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PubMed1980

Incidence of tics in the offspring of childhood tiquers: a controlled follow-up study.

A five-year follow-up study of children whose parents had manifested tic in their childhood was carried out to see if they are more prone to develop tic than control children. The prevalence of tics was 20 per cent in the index group and 10 per cent in the controls, a statistically significant difference. This result could not be explained by the children's imitation of their parents. The mothers of the index children and 1000 unselected mothers were also compared for the prevalence of psychological and psychosomatic symptoms when their children were three years of age. There was no indication that the former were more psychologically distressed. It is suggested that there is a genetic basis for the susceptibility to develop tic.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1992

Diagnostic criteria for migraine and psychogenic headache in children.

The headache histories obtained from 214 children were analysed by computer to see whether it was possible to identify and classify migraine, and to distinguish children with psychogenic headache. During headache attacks, most children had no or very few associated symptoms. For classification, 175 patients were divided into four homogeneous groups; the remaining 39 could not be grouped. An overlap between the different groups was found. Psychogenic headache emerged as a clearly definable syndrome, characterised by psychological problems and daily headache for a period of at least one month (10 patients). When the 214 patients were grouped according to the classification of the Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society, distinguishing those children with psychogenic headache was no longer possible.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Cluster analysis of clinical seizure semiology of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures.

PURPOSE: To develop an objective classification of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (NES) based on cluster analysis of clinical seizure semiology. METHODS: We studied the clinical seizure semiology in 27 patients with psychogenic NES documented by prolonged video-EEG monitoring. We analyzed the following clinical symptoms: clonic and hypermotor movements as well as trembling of the upper and/or lower extremities, pelvic thrusting, head movements, tonic posturing backward of the head, and falling. We used cluster analysis to identify symptoms occurring together in a systematic way and thus tried to achieve a clinical classification of psychogenic NES. RESULTS: We could identify three symptom clusters. Cluster 1 was characterized by clonic and hypermotor movements of the extremities, pelvic thrusting, head movements, and tonic posturing of the head, and therefore was named "psychogenic motor seizures." Cluster 2 comprised trembling of the upper and lower extremities and was termed "psychogenic minor motor or trembling seizures." Cluster 3 consisted of falling to the floor as the only symptom and was referred to as "psychogenic atonic seizures." CONCLUSIONS: Our study represents the first study to analyze the clinical semiology of psychogenic NES by cluster analysis, which should be useful for an objective classification of psychogenic NES. This classification should allow both a better characterization of psychogenic NES and an easier differential diagnosis against specific epileptic seizures.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Diagnosing mental illness in the elderly.

Diagnosing mental illness in the elderly is difficult because changes in physical and psychologic functioning may mimic psychiatric disorders. The reverse is also true. Although chronologic age is not related directly to predisposition to mental illness, the stresses experienced by elderly persons as a result of declining health and loss of social status may result in mental disorders. Accurate diagnosis, which takes all these factors into account, is particularly important for the rational treatment of elderly patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1982

DSM-III: rationale, basic concepts, and some differences from ICD-9.

This paper reviews the major innovations in approach to psychiatric diagnosis incorporated into DSM-III. These include the classification of mental disorders according to shared descriptive clinical features, the use of specified diagnostic criteria for making psychiatric diagnoses, and the multiaxial system of patient evaluation. It describes the principal revisions of diagnostic concepts in DSM-III from several areas of classification, such as Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders, that account for some of the differences between DSM-III and ICD-9. The rationale for the changes in approach and in basic diagnostic concepts at the time of DSM-III's publication is presented. More recent evidence concerning the validity of newly-conceptualized categories is also included.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1984

Mortality among persons with depressive symptoms and among responders and non-responders in a health check-up. An investigation of persons born in 1905 and followed up from age 66 to 75.

The death rate for persons in Stockholm born in 1905 has been investigated during a 9-year period (1971-1979). In 1971 these persons were invited to participate in a health check-up. Another check-up was carried out 3 years later, during which a psychiatric examination of 589 persons was undertaken. The correlation between depressive disorders and mortality was investigated in two steps. The death rates for those subjects who had responded affirmatively to items in a questionnaire indicating depression were compared with the death rate for the remaining responders. The death rates for those subjects considered to have neurotic disorders or sleeping disturbances in the psychiatric examination were compared with the death rates for the members of a control group considered to be without psychiatric symptoms. Both methods gave fundamentally the same result: there is an excess mortality among persons with depressive symptoms compared to persons without. The death rates were significantly higher in the populations that did not participate in the health check-ups than in those who did. The rates of suicide were also greater in the non-response populations. None of the persons who participated in the 1974 health check-up committed suicide during the next 3 years. The study shows that physically and mentally healthier persons were overrepresented among those who participated in the health check-ups at the ages of 66 and 69.

