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PubMed1996

Experimental reproduction of respiratory disease in calves with non-cell-culture-passaged bovine respiratory syncytial virus.

To reproduce experimentally clinical bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infections in cattle, we isolated BRSV from a calf in the field that suffered from acute respiratory disease. Cell culture passage of the virus was avoided to prevent any modification of the biological properties of the virus. The isolated BRSV was passaged in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) calves. Lung lavage fluids of these calves, which contained at least 10(3) TCID50/ml BRSV and which were found to be free of other known respiratory pathogens, were collected and pooled for experimental infection. To reproduce a clinical BRSV infection, two groups of six SPF calves were inoculated intranasally with 2 ml of 10(3.9) TCID50/ml BRSV of the obtained virus stock. Another five calves, which were persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV), were given the same inoculum. One group of six calves served as mock-infected controls. Clinical signs were closely monitored from 1 week before until 16 days after inoculation. Reproducible clinical signs consisting of significantly (p < 0.05) increased respiratory rates and elevated body temperatures were recorded but not in all BRSV-inoculated calves. Although clinical signs were induced by experimental infection with non-cell-culture-passaged BRSV, the respiratory signs were not as serious as in the most severe cases in the field.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1990

[Respiratory diseases at hospitals in Brazzaville, Congo].

The authors has recorded all respiratory diseases encountered in the chest department of the University Hospital of Brazzaville, from January 1 to December 31, 1988. The case-records of 912 patients were involved in this study. Respiratory disease were found to be more frequent in men than in women. Tuberculosis ranked first (52.08%), followed by acute lung infections (32.65%) and asthma (5.15%). Malignant tumours were rare (1.53%). The incidence of HIV infection was high (10.51%), and this disease was often associated with tuberculosis (10.30%). Subjects in the 20-29 years age group were those most affected. The overall mortality rate was 13.48%. Mortality increased with age, exceeding 30% in patients over 60. Mortality rates were 15% in acute lung infections and 10% in tuberculosis.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Air pollution and acute respiratory diseases in children: regression analysis of morbidity data.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between acute respiratory diseases and the air quality in the urban area of the Upper Silesian Industrial Zone during autumn and winter with special emphasis on temporal variability in the air concentrations of pollutants. The survey was carried out in 5 primary care units in Chorzów where the morbidity data on the selected respiratory diseases were collected from 1 November 1992 to 31 March 1993. The air pollution data were obtained from the monitoring station, being a part of the Sanitary and Epidemiological Station Network. Regression analysis with mean values of concentrations of air pollutants as explanatory variables revealed a positive effect of combined suspended particulate matter and SO2 concentration on the increased prevalence of bronchitis and bronchiolitis. Similar and even stronger effect was observed at the level of temporal variability coefficients of the air pollutants. A hypothesis that temporal variability of the air concentration of pollutants might be a more relevant factor for determining the prevalence of respiratory diseases than simple mean values of the pollutant concentrations is very interesting worthy of further investigations.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The significance of the presence of "Mycoplasma pharyngis" and "Mycoplasma salivarium" in patients with chronic respiratory disease (author's transl)].

The significance of the presence of Mycoplasma pharyingis and Mycoplasma salivarium in patients with chronic respiratory disease has been evaluated by studying of specific antibody and aerobial bacterial flora. The isolation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae was unsuccessfull in 173 cases with chronic respiratory disease. Among them 76 were carriers of Mycoplasma pharyngis and Mycoplasma salivarium. Pathogen and opportunist aerobial bacteria were isolated as frequently in the cases under study as in the control group, where mycoplasma cultures were negative. Complement fixation and indirect hemagglutination tests for detection of specific antibodies were carried on 45 of the cases under study (19 Mycoplasma pharyngis and 26 Mycoplasma salivarium carriers). In the carriers of Mycoplasma pharyngis the frequency of complement fixing antibody antibodies was higher (36.8%) than in the others (19%). Neverthless, it seems unacceptable an etiological correlation between Mycoplasma pharyngis and chronic respiratory disease.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

