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PubMed2003

Proprioceptive and behavior impairments in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed knees.

OBJECTIVE: To assess sensory deficits and their effects on proprioceptive and motor function in patients who had undergone unilateral anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. DESIGN: Four evaluations were conducted: (1) joint position perception of the knee for predetermined angles (0 degrees, 15 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees ); (2) threshold for detection of passive knee motion at 0 degrees, 15 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, and 60 degrees moving into flexion and at 15 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, and 60 degrees moving into extension; (3) latency onset of hamstring muscles; and (4) postural control during upright double- and single-leg stance. SETTING: Movement laboratory in Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Ten participants who had surgical reconstruction of the ACL (reconstructed group) and 10 participants without knee injury (control group). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Absolute error, angular displacement, hamstring muscles latency, and mean sway amplitude. RESULTS: Individuals with a reconstructed knee showed decreased joint position perception, a higher threshold for detection of passive knee motion, longer latency of hamstring muscles, and decreased performance in postural control. CONCLUSIONS: After lesion and ACL reconstruction, sensory and motor behavior changes were still observed. This may be because of the lack of proprioceptive information resulting from the ACL lesion and/or substitution of ACL by the graft.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Knee joint effusion and proprioception.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of excessive fluid in the knee joint on proprioception. Twenty healthy subjects with no knee pathology participated in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. Baseline measurements of subjects performing a tracking task were then recorded. Specifically, one knee joint was moved passively by a dynamometer through a range of motion from approximately 90 degrees flexion to 10 degrees from full extension at a joint angular velocity of 60 degrees/sec. Subjects were blindfolded and required to track the passively moving joint as accurately as possible for a period of 1.25 minutes with the opposite limb. An electrogoniometer was used to monitor the motion of the active tracking limb. Ninety mL of a solution of saline and dextrose were injected into the knee joint cavity of the experimental subjects, and they repeated the tracking task. After a 5-minute rest, the control group subjects also repeated the task. The results indicated that the injection of fluid did not change the subjects' error in tracking the passively moving limb (p > 0.05). No change in the error associated with tracking was observed for the control group (p > 0.05). It is suggested that the effects of long-term effusions and the nature of the inflammatory fluid might be more responsible for the loss of proprioception observed in some clinical conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Knee bracing: effects of proprioception.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a knee sleeve type brace on the proprioceptive ability of subjects with normal knees during a dynamic tracking task. DESIGN: A 2 X 2 Latin square cross over design; in each Latin square, subjects were matched for age and gender. SETTING: An institution focused on clinical education. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty subjects with no musculoskeletal or neurological conditions. INTERVENTIONS: Each subject performed a tracking task on a Kin-Com dynamometer. Angle and force data from the Kin-Com and angle data from an electrogoniometer were sampled at 100Hz using a data acquisition program on a PC computer. The subjects were blindfolded and the limb attached to the Kin-Com was moved passively by the dynamometer. Subjects were instructed to follow the movement as closely as possible with the other limb (the tracking limb). Subject performed two trials, one without knee bracing and another that involved the application of a brace to the tracking limb. OUTCOME MEASURE: The magnitude of the error in tracking was established by taking the difference of the active and passively moving limbs and calculating the root mean square (RMS) of the difference. RESULTS: The findings showed that there was an improvement of 11% in tracking when subjects wore the knee brace (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Alterations in proprioception as a result of bracing may be partly responsible for the improvement in knee injury statistics reported in some studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Trunk proprioception: enhancement through lumbar bracing.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of a neoprene lumbar brace on the proprioceptive ability of subjects without pathology and to determine whether those with poorer proprioception were more affected by the brace. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized 2 x 2 Latin square cross-over design. SETTING: Laboratory in an educational institution. SUBJECTS: Forty asymptomatic subjects matched by gender, age, weight, and height. METHOD: Blindfolded subjects performed a position matching task in which they flexed the trunk in the sagittal plane. Six positions across the range of motion were examined. Angular data were recorded by a lumbar motion monitor secured by straps to the subject's trunk. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Absolute, constant, and variable errors in braced and unbraced conditions. RESULTS: The mean absolute, constant, and variable errors were 3.6 degrees, .45 degrees, and 4.4 degrees, respectively. Absolute, constant, and variable errors were significantly decreased when wearing a brace. However, the magnitude of the decreases were small (<1.0 degrees) for all errors when wearing a brace. The high error group's absolute error improved significantly (p < .05), from 6.0 degrees when unbraced to 4.0 degrees when braced. In contrast, absolute error measurements for subjects in the low error group were unchanged, with an error of 2.0 degrees when unbraced and 2.3 degrees when braced. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that a neoprene lumbar brace improves the somatosensory information received by the central nervous system and results in less error in trunk positioning. Persons with less ability to match trunk position will benefit more from wearing a neoprene brace than will those who are already adept at the task.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Disorders of proprioceptive responses in monkeys after cerebellar lesions: an analysis using the Denny-Brown Collection.

