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PubMed1991

An adapted language training strategy in the treatment of an electively mute male child.

The present study investigated the usefulness of an Adapted Language Training Program in the treatment of an electively mute seven-year-old male. Training utilized a multiple baseline across behaviors single subject design. Four phases of treatment focused on non-verbal attending, verbal imitative responding, and functional language responding. Systematic attempts at promoting generalization of verbal responses across situations and persons were employed throughout the language program. A 90% appropriate response criterion was reached for all measures. Non-verbal attending and imitative verbal responding remained above criterion at the termination of treatment, but functional language responding regressed to below criterion. Generalization of verbal responses was noted outside of the training sessions.

Attention↗

PubMed2002

Real-time computer simulations of excitable media: JAVA as a scientific language and as a wrapper for C and FORTRAN programs.

We describe a useful setting for interactive, real-time study of mathematical models of cardiac electrical activity, using implicit and explicit integration schemes implemented in JAVA. These programs are intended as a teaching aid for the study and understanding of general excitable media. Particularly for cardiac cell models and the ionic currents underlying their basic electrical dynamics. Within the programs, excitable media properties such as thresholds and refractoriness and their dependence on parameter values can be analyzed. In addition, the cardiac model applets allow the study of reentrant tachyarrhythmias using premature stimuli and conduction blocks to induce or to terminate reentrant waves of electrical activation in one and two dimensions. The role of some physiological parameters in the transition from tachycardia to fibrillation also can be analyzed by varying the maximum conductances of ion channels associated with a given model in real time during the simulations. These applets are available for download at http://arrhythmia.hofstra.edu or its mirror site http://stardec.ascc.neu.edu/~fenton.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1985

Establishing pre-language signalling behaviour with profoundly mentally handicapped students: a preliminary investigation.

The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain the effectiveness of a specific pre-language communication programming technique on the development of pre-language communication signalling behaviour in a group of profoundly mentally handicapped students. Results indicate that the procedure produced desired effects. Problems related to defining pre-language communication behaviours and communicative stimuli for this population, as well as issues pertaining to generalization, were discussed. Concluding comments stress the preliminary nature of the results and the need for future research in the validation of pre-language communication programming techniques.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Design and implementation of a relational database used in the management of patients with retinoblastoma.

Clinical data are most useful in the management of patients with complex medical problems if they are accurate, reliable, and easily accessible by physicians and the medical community at large. Furthermore, the data are most valuable when they can be shared among cooperating institutions. We describe a computer system which exhibits a uniform taxonomy, an integrated on-line dictionary of clinical terms, a coherent temporal layout, and persistent spatial integrity with regard to the values of the variables. The system is user friendly and provides real time data access which can be retrieved by structured query language or may be programmed to be used as part of an international network in the management of patients with retinoblastoma, a malignant and potentially fatal tumor of childhood. Furthermore, because of its design flexibility, this system provides for potential application to other ophthalmic disorders, such as malignant uveal melanoma, and other areas of medicine as well.

Databases, Factual↗

PubMed1997

Computer assisted medical diagnosis using the Web.

The ADM (Aide au diagnostic Medical) project was started 15 years ago and was the first telematic project for physicians in France using the MINITEL terminal. The knowledge base contains information on more than 10000 diseases from all pathological fields, using more than 100000 signs or symptoms. The ADM system has two main functionalities for physicians: consultation of diseases descriptions and list of diseases containing one or more symptoms. The ADM knowledge base is supported by a relational database management system (DBMS ORACLE) and we developed a Web interface using the Perl language to produce HTML pages for the web server. We will describe our experience on redesigning a large existing medical knowledge base for diffusion on the web Internet.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1985

A fast DNA sequence handling program for Apple II computer in BASIC and 6502 assembler.

A fast general purpose DNA handling program has been developed in BASIC and machine language. The program runs on the Apple II plus or on the Apple IIe microcomputer, without additional hardware except for disk drives and printer. The program allows file insertion and editing, translation into protein sequence, reverse translation, search for small strings and restriction enzyme sites. The homology may be shown either as a comparison of two sequences or through a matrix on screen. Two additional features are: (i) drawing restriction site maps on the printer; and (ii) simulating a gel electrophoresis of restriction fragments both on screen and on paper. All the operations are very fast. The more common tasks are carried out almost instantly; only more complex routines, like finding homology between large sequences or searching and sorting all the restriction sites in a long sequence require longer, but still quite acceptable, times (generally under 30 s).

Base Sequence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Representing information in patient reports using natural language processing and the extensible markup language.