Management of 13 cases of canine respiratory disease using inhaled corticosteroids.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the value of inhaled corticosteroids in the management of chronic inflammatory airway disease in dogs. METHODS: Medical records of dogs that were presented for the investigation of respiratory disease were reviewed retrospectively. Criteria for inclusion were knowledge of previous medical treatment including side effects, diagnosis of the underlying disease, use of inhaled corticosteroids and at least two-months follow-up data. RESULTS: Thirteen dogs that fulfilled the criteria were identified. Ten dogs were diagnosed with chronic bronchitis and three with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy. Four dogs had not previously received corticosteroid treatment for their respiratory disease, and all these showed a reduction or a resolution of clinical signs without obvious side effects after inhaled corticosteroid therapy. Nine dogs had previously received oral or parenteral corticosteroids for treatment of their respiratory disease, and all had exhibited side effects. Five of these dogs were treated with inhaled corticosteroids alone, and all exhibited an improvement in clinical signs without observable side effects. The remaining four dogs were treated with a combination of inhaled and oral corticosteroids, and all showed improvement in clinical signs and reduction in side effects. Inhaled medication was well tolerated in all dogs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Inhaled corticosteroids were used for the management of chronic bronchitis and eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy in 13 dogs, and these may have the advantage of reducing side effects associated with oral corticosteroids.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2001

Winter emergency pressures for the NHS: contribution of respiratory disease, experience in North Staffordshire district.

The rise in emergency medical admissions in winter in the NHS hospitals in the United Kingdom has been recognized to reflect respiratory and cardiovascular illness. In our study we looked at the contribution of respiratory disease to the winter pressures in our district. Respiratory disease related emergency admissions increased twofold in the winter months, with obvious implications for workload. An evidence-based National Service Framework for respiratory disease would be useful.

Emergencies↗
PubMed1993

Associations between viral infections and respiratory disease in artificially reared calves.

Market-purchased, week-old, dairy bred calves entering a commercial calf-rearing unit were blood sampled at six-week intervals until three months old. Viral infections were monitored by ELISA for antibodies to bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenzavirus-3, bovine adenovirus subgroup 1 and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). The immunoperoxidase test was used to detect BVDV in serum. The total immunoglobulin concentration in the initial blood sample was measured by the zinc sulphate turbidity test. The relationship between clinical respiratory disease, viral seroconversion and the initial concentration of serum immunoglobulin was investigated by the use of the relative risk statistic, Fisher's exact test, chi 2 techniques and the correlation coefficient. Treatment rates for respiratory disease of 45 per cent were observed during the first period of the study and 19 per cent during the second period. During the first period there was a significant positive association between clinical respiratory disease and seroconversion for all the viruses except parainfluenzavirus-3 and BVDV but in the second period there was no such relationship. Similarly, in the first period, but not in the second, there was a significant negative association between clinical respiratory disease and both antiviral immunoglobulin as measured by ELISA and total immunoglobulin as measured by the zinc sulphate turbidity test. Two of the 536 calves that survived to three months of age were found to be persistently infected with BVDV.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The clustering of respiratory diseases in early childhood.

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that early childhood respiratory morbidity is related to asthma and chronic bronchitis in later life. To understand these relations, it is necessary to know how early childhood respiratory diseases are distributed, interrelated, and clustered. This study analyzed the distribution, interrelations, and the clustering of early childhood respiratory morbidity. METHODS: We prospectively collected data of episodes of respiratory illness among 1140 children in the first five years of life, in family practice. To determine if the occurrence of respiratory illness was randomly distributed, we compared the frequency of respiratory illness to random Poisson distribution. We used factor analysis to determine if respiratory illnesses occurred in clusters or patterns according to type of illness. RESULTS: Five percent of subjects never presented a respiratory disease, and 53% presented at least six episodes. The episodes of each illness were not randomly distributed, and most conditions were associated with each other. Factor analysis showed that asthma, acute bronchitis, and pneumonia formed one cluster, and tonsillitis, otitis media, and common cold another cluster. CONCLUSIONS: Early childhood respiratory morbidity is unevenly distributed, but a clear-cut group of children with a much higher rate of more severe respiratory morbidity than other children could not be distinguished. Both upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses show clustering. In research on the long-term prognosis of early childhood respiratory morbidity, this morbidity may best be grouped into the categories identified in this research.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2006