We used the Denny-Brown Research Collection to study in detail the reflex responses of monkeys after ablation of the anterior lobe, posterior lobe or the entire cerebellum. The Collection includes written, film and histological records, and photographs of the brain at autopsy. Large cerebellar ablations severely suppress proprioceptive responses, thereby significantly impairing the capacity to stand, walk, and hop. Cutaneous reflexes are also impaired, although more selectively, permitting expression of normally suppressed responses such as magnet reactions and tactile avoiding responses. Enhancement (release) of responses to truncal cutaneous stimulation, along with suppression of opposing proprioceptive responses, leads to postures of persistent flexion. Large cerebellar lesions also interfere with reflex responses mediated by visual and vestibular systems. More limited cerebellar ablations have similar, but less severe effects.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Do neck-proprioceptive and caloric-vestibular stimulation influence covert visual attention in normals, as they influence visual neglect?

Neck-proprioceptive and caloric-vestibular stimulation have been shown to ameliorate the spatial bias exhibited by patients suffering from unilateral visual neglect. These interventions might in principle have their effect by biasing covert attention towards the neglected side. If so, the same interventions should also modulate covert attention in neurologically-intact subjects. However, we demonstrate here that neither neck-proprioception (vibration of left neck muscles) nor caloric-vestibular stimulation (injection of iced water into the left ear) affect covert visual attention in healthy individuals. These results from normals may distinguish between different accounts for unilateral neglect in patients. In particular, they argue against explanations of neglect solely in terms of a pathological misperception of body orientation within an otherwise normal neural representation of space.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The role of ocular muscle proprioception during modifications in smooth pursuit output.

The output of the smooth pursuit (SP) system can be increased by adding a portion of the recorded eye motion onto target motion, producing a situation analogous to that occurring with weakened ocular muscles. This change is most likely the result of alterations in the signals that code eye and target motion. We have assessed the contribution of one such signal, that arising from ocular proprioception, to the modification process during monocular SP by preventing the motion of the non-viewing eye with a suction scleral lens. The large increases normally observed for SP velocity following the modification period were substantially reduced under these conditions. Similar alterations were also observed in a manual tracking task. These results demonstrate that ocular proprioceptive signals serve to stabilize the output of the SP system following perturbations, via the recoding of eye and target motion.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Revisited: the inertia tensor as a proprioceptive invariant in humans.