OBJECTIVE: To design a document model that provides reliable and efficient access to clinical information in patient reports for a broad range of clinical applications, and to implement an automated method using natural language processing that maps textual reports to a form consistent with the model. METHODS: A document model that encodes structured clinical information in patient reports while retaining the original contents was designed using the extensible markup language (XML), and a document type definition (DTD) was created. An existing natural language processor (NLP) was modified to generate output consistent with the model. Two hundred reports were processed using the modified NLP system, and the XML output that was generated was validated using an XML validating parser. RESULTS: The modified NLP system successfully processed all 200 reports. The output of one report was invalid, and 199 reports were valid XML forms consistent with the DTD. CONCLUSIONS: Natural language processing can be used to automatically create an enriched document that contains a structured component whose elements are linked to portions of the original textual report. This integrated document model provides a representation where documents containing specific information can be accurately and efficiently retrieved by querying the structured components. If manual review of the documents is desired, the salient information in the original reports can also be identified and highlighted. Using an XML model of tagging provides an additional benefit in that software tools that manipulate XML documents are readily available.

Humans↗

PubMed1997

Using the GRAIL language for classification management.

This paper describes a novel approach in classification management where a formal model of medical semantics is being used for manipulations on existing classification systems. The paper addresses the issue of semi-automatically making specialist classifications that are compatible with the source classification. The examples in this paper are from a limited domain. At the time of the presentation results will be shown of the present modelling work within the GALEN-In-Use project. The model will then contain several thousands of medical procedures from four different classification centres.

Classification↗

PubMed1998

The role of compositionality in standardized problem list generation.

Compositionality is the ability of a Vocabulary System to record non-atomic strings. In this manuscript we define the types of composition, which can occur. We will then propose methods for both server based and client-based composition. We will differentiate the terms Pre-Coordination, Post-Coordination, and User-Directed Coordination. A simple grammar for the recording of terms with concept level identification will be presented, with examples from the Unified Medical Language System's (UMLS) Metathesaurus. We present an implementation of a Window's NT based client application and a remote Internet Based Vocabulary Server, which makes use of this method of compositionality. Finally we will suggest a research agenda which we believe is necessary to move forward toward a more complete understanding of compositionality. This work has the promise of paving the way toward a robust and complete Problem List Entry Tool.

Humans↗

PubMed1999

Use of the Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) for medical data transformation.

Recently, the Extensible Markup Language (XML) has received growing attention as a simple but flexible mechanism to represent medical data. As XML-based markups become more common there will be an increasing need to transform data stored in one XML markup into another markup. The Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) is a stylesheet language for XML. Development of a new mammography reporting system created a need to convert XML output from the MEDLee natural language processing system into a format suitable for cross-patient reporting. This paper examines the capability of XSL as a rule specification language that supports the medical XML data transformation. A set of nine relevant transformations was identified: Filtering, Substitution, Specification, Aggregation, Merging, Splitting, Transposition, Push-down and Pull-up. XSL-based methods for implementing these transformations are presented. The strengths and limitations of XSL are discussed in the context of XML medical data transformation.

Database Management Systems↗

PubMed1994

The component-based architecture of the HELIOS medical software engineering environment.

The constitution of highly integrated health information networks and the growth of multimedia technologies raise new challenges for the development of medical applications. We describe in this paper the general architecture of the HELIOS medical software engineering environment devoted to the development and maintenance of multimedia distributed medical applications. HELIOS is made of a set of software components, federated by a communication channel called the HELIOS Unification Bus. The HELIOS kernel includes three main components, the Analysis-Design and Environment, the Object Information System and the Interface Manager. HELIOS services consist in a collection of toolkits providing the necessary facilities to medical application developers. They include Image Related services, a Natural Language Processor, a Decision Support System and Connection services. The project gives special attention to both object-oriented approaches and software re-usability that are considered crucial steps towards the development of more reliable, coherent and integrated applications.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A PC-based workstation for real-time acquisition, processing, and display of electromyogram signals.

A system for real-time acquisition, processing, display, and logging of multiple channels of the EMG waveform has been described. By designing this system around the configuration of a standard PC, custom hardware was avoided. Similarly, software was designed in a higher-level language (C), simplifying the programming burden and minimizing custom software development. Components of the software are available off the shelf. The computational capacity of generic PCs facilitates very high rates of numeric calculation, as required by some advanced EMG amplitude estimation algorithms. Computational capacity is expected to increase, facilitating ever more numerically intensive EMG algorithms that are likely to be developed in the future. The system described here has been used in the development of an adaptive window EMG amplitude-estimation algorithm. The system is extensible and can be altered for many uses related to EMG and biosignal processing.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1998

Hospitexte: towards a document-based hypertextual electronic medical record.