[Usefulness of transcutaneous carbon dioxide pressure monitoring to measure blood gases in adults hospitalized for respiratory disease].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of transcutaneous carbon dioxide pressure (TcPCO2) monitoring in patients hospitalized for respiratory disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We used a SenTec TcPCO2 monitor that also determines transcutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2) by means of a sensor placed behind the ear lobe at a temperature of 42 degrees C. We compared arterial blood gas measurements--PaCO2 and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2)--with transcutaneous measurements and analyzed the correlation, regression line, and agreement between the 2 methods. RESULTS: Thirty patients (20 men and 10 women) with various respiratory diseases and a mean (SD) age of 71 (13) years were included in the study. The median TcPCO2 was 43.25 mm Hg and the median PaCO2 was 42.6 mm Hg with no significant differences between the 2 measurements. The correlation was significant (rho=0.979; P< .0001) and the corresponding regression equation was TcPCO2=-2.475+1.058 PaCO2. The mean difference was 0.16 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI], --0.74 to 1.06). The lower limit of agreement (mean -1.96 SD) was -4.64 mm Hg, and the upper limit (mean +1.96 SD) was 4.96 mm Hg. For SaO2, the median was 94% and for SpO2, 95%. The difference between the 2 medians was significant (P< .004). The correlation was also significant (rho=0.822; P< .0001) with SpO2=4.427+0.97 SaO2. The mean difference was 1.14% (95% CI, 0.381% to 1.899%). The lower limit of agreement (mean -1.96 SD) was --2.93% and the upper limit (mean +1.96 SD) was 5.21% CONCLUSIONS: Transcutaneous determination of carbon dioxide pressure and oxygen saturation is useful for patients hospitalized for respiratory disease in view of its good correlation and agreement, although SpO2 does tend to overestimate SaO2.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Halotherapy for treatment of respiratory diseases.

This work elucidates the questions upon the development of a new drug-free method of a respiratory diseases treatment. Halotherapy (HT)--is mode of treatment in a controlled air medium which simulates a natural salt cave microclimate. The main curative factor is dry sodium chloride aerosol with particles of 2 to 5 mkm in size. Particles density (0.5-9 mg/m3) varies with the type of the disease. Other factors are comfortable temperature- humidity regime, the hypobacterial and allergen-free air environment saturated with aeroions. The effect of HT was evaluated in 124 patients (pts) with various types of respiratory diseases. The control group of 15 pts received placebo. HT course consisted of 10-20 daily procedures of 1 hour. HT resulted in improvements of clinical state in the most of patients. The positive dynamics of flow-volume loop parameters and decrease of bronchial resistance measured by bodyplethysmography were observed. The changes in control group parameters after HT were not statistically significant. The specificity of this method is the low concentration and gradual administration of dry sodium chloride aerosol. Data on healing mechanisms of a specific airdispersive environment of sodium chloride while while treatment the respiratory diseases are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Development of acute and chronic respiratory diseases during pregnancy].

Physiological respiratory and hormonal changes occurring during pregnancy result in increased oxygen consumption related to fetal growth. The increase in the maternal basal metabolism leads to hyperventilation and increased cardiac output. This explains why pathological respiratory or cardiovascular conditions existing prior to pregnancy can rapidly worsen during the course of the pregnancy. However, even if no cardiorespiratory disease exists prior to pregnancy, an inhalation lung disease, pre-eclampsia or sepsis can lead to pulmonary edema due to the increased plasma volume in the pregnant woman. These different pathological situations as well as infectious lung diseases are discussed here. We examine the evolution of respiratory function during the course of labor, delivery and the post-partum period. In addition, pregnancy also has an effect on chronic respiratory disease, particularly asthma.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1981

Bovine respiratory disease questionnaire.

The purpose of the questionnaire was to gain an insight into the state of the art and to give direction to control measures for, and research into, bovine respiratory disease. Workers with an active interest in bovine respiratory disease were asked to respond. With the approval of the Committee on Large Animal Practice, it was distributed in Canada by the office of the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association to the veterinary colleges, the federal animal diseases research laboratories and the directors of provincial veterinary services for further distribution, and also to the Veterinary Infectious Diseases Organization and Connaught Laboratories.Twenty-six questionnaries were returned and one letter was received in response. Replies were from 13 research scientists (including clinicians), six laboratory diagnosticians, four regulatory workers, three administrators, and one person of unknown specialization.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) 1b: predominant BVDV subtype in calves with respiratory disease.