A multitude of tasks that we perform on a daily basis require precise information about the orientation of our limbs with respect to the environment and the objects located within it. Recent studies have suggested that the inertia tensor, a physical property whose values are time- and co-ordinate-independent, may be an important informational invariant used by the proprioceptive system to control the movements of our limbs (Pagano et al., Ecol. Psychol. 8 (1996) 43; Pagano and Turvey, Percept. Psychophys. 52 (1992) 617; Pagano and Turvey, J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 21 (1995) 1070). We tested this hypothesis by recording the angular errors made by subjects when pointing to virtual targets in the dark. Close examination of the pointing errors made did not show any significant effects of the inertia tensor modifications on pointing accuracy. The kinematics of the pointing movements did not indicate that any on-line adjustments were being made to compensate for the inertia tensor changes. The implications of these findings with respect to the functioning of the proprioceptive system are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Beneficial effect of proprioceptive physical activities on balance control in elderly human subjects.

Age and lack of physical activities may both be responsible for poor balance control. Conversely, physical activities may modulate postural control in elderly individuals. We examined which type of exercise might prove most beneficial to retain or regain proper balance. Nineteen healthy subjects, aged over 60, regularly practicing proprioceptive (group I) or bioenergetic (group II) physical activities and 21 controls only walking on a regular basis, were studied. All were submitted to a dynamic posturographic test and to a test evaluating lower limbs muscular strength. Control individuals displayed the poorest balance and muscular performance. Group I subjects had the best postural control with average muscular strength. In group II, muscular strength was significantly increased, but balance control was of poor quality. Proprioceptive exercise therefore appears to have the best impact on balance control.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Role of proprioception in the control of lid position during reflex and conditioned blink responses in the alert behaving cat.

The contribution of the orbicularis oculi muscle to the determination of lid position, and the putative role of eyelid proprioception in the control of reflex and conditioned eye blinks, were studied in alert behaving cats. Upper lid movements and the electromyographic activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle were recorded during reflexively evoked blinks and during the classical conditioning of the eyelid response. Blinks were evoked by air puffs, flashes and electrical stimulation of the supraorbitary branch of the trigeminal nerve. Eyelid responses were conditioned with a trace classical conditioning paradigm consisting of a short, weak air puff, followed 250 ms later by a long, strong air puff. Orbicularis oculi muscle activation during reflex blinks was independent of lid position and was not modified by the presence of weights acting in the upward or downward directions. Local anesthesia of the supraorbital nerve reduced blinks evoked by air puffs applied to the lower jaw, but did not affect flash-evoked blinks. No relationship was established between initial lid position and the first downward component of conditioned eyelid responses. In contrast, initial lid position was related to the first upward component of the same conditioned response. It is concluded that orbicularis oculi motor units receive no feedback proprioceptive signals from the eyelid, other than those coming from cutaneous receptors, and that lid position is determined by the activity of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. The lack of sensory information about lid position in facial motoneurons probably has some functional implications on the central control of cognitive and emotional facial expressions.

Air↗
PubMed1981

[Transcortical reflexes of proprioceptive origin and motor epilepsy (author's transl)].

The long-loop reflex involved in the triggering of paroxysmal activities by proprioceptive afferents is examined in monkeys with a chronic alumina focus and in cats with an acute penicillin focus. Electrical stimulation of a tibial nerve in monkeys as well as muscle stretch in cats elicit a cortical 'evoked spike', i.e., an evoked potential followed by an epileptic spike, accompanied by one or two motor bursts in the muscles concerned. With a very small acute focus, this transcortical reflex is shown to be quite topical: muscles in the vicinity are not affected. Relationships between evoked spike and myoclonic jerk are examined and it is shown that motor efferents usually follow the pyramidal tract. The concept of a transcortical reflex of proprioceptive origin is discussed on the basis of data collected from these models.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1989

Maturation of peripheral nerves in preterm infants: proprioceptive and motor nerve conductions of tibial nerve.