Accident Proneness↗
PubMed1984

Prevalence of mental disorder in an urban population in central Sweden.

The principal reason for this epidemiological study was the lack of psychiatric morbidity studies in a predominantly urban population, by psychiatrists in direct interviews. The psychiatric examination, covering 1970-71, included a representative selection of 2,283 persons, 18-65 years old from "former" Stockholm County, and the 12-month prevalence of mental disorders was measured. The total of non-participants was 12%. Forty-seven percent had a psychiatric diagnosis - significantly more women (54%) than men (40%). Excluding the psychosomatic diagnoses, 31% of the population received a psychiatric diagnosis, which agrees closely with other contemporary studies of mental disorder in the Nordic countries. The primary diagnoses were: neuroses 26%, psychosomatic diagnoses 16%, schizophrenic/paranoid conditions or other psychoses 0.6%, affective disorders 0.2%, psychoorganic syndromes 1.2%, psychopathy 0.2%, character neurosis 1%, drug dependence 0.2% (as a primary or a secondary diagnosis 0.6%), alcoholism 1.4% (as a primary or a secondary diagnosis 3.1%) and mental retardation 0.4% (as a primary or a secondary diagnosis 0.8%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Prevalence of mental disorders in the small-town--rural region of Traunstein (Upper Bavaria).

The prevalence rate of mental disorders in the population is important to the overall planning of improved psychiatric care services. A prevalence study of 1,536 probands conducted in three communities in the county of Traunstein, Upper Bavaria, revealed that 18.6% of the population were in need of treatment. The results are presented according to sociodemographic characteristics, and ways of improving the care of the mentally disturbed are discussed. Primary emphasis is placed on improving the competence of general practitioners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Prevalence of mental disorder in an urban population in central Sweden in relation to social class, marital status and immigration.

A representative selection of 2,283 persons, 18-65 years old in "former" Stockholm County were examined by psychiatrists in 1970-71. The total non-response was 12%. The 12-month prevalence of mental disorders in relation to social class (I-III), marital status and immigration was estimated. The "psychiatric diagnoses of moderate and severe degree" were significantly more prevalent in social class III (14% and 2.7%) than in I (6.9% and 0.6%) and II (9.8% and 0.9%) and significantly more prevalent among single (16% and 4.6%) than among cohabiting persons (9.6% and 1.0%). The mental disorder/immigration relationship should here be interpreted with certain reservations. One significant difference was noted: the "psychiatric diagnosis of severe degree" was significantly more prevalent for men born in Sweden (1.5%) than for men born abroad (0.3%).

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Headache and noradrenergic involvement: the effects of alpha 2-stimulants and alpha 2-antagonists.

The efficacies of an 2-agonist clonidine and an 2-antagonist mianserin were compared in two treatment groups, common migraine and tension headache sufferers. Forty patients entered this double-blind placebo-controlled study. Placebo, clonidine 0.150 mg, and mianserin 30 mg were each administered for 90 day periods. Headaches were induced by intravenous doses of histamine dihydrochloride. The histamine threshold in the common migraine group was significantly lower than in the tension headache group. In the common migraine group, mianserin decreased headache frequency. In the tension headache group, at 90 days mianserin significantly decreased headache intensity and headache frequency. Clonidine significantly decreased headache intensity at 90 days in the common migraine group. At 90 days, mianserin had significantly reduced the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) mean total score, (in the tension headache group), HDRS mean anxiety cluster scores (in both groups), and the HDRS mean depression cluster score (in the tension headache group). At 90 days, clonidine had significantly reduced the HDRS mean total score (in the tension headache group) and HDRS mean anxiety cluster scores (in both groups).

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Characteristics of a nationwide cohort of psychiatric patients--with special reference to the elderly and the chronically admitted.

The pattern of psychiatric care has changed over the last decades with an extension of outpatient facilities, a decrease in the number of chronically admitted and an increase in the number of shortlasting admissions. A cohort of first time admitted psychiatric patients to Danish institutions in 1970 was followed for 10 years with the purpose to describe the characteristics of the population with multiple admissions. The cohort comprised 12737 patients with 35497 admissions. It was divided into 3 groups, one - 6470 patients - consisting of those with 1 admission, one - 744 - consisting of those continuously admitted to the termination of the study period or their death, and one - 5523 - consisting of those with several admissions. Patients chronically admitted tended to be older, and among them the senile and cerebrovascular disorders were dominating with the non-organic disorders in total comprising less than 10% of the patients. Significantly more females than males were admitted for more than 5 years. Patients with multiple admissions had in total shorter admission periods than the chronically admitted. Males had significantly more admissions than females and 8.2% compared with 3.9% of females had 10 admissions or more.

Adolescent↗