The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections was determined in 2 groups of stocker calves with acute respiratory disease. Both studies used calves assembled after purchase from auction markets by an order buyer and transported to feedyards, where they were held for approximately 30 d. In 1 study, the calves were mixed with fresh ranch calves from a single ranch. During the studies, at day 0 and at weekly intervals, blood was collected for viral antibody testing and virus isolation from peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs), and nasal swabs were taken for virus isolation. Samples from sick calves were also collected. Serum was tested for antibodies to bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), BVDV1a, 1b, and 2, parainfluenza 3 virus (PI3V), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). The lungs from the calves that died during the studies were examined histopathologically, and viral and bacterial isolation was performed on lung homogenates. BVDV was isolated from calves in both studies; the predominant biotype was noncytopathic (NCP). Differential polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleic acid sequencing showed the predominant subtype to be BVDV1b in both studies. In 1999, NCP BVDV1b was detected in numerous samples over time from 1 persistently infected calf; the calf did not seroconvert to BVDV1a or BVDV2. In both studies, BVDV was isolated from the serum, PBLs, and nasal swabs of the calves, and in the 1999 study, it was isolated from lung tissue at necropsy. BVDV was demonstrated serologically and by virus isolation to be a contributing factor in respiratory disease. It was isolated more frequently from sick calves than healthy calves, by both pen and total number of calves. BVDV1a and BVDV2 seroconversions were related to sickness in selected pens and total number of calves. In the 1999 study, BVDV-infected calves were treated longer than noninfected calves (5.643 vs 4.639 d; P = 0.0902). There was a limited number of BVDV1a isolates and, with BVDV1b used in the virus neutralization test for antibodies in seroconverting calves' serum, BVDV1b titers were higher than BVDV1a titers. This study indicates that BVDV1 strains are involved in acute respiratory disease of calves with pneumonic Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida disease. The BVDV2 antibodies may be due to cross-reactions, as typing of the BVDV strains revealed BVDV1b or la but not BVDV2. The BVDV1b subtype has considerable implications, as, with 1 exception, all vaccines licensed in the United States contain BVDV1a, a strain with different antigenic properties. BVDV1b potentially could infect BVDV1a-vaccinated calves.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The mucolytic effect of Sputolosin in horses with respiratory disease.

The effect of the mucolytic drug Sputolosin on the clinical signs of respiratory disease among 28 matched pairs of horses was examined. Compared with the untreated group, the treated group showed a significant decrease in the frequency of coughing and a decreased time to resolution of both cough and nasal discharge. The results indicate that the drug is potentially useful in the management of respiratory disease characterised by an abnormal or increased production of mucus.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Occupational skin and respiratory diseases among hairdressers.

OBJECTIVES: The occurrence and causes of hairdressers' occupational skin and respiratory diseases were studied. METHODS: Of a random sample of 500 female hairdressers aged 15-54 years, 355 were available for study. Of the 189 reporting work-related skin and respiratory symptoms in a computer-aided telephone interview on exposure and health, 130 underwent a physical examination, lung function tests, prick and patch testing, and nasal and lung provocation tests. An occupational disease was diagnosed when the causality between exposure and disease was probable and the clinical tests supported the diagnosis. RESULTS: The telephone interview revealed a life-time prevalence of 16.9% for hand dermatoses, 16.9% for allergic rhinitis, and 4.5% for asthma among the hairdressers. In the clinical investigations, the prevalence was 2.8% for occupational dermatoses, 1.7% for occupational rhinitis, and 0.8% for occupational asthma. Ammonium persulfate caused 90% of the respiratory diseases and 27% of the hand dermatoses. Paraphenylenediamine, natural rubber latex, and skin irritation were also causes of hand dermatitis. Allergy to human dandruff (8.6%) and Pityrosporum ovale (12.1%) was common. Previously diagnosed atopic diseases increased the risk for occupational skin or respiratory disease 3-fold (odds ratio 2.9, 95% confidence interval 1.1-7.9). Of the cases, 37.5% (6 of 16 persons) had to change occupations during a 3-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Work-related skin and respiratory symptoms are common among hairdressers. Often a specific cause (eg, ammonium persulfate) can be found if occupational diseases are suspected and diagnosed. Hairdressers with atopic diseases are at risk of developing occupational skin and respiratory diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Exploring neighborhood-level variation in asthma and other respiratory diseases: the contribution of neighborhood social context.