Premature birth induces a profound change in the environmental factors affecting nerve maturation. The proprioceptive sensory and motor nerve conduction velocities (NCV) of the posterior tibial nerve, which reflect peripheral nerve maturation, have been measured in 3 groups of newborns. Two groups of premature (PT) babies, studied when they reached the expected date of birth (group I, gestational age (GA) at birth, 28-31 weeks, n = 8; group II, GA at birth, 32-35 weeks, n = 6) were compared to 9 normal full-term (FT) newborns. As previously shown, the motor NCV of PT babies at a post-conceptional age close to term is similar to that of FT newborns: group I, 22.70 +/- 2.95 m/s (mean +/- SD); group II, 25.90 +/- 4.61 m/s; FT, 25.48 +/- 4.09 m/s. The proprioceptive sensory NCV was significantly lower in group I (21.59 +/- 4.39 m/s) than in group II (31.89 +/- 4.15 m/s) and FT newborns (32.22 +/- 6.56 m/s) (p less than 0.01). Such a delay in maturation could be responsible for the subtle clinical dysfunctions often observed in PT babies.

Gestational Age↗
PubMed1996

Proprioception following total knee arthroplasty with and without the posterior cruciate ligament.

Proprioception was measured in two groups of patients following successful total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In one group, the posterior cruciate ligament was retained and an unconstrained cruciate-retaining total knee component was used; in the other group, the posterior cruciate ligament was excised and a cruciate-substituting design was implanted. Threshold to detection of passive motion was quantified as a measure of proprioception. The degree of preoperative arthritis was objectively classified according to Resnick and Niwoyama. There was no difference in threshold to detection of passive motion in cruciate-retaining versus cruciate-substituting TKA. In patients with a moderate grade of arthritis before surgery, the postoperative scores were virtually identical. When the grade of preoperative arthritis was severe, patients with cruciate-substituting TKAs performed significantly better than those with cruciate-retaining TKAs.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Relationship between two proprioceptive measures and stiffness at the ankle.

Previous research has investigated the role of proprioception and stiffness in the control of joint stability. However, to date, no research has been done on the relationship between proprioception and stiffness. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between force sense, joint reposition sense, and stiffness at the ankle. A heterogeneous sample was obtained for this study; 20 of the 40 participants had a history of ankle sprains, and 13 of the 20 had been diagnosed by a physician (two mild ankle sprains, seven moderate sprains, four severe sprains). All subjects were asymptomatic and active at the time of the study. Active joint reposition sense was measured using a custom-built ankle goniometer, force sense was measured unilaterally and contralaterally with a load cell, and ankle muscle stiffness was measured via transient oscillation using a custom-built inversion-eversion cradle. We found no significant correlations between stiffness and joint reposition sense, with values of r ranging from 0.01 to 0.21. Significant correlations were found between stiffness and force sense. Specifically, contralateral force sense reproduction was significantly correlated to stiffness in the injured or "involved" ankle (r's ranging from 0.47 to 0.65; P< or =0.008). Whether the decreased ability to appropriately sense force (increased error) sends information to the central nervous system to increase muscle stiffness in response to an unexpected loss of stability, or whether these two phenomena function independently and both change concurrently as a result of injury to the system requires further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of a proprioception pathway in patients with stable and unstable shoulders with somatosensory cortical evoked potentials.

Histologic studies have documented the presence of mechanoreceptors in the glenohumeral ligaments, capsule, and labrum; however, direct evidence of an intact afferent electrical pathway originating in structures in the shoulder is lacking. Because somatosensory cortical evoked potentials are transmitted by way of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord and carry proprioceptive information, this technique can be easily applied to evaluate the potential proprioceptive function of various intraarticular structures for shoulder stability. Patients have somatosensory cortical evoked potentials monitored while undergoing shoulder arthroscopy. The inferior glenohumeral ligament, middle glenohumeral ligament, subscapularis tendon, biceps tendon, supraspinatus rotator cuff capsule, glenoid labrum, and humeral head were evaluated. The intraarticular structures were stimulated with a monopolar electrode probe inserted through the anterior portal, and the evoked potentials were recorded with scalp electrodes. Generated wave forms were recorded and evaluated by measuring the peak-to-peak amplitude and latency. Three groups of patients with shoulder complications were studied: (1) no intraarticular pathologic condition and stable, (2) anterior instability with a Bankart lesion, and (3) anterior instability with a loose capsule. The articular cartilage of the humeral head generated no wave form in any subject. All other intraarticular structures generated consistent wave forms. No statistically significant difference was seen among the three groups when both amplitude and latency for the intraarticular structures were compared.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Early somatosensory processing during tonic muscle pain in humans: relation to loss of proprioception and motor 'defensive' strategies.

