages of K-cells in 5 patients with SAT in the acute and recovery phases were 2.3 +/- 1.9 (mean +/- S.D.) and 5.3 +/- 2.2%, respectively. The former was significantly lower than the latter (p less than 0.05). Furthermore, the value in the acute phase showed a significant decrease against that of the normal controls (7.3 +/- 3.4, n = 14, p less than 0.01). The percentage of K-cells in 16 patients with hyperthyroidism was 2.8 +/- 2.2%, which was also significantly lower than that of the normal controls (p less than 0.05). The degree of inhibition of K-cells in normal lymphocytes by sera from 12 SAT in the acute and recovery phases was 69 +/- 21% and 35 +/- 22%, respectively, which was significantly higher (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05, respectively) than that in 12 normal sera (15 +/- 20%). Furthermore, the inhibition was markedly higher in the acute phase than in the recovery (p less than 0.01). The sera from 10 patients with hyperthyroidism also inhibited K-cells of normal lymphocytes (p less than 0.01). It was suggested that in the sera of SAT and hyperthyroidism there is some factor which inhibits K-cells.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Loss of glomerular responses to vasoconstrictor agents in rabbits recovering from ARF.

Glomerular responses to angiotensin II (AII), arginine vasopressin (AVP), and norepinephrine (NE) were estimated in rabbits recovering from uranium-mediated nephropathy or ischemic acute renal failure (ARF) to examine roles of intraglomerular events in resistance to ARF. Uranyl acetate (UA, 0.8 mg/kg) produced ARF in some animals but did not in others. Rabbits recovering from UA-induced ARF were highly resistant to a rechallenge with a larger dose of the agent (2 mg/kg). Their glomeruli did not respond to AII, AVP and NE in vitro. In animals having not experienced ARF following the initial insult, however, resistance to the rechallenge was lower than in animals recovering from ARF, and the glomerular response to contractile stimuli was well sustained. A two hour clamping of the renal artery induced ARF in uninephrectomized rabbits. These animals were not resistant to an additional ischemia in the recovery phase, despite inhibited glomerular contractile responses to AII. These data indicate a nonspecific inhibition of glomerular responses to contractile stimuli in the recovery phase of ARF. It is unlikely, however, that resistance to ARF can be attributed to the loss of the glomerular contractile response.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed2005

Relation of endotoxin, endotoxin binding proteins and macrophages to severe alcoholic liver injury and multiple organ failure.

Our retrospective analysis of 105 patients with alcoholic liver injury confirmed that patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH) showed severe hyperbilirubinemia, reduced hepatic biosynthetic capacity, and marked acute inflammatory reactions, and developed multiple organ failure (MOF). Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model showed serum C-reactive protein and DIC as significant independent prognostic factors among SAH, LC+AH, and AH groups. Improved assay showed an increase of plasma endotoxin with the progression of alcoholic liver injury. In most survivors, plasma Et levels decreased in the recovery phase. Serum interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 levels in the acute phase were high in patients with AH and LC+AH, especially in non-survivors and in patients with SAH. In the recovery phase, these cytokine levels in survivors tended to decrease, but in non-survivors, IL-6 remained high, and IL-8 further increased. Serum levels of HDL and albumin, which are protective against endotoxicity by inhibiting endotoxin uptake and TNF production by macrophages, were decreased with the progression of alcoholic liver injury. Animal experiments supported that the increase in endotoxin-binding capacity of HDL and albumin may serve as a protective mechanism against endotoxin in chronic ethanol-loaded rats and that an addition of high-dose ethanol to these rats may lead to impaired binding and inactivation of endotoxin. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) which enhances endotoxin uptake and TNF production by macrophages, was generally increased in patients with alcoholic liver injury. This imbalance among endotoxin binding proteins in the blood may induce overproduction of cytokines by macrophages in patients with severe alcoholic liver injury. Our animal experiments further revealed that an additional administration of a high-dose ethanol to chronic alcohol-fed rats led to decrease of endotoxin clearance, increased extrahepatic accumulation of endotoxin and elevation of plasma TNF. The splenic macrophages and pulmonary alveolar macrophages are demonstrated to be important for endotoxin uptake, and excessive production of TNF in rats given large amounts of alcohol. An in vitro culture experiment in the presence of rat LBP suggested a role of these macrophages in excessive production of TNF-alpha. When the functions of various macrophages were compared in rats given alcohol, maximum TNF-alpha secretion was noted in alveolar macrophages, In conclusion, endotoxemia and its effects on extrahepatic macrophages may play key roles in the progression of severe alcoholic liver injury and MOF.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Recovery of function and adenosine triphosphate metabolism following myocardial ischemia induced in the presence of volatile anesthetics.