OBJECTIVE: We explore differences in the prevalence of asthma and other respiratory diseases at the neighborhood level. In addition to traditional metrics of neighborhood structure (e.g., concentrated disadvantage, residential stability), we incorporate residents' evaluations of neighborhood context. We examine the extent to which indicators such as disorder (observable signs of physical and social decay) and collective efficacy (trust and shared expectations for beneficial community action) account for differences in the prevalence of asthma and other respiratory diseases. METHODS: We examine 338 Chicago neighborhoods, combining 3 data sources from the 1990s: 1) the Metropolitan Chicago Information Center Metro Survey; 2) the Decennial Census; and 3) the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods Community Survey. We use a multilevel statistical approach to disentangle neighborhood- from individual-level effects. MEASUREMENTS: A survey-based response to whether a physician has diagnosed asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, or other breathing problems. RESULTS: Findings indicate that individual- and neighborhood-level factors are associated with asthma/breathing problems. At the individual level, female gender, smoking, and a weight problem are positively associated with asthma/breathing problems, while Latino ethnicity is protective. At the neighborhood level, collective efficacy is protective against asthma/breathing problems. Residential stability is positively associated only when levels of collective efficacy are controlled. CONCLUSIONS: Neighborhood context, particularly collective efficacy, may be an underlying factor that reduces vulnerability to asthma and other respiratory diseases. Collective efficacy may enhance the ability to garner health-relevant resources, eliminate environmental hazards that trigger asthma, and promote communication among residents which, in turn, enables dissemination of information relevant to respiratory ailments.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Mortality due to respiratory diseases in Spain (1977-1985)].

A descriptive and comparative epidemiological is made of mortality due to respiratory disease by provinces in Spain. The study period covers 1977 to 1985, this being the last year reported by the Natural Movement of the Spanish Population (Movimiento Natural de la Población Española). In particular, 5 causes of death were analyzed in accordance to the International Classification of Disease (IX Revision): respiratory tuberculosis, influenza, chronic pulmonary disease, pneumonia and other pathologies of the respiratory apparatus. The results reveal an annual increase in these diseases. Standardized mortality ratio in turn reflects the provinces with increased mortality, the distribution of which varies for each pathology studied as a result of the different factors involved. Variation is also seen in terms of sex. Thus, influenza predominates among women, whereas males are more frequent as regards the remaining pathologies. Mortality due to pneumonia is similar in both sexes, this being the disease exhibiting the greatest increase during the study period. The results obtained may be of use in protocolizing resources for better control and prevention of respiratory disease in this country.

Female↗
PubMed1991

[Clinical evaluation of ciprofloxacin in pulmonary infections in the patients with chronic respiratory diseases].

The clinical efficacy of ciprofloxacin (CPFX) was investigated in pulmonary infections in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Out of 58 cases collected, 54 were evaluable for utility of CPFX including 20 with pneumonia, 34 with chronic bronchial infection. CPFX was given orally at 200 mg 3 times per day. In 20 cases of pneumonia, the mean age was 62.0 years underlying diseases were chronic bronchitis 9, bronchiectasis 6, inactive pulmonary tuberculosis 4, and diffuse panbronchiolitis 1. The efficacy rate of CPFX in this group was 90.0%. In 34 cases of chronic bronchial infection, the mean age was 59.8 years, underlying diseases included bronchiectasis 10, chronic bronchitis 8, inactive pulmonary tuberculosis 7, diffuse panbronchiolitis 5, and pulmonary emphysema 4. The efficacy rate of CPFX in this group was 70.6%. The overall efficacy rate in the entire cases was 77.8%, and we consider CPFX to be effective in the treatment of patients with chronic respiratory diseases.

Adult↗