OBJECTIVE: It is known that tonic muscle pain induced by a Levo-Ascorbic (L-AS) solution injected in a foot muscle can transiently modify both regional proprioception and stimulus perception. These findings are paralleled by changes of middle-latency lower-limb somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs). However, little is known on the behaviourally relevant aspect whether eventual SEP pain-induced changes could be partly due to a sort of 'motor strategy' of subjects in the frame of a self-protective reaction towards the noxious stimulus. Movement and imagery of movements are in fact known to reduce mainly pre-central SEP amplitude (i.e. gating effect). METHODS: Low-threshold afferents ulnar SEPs, psychophysical pain ratings and fingers' position sense were monitored in the time-course during L-AS injection in the right first dorsal interosseous muscle. Control experiments included SEPs (either following prevalent ulnar nerve low-threshold afferent stimulation or more conventional mixed nerve stimulation) during actual movements execution and imagery of movements of the right hand. RESULTS: Tonic pain induced a significant reduction of the post-central N(20)-P(25)-N(33) complex and a significant increase of the N(18) wave. These changes, that were paralleled by distortion of the finger position sense, were delayed 2-5 min with respect to the maximal subjective pain sensation. Conversely, movement imagery tasks lead to a significant, selective, reduction of the pre-central N(30) complex. This wave was even more reduced during actual movements, in combination with a reduction of those post-central components peaking after the first activation of the primary sensory cortex. CONCLUSIONS: Early sensory processing at cortical level is changed during tonic muscle pain, mainly for those components which may be theoretically involved in proprioceptive afferent elaboration. These changes are likely not due to subconscious or voluntary motor strategies of the subjects in the frame of a self-protective aversive reaction towards the noxious stimulus.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Visual-proprioceptive mapping in children with developmental coordination disorder.

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) occurs in a small but significant proportion of children who present with impaired body-eye coordination and show poor acquisition of motor skills. This study investigated the visual-proprioceptive mapping ability of children with DCD from a small selected group, with particular reference to the use of vision in matching tasks. The children with DCD in this study were significantly poorer than control children on all matching tasks. They seemed to have particular difficulty in cross-modal judgements that required the use of visual information to guide proprioceptive judgements of limb position. A distinction is drawn between tasks that can be achieved purely through sensory matching and those that require body-centred spatial judgements, suggesting that it is the latter that posits a particular difficulty for children with DCD.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1998

Effects of neck muscle proprioceptive activation on the dynamics of monocularly driven horizontal vergence movements.

PURPOSE: The dynamics of accommodative vergence responses were studied to accommodative stimuli combined with the activation of neck muscle proprioception. METHODS: Accommodative stimulation was done with a LED bar. The stimuli were presented monocularly in a stepwise and a sinusoidal mode to either the dominant or the non-dominant eye with the other eye covered. The neck proprioceptors were activated by vibration on the neck muscles which turn the head horizontally. Eye movements were recorded with an infra-red reflection system in both eyes. RESULTS: Vibration of the neck muscles shortened the time constant of the accommodative vergence movement in the covered eye to square wave stimulation when the non-dominant eye was fixating the targets. The gain factor to sine wave stimulation was higher when the non-dominant eye was fixating. CONCLUSION: Extraretinal signals from neck proprioception influenced not only the static eye position, but also the dynamics of monocularly driven accommodative vergence movements, when the non-dominant eye was the viewing eye.

Accommodation, Ocular↗