Using a normothermic isolated working rabbit heart model, experiments were performed to determine whether exposure to halothane or isoflurane prior to ischemia improved postischemic recovery of myocardial function and the preservation of myocardial high energy phosphates. After 30 min of Langendorff perfusion, hearts were perfused for 30 min in the working mode. Three groups were studied: 1) the blank undergoing no pretreatment during an additional 15 min of working mode; 2) hearts exposed to 1.5% halothane; and 3) hearts exposed to 2.3% isoflurane during the additional 15 min of working mode. Subsequently, all hearts underwent 15 min of global normothermic ischemia, followed by 5 min of Langendorff reperfusion and 15 min of working heart mode using a perfusate devoid of volatile anesthetic. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and catabolites were determined after 15 min exposure to volatile anesthetics or blank, after 15 min global ischemia and at the end of the recovery phase. Myocardial function was determined after 30 min of working mode, after exposure to volatile anesthetics, and at the end of the recovery phase. In nonischemic hearts, 15-min treatment with 1.5% halothane or 2.3% isoflurane resulted in a significant decrease in positive LVdP/dt, from 1858 +/- 286 to 1316 +/- 180 mm Hg.s-1 and from 1888 +/- 304 to 1541 +/- 226 mm Hg.s-1, respectively. Coronary flow was increased significantly after isoflurane but not after halothane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1978

Theoretical and experimental studies on viscoelastic properties of erythrocyte membrane.

The deformation of a portion of erythrocyte during aspirational entry into a micropipette has been analyzed on the basis of a constant area deformation of an infinite plane membrane into a cylindrical tube. Consideration of the equilibrium of the membrane at the tip of the pipette has generated the relation between the aspirated length and the dimensionless time during deformational entry as well as during relaxation after the removal of aspiration pressure. Experimental studies on deformation and relaxation of normal human erythrocytes were performed with the use of micropipettes and a video dimension analyzer which allowed the continuous recording of the time-courses. The deformation consisted of an initial rapid phase with a membrane viscosity (range 0.6 x 10(-4) to 4 x 10(-4) dyn.s/cm) varying inversely with the degree of deformation and a later slow phase with a high membrane viscosity (mean 2.06 x 10(-2) dyn.s/cm) which was not correlated with the degree of deformation. The membrane viscosity of the recovery phase after 20 s of deformation (mean 5.44 x 10(-4) dyn.s/cm) was also independent of the degree of deformation. When determined after a short period of deformation (e.g., 2 s), however, membrane viscosity of the recovery phase became lower and agreed with that of the deformation phase. These results suggest that the rheological properties of the membrane can undergo dynamic changes depending on the extent and duration of deformation, reflecting molecular rearrangement in response to membrane strain.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Uptake and release of Ca2+ by the endoplasmic reticulum contribute to the oscillations of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration triggered by Ca2+ influx in the electrically excitable pancreatic B-cell.

The role of intracellular Ca2+ pools in oscillations of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) triggered by Ca2+ influx was investigated in mouse pancreatic B-cells. [Ca2+]c oscillations occurring spontaneously during glucose stimulation or repetitively induced by pulses of high K+ (in the presence of diazoxide) were characterized by a descending phase in two components. A rapid decrease in [Ca2+]c coincided with closure of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and was followed by a slower phase independent of Ca2+ influx. Blocking the SERCA pump with thapsigargin or cyclopiazonic acid accelerated the rising phase of [Ca2+]c oscillations and increased their amplitude, which suggests that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) rapidly takes up Ca2+. It also suppressed the slow [Ca2+]c recovery phase, which indicates that this phase corresponds to the slow release of Ca2+ that was taken up by the ER during the upstroke of the [Ca2+]c transient. Glucose promoted the buffering capacity of the ER and amplified the slow [Ca2+]c recovery phase. The slow phase induced by high K+ pulses was not affected by modulators of Ca2+- or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced Ca2+ release, did not involve a depolarization-induced Ca2+ release, and was also observed at the end of a rapid rise in [Ca2+]c triggered from caged Ca2+. It is attributed to passive leakage of Ca2+ from the ER. We suggest that the ER displays oscillations of the Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]ER) concomitant and parallel to [Ca2+]c. The observation that thapsigargin depolarizes the membrane of B-cells supports the proposal that the degree of Ca2+ filling of the ER modulates the membrane potential. Therefore, [Ca2+]ER oscillations occurring during glucose stimulation are likely to influence the bursting behavior of B-cells and eventually [Ca2+]c oscillations.

Animals↗