The patient record is a repository for knowledge about a patient. Work in Artificial Intelligence and knowledge representation has evidenced the intrinsic difficulty of formalizing knowledge for computer processing. It is therefore not a surprise that most attempts at computerizing the patient record have only had a limited degree of success or applicability. We claim that this is due to the fact that medicine is an empirical domain, and thus fundamentally resists formalization. Therefore, the only way medical knowledge can be fully expressed is through natural languages which is indeed what clinicians actually use. We proposed and designed an electronic medical record which adheres to this hypothesis and where structured documents play a prominent role.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1993

A patient education program.

Everyday language used by health care professionals in gastroenterology is often unfamiliar to patients, regardless of their level of education. Consequently, the best efforts to explain diagnoses to patients can result in confusion and anxiety instead of understanding. A patient education program was designed in an attempt to correct this problem. This article describes how the patient education program was developed and implemented.

Documentation↗

PubMed1987

Language training for generalization.

This paper presents a classroom-based language intervention program for preschool children with language delays or deficits. A major goal of the program is to ensure that children acquire missing skills through daily speech therapy and that they actively generalize these skills from therapy times to other classroom activities. This paper presents data collected with two children during daily speech therapy sessions and daily play activities. Instances in which the children generalized new language acquired in therapy to play activities will be discussed as well as instances in which the children failed to generalize new language. In addition, the influence of peer and teacher language usage on children's language production will be discussed. Finally, recommendations to enhance generalization of language skills within and across school settings will be presented.

Child↗

PubMed1993

A hardware-independent data acquisition package incorporating a simulation driver and simulation description language.

Device drivers for commercial data acquisition boards (DASH-16, DT2801) and a device driver for a virtual data acquisition board have been developed and incorporated in a single package for a multiple station anesthesia research laboratory. The package provides a compiler for a simulation description language which is used to program the virtual board. The package, written in C for the IBM PC, was designed to be easily extended with additional drivers. Applications using the package can control all supported devices without the programmer having to learn the details of the hardware.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed1978

Maternal speech to normal and Down's syndrome children matched for mean length of utterance.

The study was designed to provide data on the maternal linguistic environments of normal and Down's syndrome children at three levels of language development, as assessed by children's mean length of utterances (MLU). The three MLU levels were 1.00--1.50, 1.75--2.25, and 2.50--3.00, respectively. The subjects were 21 Down's syndrome children and their natural mothers and 21 normal children and their natural mothers. Normal children ranged in chronological age from 20 to 32 months and Down's syndrome children from 3 to 12 years. A one-hour verbal interaction between mother and child was tape recorded at home in a free-play situation. Maternal speech was analyzed using 20 measures related to its output-numerical, lexical, syntactical, semantic-structural, semantic-pragmatic, and language-teaching aspects. Additionally, eight measures of children's speech related to the output-numerical, lexical, syntactical semantic-structural aspects, and to imitativeness of maternal speech were computed as a means of testing the validity of the MLU-matching that forms a basis for this study. Except for the Type-token ratio, which favored Down's syndrome children, normal and Down's syndrome children were not found to differ. In contrast, there were numerous differences between the children in the different aspects of speech considered according to language level. None of the comparisons made of mother's speech to normal and to Down's syndrome children led to differences for any of the three children's language levels studied. It appeared that the maternal linguistic environments of language-learning Down's syndrome and normal children of corresponding MLU were similar in most respects. In contrast, there were numerous differences in mother's speech according to the language level of the children addressed. This confirmed that the expressive language level of the children is a far more powerful factor in influencing maternal speech than whether they are normal or Down's syndrome children. The implications of these findings were related to the delay-difference question in the language development of Down's syndrome children and to various interpretations of the effects of maternal linguistic input for language development and for intervention programs of language enhancement in the Down's syndrome child.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Receptive and expressive language problems occurring in combination with a seizure disorder: a case report.

The purpose of this case report is to present an example of a child with receptive and expressive language problems occurring in combination with a seizure disorder. For a period of 3 years the seizure disorder appeared to be controlled by medication and the child made substantial improvement in a language remediation program. A sudden disruption of decoding abilities was the only behavioral indication that the treatment program needed to be reassessed. Descriptions of the child's behaviors, subsequent neurological evaluation, and goals of the language habilitation program are presented.

Child↗